The Contemporary World Module PDF

 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Copyright 2020 By: Flora C. Arellano Anna Maria F. Bibat Dr. Loreto V. Jao Cover de...

 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Copyright 2020 By: Flora C. Arellano Anna Maria F. Bibat Dr. Loreto V. Jao Cover design by: Bea Mariae Rolaine C. Ramos All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, mimeograph, or by any information or retrieval system, without written permission by the copyright holder.  INTRODUCTION  through independent study, that Welcome to One Cainta College (OCC),  offers flexibility;  to attain professional growth under Please read the following information thoroughly so the supervision of your instructor; you can understand the course policies, expectations  to help you achieve your educational goals; and requirements relating to this learning mode  to help you discover much about yourself; known as Remote Learning, primarily as a response  to enable you to know how you should to the COVID-19 pandemic.  study best; This Learning Guide introduces the course materials  to help you know when and where to to guide and assist you to become an effective  study most effectively; distance/remote learner and to successfully meet the  to help you understand how to make the requirements of your course.  most efficient use of your time;  to help you determine which subjects One Cainta College uses a combination of blended  require additional attention; and flexible learning format. We are delighted to be  to make you do your own schedule and able to offer you the opportunity to earn a  be faithful to it and bachelor’s degree using these course modules  to enable you to enjoy the reward of knowing that it was your hard work and self-  through remote learning; discipline that have contributed much to your academic success. OCC Program When the novel corona virus hit the world, we had The experience created a whole new sense of solidarity a very short time to shift gears from face-to-face class and commitment among the faculty to maintain the interaction to remote learning. Our faculty members quality of education in our institution. The course reached out to develop quality course modules for all modules are a collaborative effort of OCC our course offerings. instructors/authors. The Module Format Each module follows the OCC format designed for optimum learning at a distance. It is sequential and  The reading materials may come from books easy to follow. The course modules contain primarily available at the OCCE-Library system and the (a) the learning outcomes; (b) learning content, some recommended open resources at PHL (c) activities, (d) materials; and (e) assessment. CHED Connect. Additional reading materials are provided through e-books and accessible  Each lesson starts with an overview of what online materials available for officially enrolled  you will be learning.  students at OCC.  The learning outcomes identify the most  Exercises are provided at the end of each lesson important concepts that will be discussed in  for you to work on and submit to the instructor.  the lesson.  The instructors have carefully selected the  Following the learning outcomes, learning references, e-books and e-resources that are listed contents are matched in the context of several  in the material list. lessons relevant to the expected learning  The written assignments are found at the end  outcomes. of each module.  The course contents of each lesson are presented as reading materials. I  Written Assignments Written assignments are found at the end of each Examples of Types of Assignments module. Your teacher will specify the organization and expectations for satisfactory completion, Doing an assignment is a non-linear or sequential timeframe, and grading. process. There are many ways and methods employed matching with the learning outcomes.  You are expected to complete the Always check the task instructions before doing your requirement(s) within the given timeframe that the teacher has set. assignment. Depending on the assignment, you may  use one of the following forms of writing:  Essay. An essay is a piece of writing which represents your ideas, emotions or arguments. It  Critical analysis. A subjective evaluation or critique of somebody’s work (a book, an essay, a movie, a is based on a single subject matter, and often painting, etc. in order to increase the reader’s gives the personal opinion of the writer. understanding of it. A CA expresses your opinion or evaluation of a text. Analysis means to break down Report. Reports communicate information and study the parts. which has been compiled as a result of research and analysis of data and of issues. Reports focus  on transmitting information with a clear  Reflective paper (Reflection). A form of personal purpose, to a specific audience. Good reports are response to experiences, situations, events or new documents that are accurate, objective and information. complete. Preparing your task Before you start As you are writing… 1. Do your reading. Read the task in detail, 1. Introduction. Your first paragraph should making sure you understand all the tasks introduce your key argument, add a bit of involved or required. background information and the key issues of the question, and then go on to explain how you 2. Check the deadline. There are many apps out plan to answer it. Note: Some people find it there that can add a ‘countdown’ to your easier to write their introduction after they’ve phone or tablet. Use these to keep your finished the rest of their assignment. assignment deadline front of mind. 3. Plan your time. Break your time down into 2. Structure your argument. As you write the body manageable chunks. You’ll find it’s much easier of your assignment, make sure that each point to keep on top of your workload. you make has some supporting evidence. 4. Ask for help (if you need it). If there’s any doubt 3. Conclusion. Summarize your arguments or in your mind about the question or the recapitulate the evidence, if need. requirements of the assignment, ask your teacher. 5. Plan your assignment structure. Basic structure should contain your introduction points, your key arguments and points, and your planned conclusion. II After you finish… 1. Get a little distance. Step back and read your 3. Check and double-check your spelling. Run your assignment objectively, making it easier to spot spell-checker. Spelling mistakes give a bad mistakes and issues. impression. 2. Make sure you’ve answered the question. 4. Cite your sources. References must be properly Reading through your first draft of your acknowledged. assignment, check that all your points are relevant to the original question. Assessment and Examinations Mid-term and final examinations shall be Specific criteria will be assigned by the teacher for administered at a specified time. Short quizzes and each performance task to be evaluated. assignments will be part of student assessment. Grading Policy The following Grading System shall be adopted Furthermore, using numerical values and its equivalents: (a) A student whose course work is “Incomplete” at the time the grade was submitted shall be Grade Point given a grade of Incomplete (INC). If he fails Percentage (%) to complete the course work within one (1) Equivalent 1.00 98-100 year from the issuance of the grade of INC, the 1.25 95-97 grade lapses to No Credit (N). 1.50 92-94 (b) A student who voluntarily drops a course 1.75 89-91 that he/she registered for shall automatically 2.00 86-88 receive “W” after filing a Withdrawal Form 2.25 83-85 at any time up to the last day of the last week 2.5 80-82 of class prior to the final examination. 