The Sexual Self PDF

search Understanding the self: E SEXUAL SEL TH F Play Learning Objectives: 1.Explain the development of sex characteristic and human reproductive system. 2.Describe the erogenous zones and understand human sexual response. 3. Ex...

search Understanding the self: E SEXUAL SEL TH F Play Learning Objectives: 1.Explain the development of sex characteristic and human reproductive system. 2.Describe the erogenous zones and understand human sexual response. 3. Explain sexual orientation. 4. Understand attraction, love and attachment. 5. Identify the causes and consequences of sexually transmitted infections and early pregnancy. 6. Reflect on the importance of contraception.  Who’s playing? REPRODUCTIVE HUMAN RESPONSE SEX & GENDER ATTRACTION, LOVE SYSTEM SEXUAL CYCLE & & ATTACHMENT DYSFUNCTIONS Start The Human Reproductive System No. 1 No. 3 The Primary Sex The Secondary Sex Characteristics Characteristics  MOVIE TH THE PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS The primary sex characteristics that are present at birth: In women, these include the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. In men, there primary sex characteristics include penis, testes or testicles, scrotum, and prostate gland. The primary sex characteristics are directly involved in production.  THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females). In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty is characterized by the increase in the size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary, and face. The reproductive organs continue to grow for two years until sexual maturation marked by the presence of mature semen in the testes. In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 signals their puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two years after the start of puberty. Hormones play an important role in the PLAY regulation of ovulation and fertility of females.  WHAT IS SEXUALITY?? PLAY Sex -refers to the biological characteristics that define humans as female or male. Gender refers to the array of socially constructed roles and relationships, personality traits, attitudes, behaviors, values, and relative power and influence that society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis. Gender is an acquired identity that is learned, changes over time, and varies widely within and across cultures. Gender identity- awareness of one’s femaleness or maleness and all it implies in one’s society of origin, is an important aspect of the developing self-concept. Gender assignment- refers to the assignment as male or female. This occurs usually at birth based on phenotypic sex and, thereby, yields the birth-assigned gender, historically referred to as “biological sex” or, more recently, “natal gender.” Gender reassignment -denotes an official (and sometimes legal) change of gender Gender-affirming treatments - are medical procedures (hormones or surgeries or both) that aim to align an individual’s physical characteristics with their experienced gender. Gender dysphoria -as a general descriptive term refers to the distress that may accompany the incongruence between one’s experienced or expressed gender and one’s assigned gender. However, it is more specifically defined when used as a diagnostic category. Transgender -refers to the broad spectrum of individuals whose gender identity is different from their birth-assigned gender. Cisgender -describes individuals whose gender expression is congruent with their birth-assigned gender (also nontransgender). Transsexual- a historic term, denotes an individual who seeks, is undergoing, or has undergone a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but not all, cases also involves a somatic transition by gender-affirming hormone treatment and genital, breast, or other gender-affirming surgery (historically referred to as sex reassignment surgery).  Sexual orientation refers to an individual's enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others. It exists on a spectrum and there is considerable diversity within this spectrum. Heterosexuality The most recognized sexual orientation is heterosexuality, where individuals are attracted to people of the opposite gender. Homosexuality Homosexuality is characterized by emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to people of the same gender. Bisexuality Bisexuality involves attraction to people of more than one gender. Individuals who identify as bisexual may be attracted to both men and women. Pansexuality Pansexuality goes beyond the binary concept of gender and involves attraction to individuals regardless of their gender SEXUAL identity or expression. Asexuality ORIENTATIONS Asexuality is a sexual orientation where individuals may experience little or no sexual attraction to others. Evolutionary Approach According to Darwin’s (1871) theory of sexual selection, the selection of sexual partners is a response to the differing reproductive pressures that early men and women confronted in the struggle for survival of the species. The more widely a man can “spread his seed,” the greater his chances to pass on his genetic inheritance. They value physical prowess because it enables them to compete for mates and for control of resources and social status, which women value. Woman invests more time and energy in pregnancy and can bear only a limited number of children, each child’s survival is of utmost importance to her; so, she looks for a mate who will remain with her and support their offspring. The need to raise each child to reproductive maturity also explains why women tend to be more caring and nurturant than men Psychoanalytic Approach That process, according to Freud, is one of identification, the adoption of characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex. Freud considered identification an important personality development of early childhood. Identification will occur for Mario when he represses or gives up the wish to possess the parent of the other sex (his mother) and identifies with the parent of the same sex (his father). Cognitive Approach Example : Sarah figures out she is a girl because people call her a girl. As she continues to observe and think about her world, she concludes that she will always be a girl. She comes to understand gender by actively thinking