2.75 77-79 3.0 75-76 (c) A student who gets two or more “Incomplete” 4.0 70-74 (For removal exam) grades shall not be allowed to enroll again until 5.0 Below 70 (Failed) the “Incomplete” grades have been corrected. Incomplete (Lack of INC requirement) W Withdrawn The Importance of Communicating with OCC Keeping in touch with your college is very important Group Chat. Some instructors make available their to ensure getting your Bachelor’s degree at the contact numbers. Office hours are Monday through appointed time. We are here to assist and support Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. you in every way possible. If you are having problems or are unclear about policies or procedures, We encourage students who live in close please let us know. You may contact OCC by geographical proximity to collaborate with other telephone (98790410) or e-mail students for study sessions or group discussions based [email protected] or contact directly on available platforms. PHL CHED Connect can be your instructor through his/her email address or accessed at https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph. through your III  Last but not Least We look forward to serving you. We hold in high The Administration, faculty and staff of One Cainta regard your academic qualifications and intellectual College wish you all the best in your stay at the college capabilities. We will do all we can to assist you as a and success in your future endeavors. remote learner. We look forward with great enthusiasm to working with you during the next few years. “One Student, One Scholarship, One Million Possibilities” IV  COURSE GUIDE TEACHING LEARNING METHODOLOG RESOURCES/ Y ACTIVITIES MATERIALS SCHEDUL LEARNING LEARNING CONTENT/ (PREFERRED (Links, E-books, E/ WEEK OUTCOMES LESSONS DELIVERY) Open resources) ASSESSMENT SYN ASSY MOD CHR NCH ULA ONO RON R US OUS Week 1  Differentiate the MODULE 1: THE STUDY  OCC E-Library  Rubric for different concepts of OF GLOBALIZATION reflective globalization;  PH CHED essay  CONNECT –   Identify the underlying Definition of Globalization https://ph/connect premises on the  Globalization as defined.ched varying definitions of  SEAMEO Open globalization; and, by other Authors Resources –  Come up with a  Historical Foundation 1. oer.common working definition of of the term s.org globalization. "Globalization" 2. searmooc.sea  Dimensions of meo.org globalization  https://www.slid eshare.net/hitaks  Reasons for hi_23/globalizati Globalization on-57998363  Advantages of  https://www.slid globalization eshare.net/larchi  Disadvantages of /history-of- Globalization globalisation  Importance of Studying Globalization MODULE 2: THE  Claudio,  Worksheets  Define economic STRUCTURE OF Lissandro E.  Collection Week 2 globalization GLOBALIZATION The of pictures  Identify the actors that Contemporary facilitate economic  Structures of World. C & C globalization Globalization Publishing. 2018  Define the modern world system  Factors that Facilitate  Globalization.  Discuss the structures Globalization (2017, June 23). of globalization  World System New World  Articulate a stance on  World System Theory Encyclopedia,. global economic Retrieved 00:57, integration March 9, 2018 Week 3  Explain the role of MODULE 3: MARKET  https://www.slid  Worksheets international financial INTEGRATION eshare.net/jpsiva  Reflective institutions in the m/market- essays creation of global  First wave of integration  Reaction economy globalization (19th  https://www.slid paper  Narrate a short history century-1914) eshare.net/gunac of global market  The world wars harlotte/globaliz integration in the  Second and third wave ation-of-world- twentieth century of globalization economy-ppt  Globalization 4.0 V   Identify the attributes  The Role of the of global corporation International Financial Institutions in the Global Economy  The International Financial Institutions (IFIs)  Global Corporation Week 4  Discuss the historical MODULE 4: GLOBAL  https://www.slid  Visual evolution of the global INTERSTATE eshare.net/Cheld Image or interstate. hayeDay/globali Matrix  Differentiate  Internationalization zation-  Reflective internationalization versus Globalization 153976947 essays and globalization  Four Attributes of  https://www.slid  Define the state and Today's Global System eshare.net/gunac the nation  Origin of this Global harlotte/globaliz  Differentiate system ation-of-world- internationalism from  Difference between economy-ppt globalism. Nation and State  https://www.slid  The Interstate System eshare.net/Cheld  Evolution of the hayeDay/globali Interstate System and zation- present-day concept of 153976947 Sovereignty Week 5 &  Identify the roles and MODULE 5-6: GLOBAL  https://www.sig  Visual 6 function of the united GOVERNANCE htsavers.org/poli Image or nations cy-and- Matrix  Identify the challenges Lesson 1 advocacy/global  Reflective of global governance - essays in the twenty-first  What is an International goals/?gclid=Cj Organization wKCAjwh7H7B century  Challenges of the  Explain the relevance RBBEiwAPXja United Nations doj4U0hHw60Z of the state amid globalization.  Five Principles critical m7J8N- to guiding the reforms  Discuss the sustainable CIZLfZgbgD8L development goals of global governance SSgYTo3Qm- (sdgs) and global rules gHNzf5nFTA6u choCTqcQAvD _BwE  https://www.un. org/en/developm ent/desa/policy/c dp/cdp_publicati ons/2014cdppoli cynote.pdf VI Week 7  Define the term MODULE 6 &7: A WORLD  https://www.un.  Rubric for "global south" from the OF REGIONS GLOBAL org/en/developm image third world; DIVIDES: THE NORTH ent/desa/policy/c creation  Analyze how the new AND THE SOUTH dp/cdp_publicati  Analyzing concept of global ons/2014cdppoli ideas relations emerged from Lesson 1 cynote.pdf  Reflective the experience of latin  https://www.slid essay america;  World of Regions: Asia eshare.net/lschm and Europe in the  Analyze how different idt1170/chapter- American imperium asian states confront 1-4560042 the challenges of  Global south globalization and  Global south versus regionalization. Third world  Discuss the advantages  How the “third world” and disadvantages of Became the Global regionalism; and South” : the Origins of the Third World  Identify the factors leading to a greater  Global conception integration of the asian emerged from the region. experiences of Latin American countries Week 8 Lesson 2: ASIAN REGIONALISM  Asian Regionalism  Regionalism versus globalization  Factors leading to the integration of the Asian regions Week 9 MIDTERM EXAMINATION Week 10  Analyze how various MODULE 8: GLOBAL  Watch  Graded oral media drive different MEDIA CULTURES Globalization recitation forms of global and Media: Part  On the spot integration and  Media and 1. reporting  Explain the dynamics Globalization https://www.you between local and  The Global Village and tube.com/watch global cultural Cultural Imperialism ?v=uIc0KcVEX production 7g  Watch The Media Industry and Globalization. https://www.you tube.com/watch ?v=amzcVwKE 3Oc VII Week 11  Explain how MODULE 9: THE  https://www.you  Comparing globalization affects GLOBALIZATION OF tube.com/watch and religious practices and RELIGION ?v=IP- contrasting beliefs and YKIFWOHk Religion  Analyze the  Globalization of  The rise of ISIS and relationship between Religion [Video]. Globalizati religion and global  Effects of Globalization YouTube. on conflict and, on Religious Practices https://www.you  Reflective conversely, global and Beliefs tube.com/watch essay about peace ?v=IP- different YKIFWOHk kinds of Religions Week 12  Identify the attributes MODULE 10: THE  The global city:  Identificati of a global city and GLOBAL CITY Introducing a on  Analyze how cities concept. The  Research serve as engines of  Defining the Global Brown Journal on a globalization City of World particular  Traits of a Global City Affairs, Global City  Retrieved from http://www.sask iasassen.com/pd fs/publications/t he-global-city- brown.pdf  Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A college textbook in contemporary world. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Week 13  Explain the Theory MODULE 11: GLOBAL  https://www.eco  Rubric for of Demographic DEMOGRAPHY nomicsdiscussio reflective Transition as it n.net/population essay affects global  Global Demography /theory-of- population  Demographic Change demographic- and Its Economic transition-with- Impact diagram/4479  The ‘Perils’ of  Mr. Sinn (2018, Overpopulation October 14).  The Impact of Stages of the Demographical demographic Changes to transition model Globalization [Video].  