about and constructing her own gender-typing. Gender- typing -the acquisition of a gender role. This is the heart of Lawrence Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive developmental theory. Gender constancy, also called sex-category constancy —a child’s realization that his or her gender will always be the same. Gender identity: awareness of one’s own gender and that of others typically occurs between ages 2 and 3. Gender stability: awareness that gender does not change. However, children at this stage base judgments about gender on superficial appearances (clothing or hairstyle) and stereotyped behaviors. Gender consistency: the realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut and plays with trucks, and a boy remains a boy even if he has long hair and earrings typically occurs between ages 3 and 7. Once children realize that changes in outward appearance will not affect their gender, they may become less rigid in their adherence to gender norms. Gender-Schema Theory Theory, proposed Sandra Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture. Once children know what sex they are, they develop a concept of what it means to be male or female in their culture. Children then match their behavior to their culture’s view of what boys and girls are “supposed” to be and do (Bem, 1993; Martin et al., 2002). When a new boy his age moves in next door, 4-year-old Brandon knocks on his door, carrying a toy truck—apparently assuming that the new boy will like the same toys he likes. Social Learning Approach Social Learning Approach According to Walter Mischel (1966), a traditional social learning theorist, children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior. Typically, one model is a parent, often of the same sex, but children also pattern their behavior after other adults or after peers. Behavioral feedback, together with direct teaching by parents and other adults, reinforces gender-typing. A boy who models his behavior after his father is commended for acting “like a boy.” A girl gets compliments on a pretty dress or hairstyle. In this model, gendered behavior precedes gender knowledge (“I am rewarded for doing boy things, so I must be a boy”). Social Cognitive Theory an expansion of social learning theory, incorporates some cognitive elements. According to social cognitive theory, observation enables children to learn much about gender-typed behaviors before performing them. They can mentally combine observations of multiple models and generate their own behavioral variations. Instead of viewing the environment as a given, social cognitive theory recognizes that children select or even create their environments through their choice of playmates and activities. A child no longer needs praise, rebukes, or a model’s presence to act in socially appropriate ways. Children feel good about themselves when they live up to their internal standards and feel bad when the do not.  Is the quality or state of being sexual. Being sexual is a normal and natural part of the human experience. Human sexuality encompasses both physical and emotional aspects. It involves not only the biology of reproduction but also the complex interplay of emotions and relationships. In sexual relationship, everyone has the right to their own boundaries, and these should be communicated and respected. SEXUALITY SEXUAL SELF Erogenous Zones Erogenous Zones- refers to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner. Some of the commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus. Erogenous zones may vary from one person to another. Some people may enjoy being touched in a certain area more than the other areas. Other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may include the neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet. Human Sexual Behavior Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity-solitary, between two persons, or in a group-that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard, P.H. 2017). Types of Behavior Solitary Behavior Self-gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual climax. Usually, most self-gratification takes place in private as an end in itself, but can also be done in a sociosexual relationship. Self-gratification, generally beginning at or before puberty, is very common among young males, but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual activity is available. Sociosexual Behavior Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one male and one female. It usually begins in examining childhood and may be motivated by curiosity, such as showing or genitalia. There is varying degree of sexual impulse and responsiveness among children. Physical contact involving necking or petting is considered as an ingredient of the learning process and eventually of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner. Petting may be done as an expression of affection and a source of pleasure, preliminary to coitus. Coitus, the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ, is viewed by society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals. HUMAN RESPONSE SEXUAL CYCLE Phases or stages of the human sexual response cycle The Sexual Self By William Masters and Virginia Johnson in their research in the 1960s Most contemporary conceptualizations distill proposals by Masters and Johnson (1966) and Kaplan (1974). Kaplan identified four phases in the human sexual response cycle. 1.Desire phase. A concept introduced by Kaplan (1974), this stage refers to sexual interest or desire, often associated with sexually arousing fantasies or thoughts. 