Looking to the Future YouTube.  https://www.you tube.com/watch ?v=l1_KBTk5F hQ VIII Week 14  Analyze the political, MODULE 12: GLOBAL  http://www.blac  Identificati economic, cultural, MIGRATION kwellpublishing. on of the and social factors com/content/bpl effects of underlying the  Benefits and Detriments _images/journal global  Global movements of of Migration _samples/issj00 migration people,  Global Migration 20- both for the  Display first-hand  Types of International 8701~52~165~2 sending knowledge of the Migrants 58/258.pdf and experience of ofws  Migration and  Castles, S. receiving and Globalization (2000). countries  Discuss the effects of  Reasons for Global International  Online global migration on Migration migration at the interview the economic well-  Challenges and beginning of the with a being of states Prospects twenty first former or century: Global current trends and OFW issues.  Rubric for International reflective Social Science essay Journal. Retrieved from http://www.blac kwellpublishing. com/content/bpl _images/journal _samples/issj00 20- 8701~52~165~2 58/258.pdf Week 15  Differentiate MODULE 13:  Eurostat. (2016).  State the stability from SUSTAINABLE Sustainable global/regi sustainability DEVELOPMENT development in onal the European initiatives  Environmental Crisis Union. and their and Sustainable Retrieved from impact on Development http://ec.europa. sustainable  UN Millennium eu/eurostat/docu developme Development Goals ments/3217494/ nt and Sustainable 7745644/KS-02- Development Goals 16-996-EN-  The World’s Leading N.pdf/eae6b7f9- Environmental d06c-4c83-b16f- Problems c72b0779ad03  Combating Global  UNESDOC Warming Digital Library. (2005). UNESCO and sustainable development. Retrieved from https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/ 48223/pf000013 9369 IX Week 16  Define global food MODULE 14: GLOBAL  https://devsoc.ca  rubric for security, FOOD SECURITY ls.cornell.edu/sit reflective  Examine existing es/devsoc.cals.c essay models of global food  Global Food Security ornell.edu/files/s security and  Population Growth and hared/document  Analyze the challenges Food Security s/McM- to global food security  Population Growth vis- Food%20Regim a-vis Food Security e-analysis-of- food-crisis- pdf.pdf  DoUSEEwhatE YEC (2013, September 25). Price of sugar documentary by Bill Haney [Video]. YouTube. https://www.you tube.com/watch ?v=id7ugtEyI_8 Week 17  Articulate a personal MODULE 15: GLOBAL  What does it  Rubric for definition of global CITIZENSHIP mean to be a collage or citizenship, citizen of the poster  Make a collage or  What is Global world? / Hugh illustrating poster depicting one’s Citizenship? Evans [Video]. concept of concept of global YouTube. a Global citizenship and https://www.you Citizen  Demonstrate tube.com/watch  Rubric for understanding of the ?v=ODLg_00f9 reflective ethical obligations of BE essay global citizenship  The Global Filipino, pp. 132-134 (book available in OCC library) Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. Week 18 FINAL EXAMINATION X TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction I Course Guide V Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION 1-4 Lesson 1: Definition of Globalization Globalization as defined by other Authors Historical Foundation of the term "Globalization" Dimensions of globalization Reasons for Globalization Advantages of globalization Disadvantages of Globalization Importance of Studying Globalization Module 2: THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION 5-8 Lesson 1: Structures of Globalization Factors that Facilitate Globalization World System World System Theory Module 3: MARKET INTEGRATION 9-12 Lesson 1: First wave of globalization (19th century-1914) The world wars Second and third wave of globalization Globalization 4.0 The Role of the International Financial Institutions in the Global Economy The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) Global Corporation Module 4 GLOBAL INTERSTATE 13-18 Lesson 1 Internationalization versus Globalization Four Attributes of Today's Global System Origin of this Global system Difference between Nation and State The Interstate System Evolution of the Interstate System and present-day concept of Sovereignty Module 5 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 19-23 Lesson 1 What is an International Organization Challenges of the United Nations Five Principles critical to guiding the reforms of global governance and global rules Module 6 & 7 A WORLD OF REGIONS GLOBAL DEVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE 24-30 SOUTH ASIAN REGIONALISM Lesson 1 World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American imperium Global south Global south versus Third world How the “third world” Became the Global South” : the Origins of the Third World Global conception emerged from the experiences of Latin American countries Lesson 2 Asian Regionalism Regionalism versus globalization Factors leading to the integration of the Asian regions Module 8 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES 31-35 Lesson 1 Media and Globalization The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism Module 9 THE EMOTIONAL SELF 36-40 Lesson 1 Globalization of Religion Effects of Globalization on Religious Practices and Beliefs Module 10 THE GLOBAL CITY 41-45 Lesson 1 Defining the Global City Traits of a Global City  Module 11 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY 46-51 Lesson 1 Global Demography Demographic Change and Its Economic Impact The ‘Perils’ of Overpopulation The Impact of Demographical Changes to Globalization Looking to the Future Module 12 GLOBAL MIGRATION 52-55 Lesson 1 Benefits and Detriments of Migration Global Migration Types of International Migrants Migration and Globalization Reasons for Global Migration Challenges and Prospects Module 13 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 56-60 Lesson 1 Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development UN Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals The World’s Leading Environmental Problems Combating Global Warming Module 14 GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 61-64 Lesson 1 Global Food Security Population Growth and Food Security Population Growth vis-a-vis Food Security Module 15 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 65-68 Lesson 1 What is Global Citizenship?  MODULE # 1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the lessons, the student will be able to: 1. differentiate the different concepts of globalization; 2. identify the underlying premises on the varying definitions of globalization; 3. discuss the Advantages and disadvantages of globalization; and 4. come up with a working definition of globalization. LEARNING CONTENT  The Study of Globalization, pp. 1-15 (book available in the OCC Library) Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc. According to Ariola (2018), Globalization is defined as: 1. Increasing interaction of people, states or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture primarily focused on economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects. 2. The interconnectedness of people and business across the world resulting to global, cultural, political and economic integration. 3. Ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world to conduct business. 4. Free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner. 5. Liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and foreign investment 6. Attracting global capital by opening up their economies to MNCs. Globalization as defined by other Authors  According to Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King, globalization as those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.  Anthony Giddens (The Consequence of Modernity) defined globalization as the intensification of 1  worldwide social relations that connect distant localities where local happenings are shaped by events across miles and vice versa.  Roland Robertson (Professor of Sociology at the University of Aberdeen) described globalization in 1992 as the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.  