2. Excitement phase. During this phase, men and women experience pleasure and increased blood flow to the genitalia. In men, this flow of blood into tissues produces an erection of the penis. In women, blood flow creates enlargement of the breasts and changes in the vagina, such as increased lubrication. Plateau phase - it is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs. 4.Resolution phase. This last stage refers to the relaxation and sense of well-being that usually follow an orgasm. In men there is 3. Orgasm phase. In this phase, sexual pleasure peaks in ways that have fascinated an associated refractory period during which further erection is poets and the rest of us ordinary people for thousands of years. In men, ejaculation not possible. The duration of the refractory period varies across feels inevitable and indeed almost always occurs (in rare instances, men have an men and even in the same man across occasions. Women are orgasm without ejaculating, and vice versa). In women, the outer walls of the vagina often able to respond again with sexual excitement almost immediately, a capability that permits multiple orgasms. contract. In both sexes, there is general muscle tension. Categories of Sexual Dysfunction Among Men and Women Description recurrent and preferred sexually arousing fantasies or behaviors involving Paraphilic Disorders nonhuman objects, sadomasochistic behaviors, of children or other nonconsenting persons. Etiology BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL Depression, anxiety, poor Smoking, drinking, medical Relationship problems, history self-esteem, too much of sexual abuse, poor conditions, SSRI medications routine & negative attitude and drugs communication skills towards sex Sexually Transmitted Diseases Methods of Contraception (natural and artificial) Syphilis Crabs Gonorrhea Trichomoniasis Chlamydia Herpes HIV Human Papillomavirus Add a little bit of body text  Natural Contraceptive Methods The natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or body introduction into the human body. People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and others follow such natural methods because they are more cost-effective (www. nurseslabs.com 2016). Abstinence This natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. It is the most effective way to avoid STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections). However, most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only a few use this method. Calendar Method This method is also called as the rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus during the days that the woman is fertile. According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to conceive three or four days before and three or four days after ovulation. The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle for six months to calculate the woman's safe days to prevent conception. Basal Body Temperature The basal body temperature (BBT) indicates the woman's temperature at rest. Before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5°F; it increases to a full degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle. This serves as the basis for the method. The woman must record her temperature every morning before any activity. A slight decrease in the basal body temperature followed by a gradual increase in the basal body temperature can be a sign that a woman has ovulated. Cervical Mucus Method The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method. During ovulation, the cervical mucus is copious, thin, and watery. It also exhibits the property of spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be stretched up until at least 1 inch and is slippery. The woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical mucus is copious and watery. Therefore, she must avoid coitus during those days to prevent conception.  Cervical Mucus Method The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method. During ovulation, the cervical mucus is copious, thin, and watery. It also exhibits the property of spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be stretched up until at least 1 inch and is slippery. The woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical mucus is copious and watery. Therefore, she must avoid coitus during those days to prevent conception. Symptothermal Method The symptothermal method is basically a combination of the BBT method and the cervical mucus method. The woman records her temperature every morning and also takes note of changes in her cervical mucus. She should abstain from coitus three days after a rise in her temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus change. f. Ovulation Detection The ovulation detection method uses an over-the-counter kit that requires the urine sample of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation. Coitus Interruptus Coitus Interruptus is one of the oldest methods that prevents conception. A couple still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ. A disadvantage of this method is the ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization. Artificial Methods Oral Contraceptives Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and LH to prevent ovulation. Moreover, progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm's access to the ova. It is suggested that the woman takes the first pill on the first Sunday after the beginning of a menstrual flow, or as soon as it is prescribed by the doctor. Transdermal Patch The transdermal patch contains both estrogen and progesterone. The woman should apply one patch every week for three weeks on the following areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks. At the fourth week, no patch is applied because the menstrual flow would then occur. The area where the patch is applied should be clean, dry, and free of irritation. Vaginal Ring The vaginal ring releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone, and it surrounds the cervix. This silicon ring is inserted into the female reproductive organ and remains there for three weeks and then removed on the fourth week, as menstrual flow would occur. The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is removed.  Subdermal Implants Subdermal implants are two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female during her menses or on the seventh day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get pregnant. The implants are made with etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin and can be helpful for three to five years. Hormonal Injections A hormonal injection contains medroxyprogesterone,a progesterone, and is usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. The injection causes changes in the endometrium and cervical mucus and can help prevent ovulation. Intrauterine Device An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted into the uterus via the female reproductive organ. It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory condition to prevent implantation of the zygote. The IUD is fitted only by the physician and inserted after the woman's menstrual flow. The device can be effective for five to seven years. Chemical Barriers Chemical barriers such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix and to lower the pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm. On the other hand, these chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections.  