Manfred Steger described the process of globalization as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across the world-time and across the world-space.  Arjun Appadurai posits that globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration called "scapes" referring to movement of people, culture, goods and software, flow of money and political ideas. Advantages of globalization  Creates jobs not only within the country but as well as export of jobs  Has lowered prices and keeps interest low to fuel economic growth  Has improved access to technology that brings fast innovation to communication and transportation  Results to greater productivity  Spurs productive exchange of culture, ideas and social relationships between peoples Disadvantages of Globalization  Fuels inequality among poor and developing countries where they serve as source of cheap labor, raw materials and destination of finished products  Not all companies adhere to the protocols of social responsibility principle evidenced in compliance to wages and working conditions of their workforce, protection of the environment where they operate their business, among others  Presence of MNCs and market integration in a country affects the growth of the domestic economy and reduced of tariff duties It is expounded by Ariola that it is important to study globalization due to the following reasons:  The greater demand in industry and business, health, engineering and technology to work with people of other nations and cultures  Greater demand of promoting the local business and industry to other countries  The need for countries and states to address global issues of climate change, clean water, clean environment and need for renewable energy.  Make the students aware of the intricacies of globalization, its advantages and disadvantages and how to build on this learning for a model of collaborative and fair global partnership perspective. 2  READINGS  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp. 1-5. Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp1-15. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. pp. 1-9. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. ACTIVITY A. How Globalized is Your Home? Make an inventory of everything you find essential in your home such as footwear, clothes, computers, celfon, television, radio, washing machine, cookware, etc. Organize your inventory into two types: First, things made in the Philippines and Second, those that are foreign brands and list the countries of origin of your foreign-brand items. Do the same in your kitchen, bathroom and living room. Write your answers in your notebook. B. View the 2 PPT presentations on the Introduction to Globalization and write your insights gained from the content of the slides presentations. Put your responses in your Notebook with the corresponding date you have written. ASSIGNMENT Instructions: Analyze each statement and answer what is asked for in the following questions. Encode your responses in a long bond paper same Font & size and submit them thru your Focal Person in your Class Folder.  How would you define globalization from your understanding of your readings?  What is the importance of studying globalization in your own terms?  Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you know and tell where it originated? Identify the nationality of the singer or the writer?  What gadgets do you usually use to listen to music? Where do these gadgets come from or the company that produced that gadget?  Using a visual representation, tell something about the following item:  Things I have Learned  Things I have Realized and Appreciated  Things I have Discovered 3  ASSESSMENT Write an Essay with the topic: "Using Metaphors of What Globalization Mean to Me" It must consist 150-250 words either in Filipino or English, encoded in long bond paper with the usual font and size. REFERENCES  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018  Globalization. (2017, June 23). New World Encyclopedia,. Retrieved 00:57, March 9, 2018. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Globalization&oldid=1005295  Steger, Manfred. Ideologies of globalization. http://socialsciences.people.hawaii.edu/ publications_lib/JPI%20Ideologies%20of%20globalization%20%20final.pdf Accessed March 8, 2018  https://www.slideshare.net/hitakshi_23/globalization-57998363  https://www.slideshare.net/larchi/history-of-globalisation 4  MODULE # 2 THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the lessons, the student will be able to: 1. define economic globalization from a world economy 2. identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization 3. define the modern world system 4. discuss the structures of globalization LEARNING CONTENT  The Structures of Globalization, pp. 17-20 (book available in the OCC Library) Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc. Global Economy involves the international exchange of goods and services expressed in monetary units of money, free movement of technology and information. World Economy is refer r ed to the human economic activity within and between nations that include production, consumption, economic management, exchange of financial values and trade of goods and services. Global Economy or Economic Globalization is the interconnectedness of economies through trade and exchange of resources like globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, corporations and labor. and resources. Structures of Globalization  The Global Economy (Discussion on India: a Case In Point. Show Slides PPT)  Market Integration  Global Interstate System  Global Governance 5 Actors that Facilitate Globalization: The role of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) play an important role in the Creation of the Global Economy or Economic Globalization. An international financial institution is chartered by more than one country and subjects to international laws.National governments are the usual shareholders or owners, although other international institutions and organizations also are shareholders. The world's largest IFI is the European Investment Bank, with a balance sheet size of Euro573 billion in 2016. (Ariola 2018) The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are: 1. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) which include  World Bank Group  African Development Bank  Asian Development Bank  Inter-American Development Bank  European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Main Objectives 1. IMF provides temporary financial assistance to member countries to help ease the balance of payments adjustments 2. MDBs provide financing for development to developing countries through  Long term loans (with maturities up to 20 years) at interest rates way below market rates  Very long-term loans (sometimes called credits with maturities of 30-40 years) at interest rates below market rates  Grant financing by some MDBs for technical assistance advisory service or project preparation World System deals with inter-regional and transnational division of labor that divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery and periphery countries. Core countries focus on high skill, capital- intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low- skill labor- intensive production and extraction of raw materials, reinforcing the dominance of the core countries. This structure is unified by the division of labor. It is a world-economy rooted in a capitalist economy. 6 World System Theory is also known as the wor ld-system analysis or would-systems perspectives. A multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change that emphasizes the world- system (not the nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis. READINGS  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp17-25. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. pp. 1-20. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. ACTIVITY A. View the 2 PPT presentations on the Introduction to Globalization and Globalization of the Economy, create/draw an image how globalization works in a particular country like the Philippines or India. Put your creative work and insights in a bond paper and make a screen shot for submission in our Google Classroom or Email. ASSIGNMENT Instructions: Analyze each statement and answer what is asked for in the following questions. Encode your responses in a long bond paper same Font & size and submit them thru your Focal Person in your Class Folder.  Differentiate global economy from world economy.  What are the features of economic globalization?  How do the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) become instrumental in the creation of the global economy? Give some of the IFIs operating in a global scale.  How is the Philippines central to the history of economic globalization?  From your analysis, does globalization experience of India become beneficial to their country and people? Why? 7  ASSESSMENT Instruction: Collect at least 5 pictures of products whether goods or services that have foreign brands operating in the Philippines as subsidiaries of multinational corporations and make a brief description about the product and its mother country of origin. Screen shot and submit it thru our Focal Person or Class Folder in the Google Classroom or WPS. REFERENCES  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018  Globalization. (2017, June 23). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:57, March 9, 2018.  https://www.slideshare.net/gunacharlotte/globalization-of-world-economy-ppt 8  MODULE # 3 MARKET INTEGRATION LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the lessons, the student will be able to: 1. revisit he role of international financial institutions in the global economy; 2. narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century and 3. identify the attributes of global corporations LEARNING CONTENT  Market Integration in the Twentieth Century (book available in the OCC Library) Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc. First wave of globalization (19th century-1914) The first wave of globalization (19th century - 1914), the first era of Industrial Revolution, was led by Great Britain who dominated the world thru the establishment of the British Empire, with innovations of steam engine, weaving machine and many more. It was noted according to Keynes that those with the means of capital in New York, Paris, London or Berlin were able to trade internationally with stock companies where a major leap in the field of world investments was the construction of the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean with the Indian ocean as well as managed to build railways in India and in African colonies. The first wave of globalization and industrialization had darker moments where most European nations grabbed for a piece of Africa, and 1900 only Ethiopia was left in Africa. However, India, China, Mexico or Japan, previously powers to reckon with, were not either not able or not allowed to adapt to the industrial and global trends. They maybe either restricted by Western powers or outcompeted because of lack of access to capital and technology. Finally, many workers in the industrialized nations also did not benefit from globalization, their work was replaced or deem identical with the availability brought by industrial machinery, or their output undercut by foreign imports. 9 The world wars In 1914, the outbreak of World War I brought an end to the burgeoning high society of the West including globalization. The financial markets caused a breakdown of the global economy leading to the Great Depression in the US. Second and third wave of globalization The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy under a new hegemon, the United States of America, aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution, and the flourishing global trade, and due to the Iron Curtain Fall. World trade became profound after the WWII with the European Union and other free trade vehicles championed by the US who were responsible for the increase in international trade. In the Soviet Union, there was a similar increase in trade, albeit through centralized planning rather than the free market. With the Curtain Fall, globalization became an all-conquering force and the creation of World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over the world to enter into free-trade agreements, In 2001, even China, which for the better part of the 20th century had been a secluded, agrarian economy, became a member of the WTO, and started to manufacture for the world. US is still in the upper hand of the global trade, setting the tone. At the same time, a new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet, connected people all over the world that allowed for a further global integration of value chains. Globalization 4.0 A new wave of globalization is once again upon us dominated by two global powers, the US and China. The digital economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-border hacking and cyber attacks. At the same time, the global effect of climate change, cutting of forests, pollution among others, brought devastating effects to globalization that becomes a growing concern of all nations. As economic globalization is now the buzz phrase to all nations, many middle-class workers are fed up with a political and economic system that resulted in economic inequality, social instability in some countries. As globalism becomes a political ideology, the idea of having a global perspective is weakening now. In a speech delivered in Davos in January 2017, Chinese president Xi Jinping addressed the topic globalization where some blame economic globalization for the chaos in the world. But, he continued, “we came to the conclusion that integration into the global economy is a historical 10 trend. [It] is the big ocean that you cannot escape from.” He went on to propose a more inclusive globalization, and to rally nations to join in China’s new project for international trade, “Belt and Road”. Revisiting the Role of the International Financial Institutions in the Global Economy The role of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) play an important role in the Creation of the Global Economy or Economic Globalization. An international financial institution is chartered by more than one country and subjects to international laws.National governments are the usual shareholders or owners, although other international institutions and organizations also are shareholders. The world's largest IFI is the European Investment Bank, with a balance sheet size of Euro573 billion in 2016. Market integration occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time. Groups of goods often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among different markets. It is said that the market integration should increase financial and economic efficiency, and lead to a higher economic growth. However, market integration may increase asset return volatility, and cause financial instability and contagion effects. (Wikipedia) Global Corporation generally refer r ed to as a multinational corporation (MNC) or has significant investments and facilities in many countries but lacks a dominant headquarter. READINGS  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp 22-23Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp19-21. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. pp. 12-25. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. ACTIVITY A. View the 2 PPT presentations on Globalization of the Economy and on Market Integration. Guide for further discussions:  Cite some examples of market integration in a globalized economy  What are the reasons for market integration?  Examine how globalization works in a particular country like the Philippines or India. Examine the interlocking connections or integration of production, market and consumption. 11  ASSIGNMENT Instructions: Analyze each statement and answer what is asked for in the following questions. Encode your responses in a long bond paper same Font & size and submit them thru your Focal Person in your Class Folder.  What is market integration?  What are the types of Market integration?  What are the merits and demerits of market integration?  What is the importance of market integration in globalization? ASSESSMENT A. Prepare reaction paper to the Film: “The Corporation” directed by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott Teacher Evaluation on the Reaction paper. B. Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:  Things that I Learned or Insights Derived from the Discussion (Knowledge)  Things that I appreciated and/or Have Criticisms ( Attitudes)  Things that Provide you Discoveries on the Nature of Globalization (Discovered) REFERENCES  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018  Globalization. (2017, June 23). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:57, March 9, 2018.  www.weforum.org/agenda/2019  The Corporation is available via YouTube  https://www.slideshare.net/jpsivam/market-integration  https://www.slideshare.net/gunacharlotte/globalization-of-world-economy-ppt 12  MODULE # 4 GLOBAL INTERSTATE LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the lessons, the student will be able to: 1. discuss the historical evolution of the global interstate, 2. differentiate internationalization and globalization, 3. define the state and the nation and 4. differentiate internationalism from globalism. LEARNING CONTENT  Market Integration in the Twentieth Century (book available in the OCC Library) Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018 A. Internationalization versus Globalization 1. Internationalization does not equal globalization although it is a major part of globalization. 2. Ariola said that globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the tie between governments. It also refers to the global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility but also by easy or uncontrolled migration. Furthermore, according to Ariola, internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, etc. International, means between or among nations. The basic unit remains the nation, even as relations among nations become increasingly necessary and important. 3. Four Attributes of Today's Global System  There are countries or States that are independent and govern themselves.  These countries interact with each other through diplomacy.  There are international organizations like the United Nations that facilitate these interactions.  Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own. 13 Origin of this Global system Concept of Nation-State -a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize themselves as countries. Not all states are nations and not all nations are states. Example: The nation of Scotland has its own flag and national culture but still belongs to a state called the United Kingdom. The Bangsamoro in the Philippines is perceived by many to be a separate nation existing within the Philippines, but through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine state. The nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea whereas the Chinese nation may refer both to the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. 4. Difference between Nation and State A State refer s to a country and its government i.e., Government of the Philippines. A State has four (4) attributes:  It exercises authority over a specific population, called its citizens.  It governs a specific territory.  A State has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people follow.  The most crucial is, the State has sovereignty A Nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an " imagined community" that is limited because it does not go beyond a given "official boundary," and because rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of that nation. The concept of "imagined" does not mean that the nation allows one to feel a connection with the community of people even if she/he will never meet all of them in his/her lifetime. Example: when you cheer a Filipino athlete in the Olympics, it does not mean you know personally that athlete. Rather, you imagine your connection as both members of the Filipino community. Furthermore, In "Imagined Communities" (1983) Anderson argues that the nation is an imagined political community that is inherently limited in scope and sovereign in nature.... The nation as imagined community came into being after the dawning of the age of Enlightenment as both a response to and a consequence of secularization. Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates state formation. States become independent and sovereign because of nationalist sentiments that clamor for this independence. 5. The Interstate System  GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM - The modern world-system is now a global economy with a 14  global political system (the modern interstate system). Refers to the relationship between different state union. It also includes all the cultural aspects and interaction networks of the human population. Evolution of the Interstate System and present-day concept of Sovereignty  Concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia, a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War between the major continental powers in Europe. The treaty signers agreed to have complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other's affairs.  The Westphalian system faced its first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte who believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution -liberty, equality, and fraternity, and challenged the power of the kings, nobility, and religion in Europe. The Napoleonic wars lasted from 1803- 1815. The French implemented the Napoleonic Code that forbade birth privileges, encourage freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites of Europe and they mustered their armies to push back against the French Emperor.  Anglo and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 ending the spread of the liberal code across Europe.  To avert another war, the royal powers created a new system that restored the Westphalian system thru the establishments of the Concert of Europe, an alliance of great powers - the United Kingdom, Austria,  Under the Metternich system (named after the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von Metternich), the Concert of Europe's powers and authority lasted from 1815-1914, at the dawn of the World War I.  Like the Concert system, the "great powers" still hold significant influence over world politics. Example, the most powerful grouping in the UN, the Security Council, has a core of five permanent members, all having veto powers over the council's decision-making process.  The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into separate, sovereign entities - the interstate system. The concept of internationalism arose as a desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and peoples divided into two categories - the liberal internationalism and the socialist internationalism.  The Liberal Internationalism was posited by Immanuel Kant who likened states in a global system to people living in a given territory - requiring a government to prevent lawlessness. It must give up some freedoms, like the citizens of countries and establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations. Kant has an ideal of a global government.  British philosopher Jeremy Bentham advocated the creation of international law that would govern 15  the inter-state relations. He believed the objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would create "the greatest happiness of all nations taken together."  The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism in the 19th century was the Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini, both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking mini-states and a major critic of the Metternich system. He believed in a Republican government (without kings, queens and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with each other to create an international system. He argued that if the various Italian states could unify, one could scale up the system to create, for example, the United States of Europe - basis for global cooperation.  Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), influenced by the thinking of Mazzini, became one of the 20th century's most prominent internationalist. Wilson sa nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism. He forwarded the principle of self-determination - the belief that the world's nations had a right to a free and sovereign government. He hoped that these free nations would become democracies, because only by being such would they be able to build a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation. He became the most notable advocate of the creation of the League of Nations. After the World War I in 1918, he pushed for the transformation of the League of Nations into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.  The League came into being that same year. Unfortunately, Wilson, the United States was not able to join the League due to strong opposition from the Senate.. The League was not able to avert another war from breaking out. World War II erupted. On one side the Axis Powers- Hitler's Germany, Mussolini of Italy and Hirohito of Japan- who were ultra nationalists that has an instinctive disdain for internationalism and preferred to violently impose their dominance over other nations. The Allied Powers were composed of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Holland and Belgium.  The League was the concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism. From Kant, it emphasized the need to form common international principles. From Mazzini, it enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among nations-states. From Wilson, it called for democracy and self-determination.  Socialist philosopher Karl Marx, an internationalist but differed from Kant, etc. because he did not believed in nationalism. He believed that the true form of internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones. Marx placed a premium on economic equality; he did not divide the world into countries but into classes. The capitalist class referred to the owners of factories, companies and other "means of production." The proletariat class, according to Marx included those who did not own the means of production, but instead, worked for the capitalists. Marx and his co-author Frederick Engels believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat "had no 16  nation." They opposed nationalism because they believed that it would prevent the unification of the working class.  The Socialist International was established, a union of European Socialist and labor parties in 1889 in Paris. Although short-lived, their achievements were the declaration of May 1as the Labor Day and the crwation of the International Women's Day, and the successful campaign on the 8-hour law. The SI collapsed during the World War I.  More radical version of SI emerged through the leadership of Vladimir Lenin that created a new state called the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic or USSR. The Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power for the working class through elections, rather they exhortted the revolutionary "vanguard" parties that led the revolution across the world. Lenin established the Communist International (Comintern) in 1919 that served as the central body for directing communist parties all over the world. According to the author, it is less democratic because it followed closely the top-down governance of the Bolsheviks.  After Word War, Stalin re-established the Comintern as the Communist Information Bureau. It took over countries in Eastern Europe when the United States, Soviet Union, and Great Britain divided the war-torn Europe into their respective spheres of influence.  Eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, communist internationalism also disappeared. READINGS  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.  https://www.slideshare.net/CheldhayeDay/globalization-153976947 ACTIVITY Review the PPT presentation on Globalization of the Economy and on the Global Interstate and generate ideas that will support your answers to your assignments. See the Link to the material or thru the PPT presentations sent to your GC and Google Classroom. 17  ASSIGNMENT Instructions: Analyze each statement and answer what is asked for in the following questions. Encode your responses in a long bond paper same Font & size and submit them thru your Focal Person in your Class Folder.  Make a short summary of the evolution of the Global Interstate.  Is there a difference between internationalism and globalization? Explain your answer.  Can a nation be a state or a state be a nation? Support your answer.  What makes a global economy?  Does market integration beneficial to economic globalization? Why?  Explain the Liberal Internationalism and give the different views of its proponents.  Explain the Socialist Internationalism and who are the proponents of this view and their political constructs. ASSESSMENT Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:  Things that I Learned or Insights Derived from the Discussion (Knowledge)  Things that I appreciated and/or Have Criticisms ( Attitudes)  Things that Provide you Discoveries on the Nature of Globalization (Discovered) REFERENCES  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018  Globalization. (2017, June 23). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:57, March 9, 2018.  https://www.slideshare.net/gunacharlotte/globalization-of-world-economy-ppt  https://www.slideshare.net/CheldhayeDay/globalization-153976947 18  MODULE # 5 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the lessons, the student will be able to: 1. identify the roles and function of the United Nations, 2. identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century and 3. explain the relevance of the state amid globalization. LEARNING CONTENT A. What is an International Organization When scholars refer to groups like UN or Institutions like IMF and World Bank, they usually call them international organization (IOs) the term commonly used to refer international inter-governmental organization or groups that primary made up of member-states. One major fallacy about international organization is that they are merely amalgamations of various state interests. In the 1960's and 1970's, IOs become influential as independent organizations. International scholar Michael and Martha listed the following powers of IOs. Michael N. Barrnet and Martha Finnemore, international relations scholar s listed the following powers of the IOs:  IOs have the power of classification. Because IOs can invent and apply categories, they create powerful global standards;  IOs have the power to fix meanings. this is the broader function related to the first. Various terms like "security" or "development" need to be well define. States, Organizations and individuals view IOs as legitimate sources of information. As such, the meaning they create have effects on various policies. For example, recently, the united Nation has started to define security as not just safety of military violence, but safety from environmental harm.  