Diaphragm It is a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus. Diaphragm works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive organ and it works better when used together with a spermicide. The diaphragm should be fitted only by the physician and should remain in place for six hours after coitus. Cervical Cap The cervical cap is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix. It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim and could stay in place for not more than 48 hours. Male Condoms The male condom is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect male reproductive organ before penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the sperm during ejaculation. It can prevent STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) and can be bought over the counter. Male condoms have an ideal fail rate of 2% and a typical fail rate of 15% due to a break in the sheath's integrity or spilling of semen.  Female Condoms Female condoms are made up of latex rubber sheaths that are pre-lubricated with spermicide. They are usually bound by two rings. The outer ring is first inserted against the opening of the female reproductive organ and the inner ring covers the cervix. It is used to prevent fertilization of the egg by the sperm cells. Surgical Methods During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is advised to use a backup contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are recorded because the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for six months. In women, tubal ligation is performed after menstruation and before ovulation. The procedure is done through a small incision under the woman's umbilicus that targets the fallopian tube for cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of both the sperm the ova. WHAT IS LOVE??? NOW SHOWIING “Sternberg’s Triangular Theory and The Types of Love” Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love is a theory that proposes three components of Robert Sternberg is a contemporary psychologist love, which combine in different ways to best known for his research on intelligence, love, create eight kinds of love (Sternberg, 1986). creativity, and cognitive styles. The three components of love in the triangular theory of love are intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment (Sternberg, 1986). Intimacy: the closeness each partner feels to the other and the strength of the bond that binds them together. Partners high in intimacy like value and understand their partners. Passion: based on romantic feelings, physical attraction, and sexual intimacy with the partner. Decision/Commitment: represents cognitive factors such as acknowledging that one is in love and committed to maintaining the relationship. Friendship Components: Intimacy This type of love is when the intimacy or liking component is present, but feelings of passion or commitment in the romantic sense are missing. Friendship love can be the root of other forms of love. Infatuation Components: Passion Infatuation is characterized by feelings of lust and physical passion without liking and commitment. There has not been enough time for a deeper sense of intimacy, romantic love, or consummate love to develop. These may eventually arise after the infatuation phase. The initial infatuation is often very powerful. This is the type that would most closely align with the idea of love at first sight, as it is characterized by an immediate and intense attraction to another person. This type of love includes passion, but it lacks the liking and commitment components of love. Empty Love Components: Commitment Empty love is characterized by commitment without passion or intimacy. At times, a strong love deteriorates into empty love. The reverse may occur as well. For instance, an arranged marriage may start empty but flourish into another form of love over time. Romantic Love Components: Intimacy and Passion Romantic love bonds people emotionally through intimacy and physical passion. Partners in this type of relationship have deep conversations that help them know intimate details about each other. They enjoy sexual passion and affection. These couples may be at the point where long-term commitment or future plans are still undecided. Companionate Love Components: Intimacy and commitment is an intimate, but non-passionate sort of love. It includes the intimacy or liking component and the commitment component of the triangle. It is stronger than friendship because there is a long- term commitment, but there is minimal or no sexual desire. This type of love is often found in marriages where the passion has died, but the couple continues to have deep affection or a strong bond. This may also be viewed as the love between very close friends and family members.  Fatuous Love Components: Commitment and Passion In this type of love, commitment and passion are present while intimacy or liking is absent. Fatuous love is typified by a whirlwind courtship in which passion motivates a commitment without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. Often, witnessing this leaves others confused about how the couple could be so impulsive. According to data collected in one piece of research, reproductive success may be greater in cases where women have fatuous love and men have empty love. However, marriages involving fatuous love often don't work out. When they do, many chalk the success up to luck. Consummate Love Components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment Consummate love is made up of all three components and is the total form of love. It represents an ideal relationship. Couples who experience this kind of love have great sex several years into their relationship. They cannot imagine themselves with anyone else. These couples also cannot see themselves truly happy without their partners. They manage to overcome differences and face stressors together.