Finally, IOs have the power to diffuse norms. Norms are accepted codes conduct that may not strict law, but nevertheless produce regularity in behavior. because of these power IOs can be sources of 19  great good and great harm.They can promote relevant norms like environmental protection and human rights. After the collapsed of the League of Nations at the end of WWII, countries that worried about another global war began to push for the information of a more lasting international league, the result was the creation of UN should be considered a success. The UN divided into five active organs. The General Assembly ( GA ) is UN's main policy making and representative organ. Although GA is the representative organ in the UN, many commentator consider the Security Council ( SC ) to be the most powerful. According to the UN this body consist of 15 member states.The GA elects ten of these 15 to two - year terms. the other five sometimes referred to as the permanent 5 (p5) this are China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States. The third UN organ is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) which is "the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as the implementation of international agreed development goals". It has 54 members of elected for three- year terms. Currently it is the UN's central platform for discussions on sustainable development. Fourth is the International Court of Justice whose task " is to settle in accordance with international law, legal desputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions reffered to it by authorized United Nation organs and specialized agencies". Fifth, the Trusteeship Council was assigned under the UN Charter to supervise the administration of 11 Trust Territories—former colonies or dependent territories—which were placed under the International Trusteeship System. The system was created at the end of the World War II to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of those dependent Territories and their progressive development towards self-governance or independence. Challenges of the United Nations The UN is not a world government, and its functions is primarily because of voluntary cooperation of states. If states refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN can be severely circumscribed. The biggest challenge of the UN is related to issues of security, it is tough to council to release a formal resolution much more implement it. Today, a similar dynamic situation is evident in Syria, which is undergoing a civil war. Russia has threatened to veto any SC resolution against Syria; thus, the UN has done very little to stop state - sanctioned violence against opponents of the government. 20   Intergovernmental cooperation is at the centre of the global partner ship for development. It has a vital role to play in the achievement of global development goals, in terms not only of the resources and technical assistance it can provide, but also in the areas of policy decision-making and norm-setting.  Global governance encompasses the totality of institutions, policies, norms, procedures and initiatives through which States and their citizens try to bring more predictability, stability and order to their responses to transnational challenges. Effective global governance can only be achieved with effective international cooperation. It argues that international cooperation and the resulting governance mechanisms are not working well.  First, the current global governance system is not properly equipped to manage the growing economic integration and interdependence among countries, both of which are compounded by the current globalization process. Globalization tends to accentuate interdependencies among countries.  Second, global governance structures and rules are characterized by severe asymmetries in terms of access, scope and outcomes. While developing countries must abide by and/or shoulder the effects of global governance rules and regulations, they have limited influence in shaping them. Meanwhile, the unbalanced nature of globalization implies that important areas of common interest are currently not covered, or sparsely covered, by global governance mechanisms, while other areas are considered to be over-determined or overregulated by a myriad of arrangements with different rules and provisions, causing fragmentation, increased costs and reduced effectiveness. These deficiencies have contributed to the generation of asymmetric outcomes among countries and have had important implications for inequality at the national level as well.  Finally, current approaches to global governance and global rules have led to a greater shrinking of policy space for national Governments, par-Global governance and global rules for development in the post-2015 era particularly in the developing countries, than necessary for the efficient management of interdependence; this also impedes the reduction of inequalities within countries. Five Principles critical to guiding the reforms of global governance and global rules: (i) Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities: This principle calls for recognizing differences among countries in terms of their contribution and historical responsibilities in generating common problems, as well as divergences in financial and technical capacities, in order to address shared challenges. This principle also acknowledges the diversity of national circumstances and policy approaches—a diversity which should be embedded in the architecture of global governance as an intrinsic feature of the global community, not as an exception to general rules. (ii) Subsidiarity: Issues ought to be addressed at the lowest level capable of addressing them. This principle implies that some problems can be handled well and efficiently at the local, national, sub- 21 regional and regional levels reducing the number of issues that need to be tackled at the international and supranational level. Subsidiarity suggests an important role for regional cooperation in addressing issues of mutual concern. (iii) Inclusiveness, transparency, accountability: Global governance institutions need to be representative of, and accountable to, the entire global community, while decision-making procedures need to be democratic, inclusive and transparent. Robust governance implies mutual accountability, verified by transparent and credible mechanisms and processes to ensure that agreed commitments and duties are fulfilled. (iv) Coherence: Definitions of global rules and processes need to rest on comprehensive approaches, including the assessment of possible trade-offs, so that actions in different areas will not undermine or disrupt one another, but instead be mutually reinforcing. Enhanced coherence is also needed between the international and national spheres of policymaking. This also requires improved coordination among various stakeholders and enhanced information sharing. (v) Responsible sovereignty: This principle recognizes that policy cooperation is the best way to achieve national interests in the global public domain. It also requires Governments and States to be fully respectful of the sovereignty of other nations so as to fulfill agreed policy outcomes. The role of the United Nations is important in the global governance architecture. It argues that the General Assembly, with its universal membership and democratic decision-making process, should function as the main political forum for managing global challenges, in close interaction with the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies on economic, social and environmental issues. READINGS  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.  https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2014cdppolicynote.pdf ACTIVITY From the 17 Sustainable Goals of the United Nations, choose two (2) Goals and explain why we need to advocate for the realization of these goals. 22  ASSIGNMENT Instructions: Analyze each statement and answer what is asked for in the following questions. Encode your responses in a long bond paper same Font & size and submit them thru your Focal Person in your Class Folder.  Why is the United Nations considered an architecture for global governance?  Discuss the Five Principles critical to guiding the reforms of global governance and global rules.  What are the roles and functions of the United Nations? ASSESSMENT Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:  Things that I Learned or Insights Derived from the Discussion (Knowledge)  Things that I appreciated and/or Have Criticisms ( Attitudes)  Things that Provide you Discoveries on the Nature of Globalization (Discovered) REFERENCES  Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City. Rex Book Store  Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.  Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018  https://www.sightsavers.org/policy-and-advocacy/global-goals/? gclid=CjwKCAjwh7H7BRBBEiwAPXjadoj4U0hHw60Zm7J8N-CIZLfZg