GE ESCI-CONTEMPORARY WORLD PDF

 Introduction to Contemporary World The contemporary world is an ever-changing mix of social and political changes. While religious, political, and ethnic conflicts continue, we are currently living in one of the most peacefu...

 Introduction to Contemporary World The contemporary world is an ever-changing mix of social and political changes. While religious, political, and ethnic conflicts continue, we are currently living in one of the most peaceful eras in 1900-PRESENT the history of the planet. Challenges of the 21st century include emerging technologies, health care, overpopulation, climate change, poverty, illiteracy, disease, and migration.  NEW MODES OF COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION 1973 1983 What is the significance of these inventions? 1903  Medicine 1943 1928 -increased the ability of humans to survive 1963 1952 1976 2021 1974  -Societies are more interdependent today than they used to be; they have more social, economic, political and cultural relationships. -Because the problems and issues that characterize the contemporary world are both interconnected and multidimensional, the various actors—states, organizations and citizen groups—have to work together to find global solutions. ECONOMIC ISSUE SOCIETAL ISSUE POLITICAL ISSUE  Studying the outside world is a cure to parochialism or an outlook that is limited to one’s immediate community. A person who is concerned only with his/her family, village, or even country is parochial. The parochial person is, thus, close-minded One can say that globalization is a very important change, if not, the most important (Bauman, 2003).  Swedish journalist Thomas Introduction to the Larsson (2001) saw globalization Study of Globalization as the process of world shrinkage, of distance getting shorter, things moving closer. -Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross- border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.  Metaphors of Globalization In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the states of matter- solid and liquid-will be used.  SOLIDITY It refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-made. LIQUIDITY It refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world. The Global Economy The global economy refers to the interconnected worldwide economic activities that take place between multiple countries. These economic activities can have either a positive or negative impact on the countries involved. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY The International Monetary Fund (IMF) regards “economic globalization” as a historical process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress. It is characterized by the increasing integration of economies around the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.  The global economy Globalization: Globalization describes a process by which national and regional economies, comprises several societies, and cultures have become integrated characteristics, such as: through the global network of trade, communication, immigration, and transportation. International trade: International trade is considered to be an impact of globalization. It refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries, and it has also helped countries to specialize in products which they have a comparative advantage in. This is an economic theory that refers to an economy's ability to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than its trade partners. Bretton Wood The Bretton Woods Agreement System established a system through which a fixed currency exchange rate could be created using gold as the universal standard. The agreement involved representatives from 44 nations and brought about the creation of the International Monetary John Maynard Keynes Harry Dexter White Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. BANCOR- international reserve currency International Monetary Fund John Maynard Keynes Harry Dexter White BANCOR- international reserve currency John Maynard Keynes Proposed currency: It was meant to be a new type of money used between countries, not by regular people. Purpose: The idea was to help make international trade and finance smoother and more stable. Neutral: Unlike using one country's currency (like the US dollar) for international trade, BANCOR would be neutral and not tied to any single nation. Balancing trade: It was designed to help countries keep their imports and exports more balanced over time. Not adopted: While the concept was discussed, it wasn't put into practice. Instead, the world adopted a system centered around the US dollar. International Monetary Fund Harry Dexter White Global financial helper: The IMF is like a worldwide financial advisor and emergency fund for countries. Goals: (1)Help countries with money problems. (2)Encourage international (3) stable exchange rates between currencies Financial Support: The IMF can lend money to countries facing economic difficulties. Economic advice: It provides guidance to countries on how to manage their economies better. Monitoring: The IMF keeps an eye on the global economy and individual countries' economic health.  THE GREAT DEPRESSION FIAT CURRENCIES  FIAT CURRENCIES NO PERSON IN DATA Government-issued: Fiat money is created and regulated by governments or central banks. No intrinsic value: Unlike gold coins, fiat money isn't valuable in itself - it's just paper or cheap metal. Value by decree: Its value comes from the government declaring it as legal tender (official money). Trust-based: People accept and use it because they trust the government will maintain its value. Examples: US Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, and most modern currencies are fiat. Flexible: Governments can control the supply of fiat money, which can help manage the economy. Digital too: While often physical (cash), fiat also exists digitally in bank accounts and electronic payments.  Neoliberalism is related to laissez- Neoliberalism faire economics, a school of thought that prescribes a minimal amount of is a policy model that government interference into the encompasses both politics economic issues of individuals and and economics and seeks society. to transfer the control of economic factors from the public sector to the private sector.  Economic Globalization Today Exports, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies grow at present. In the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were the advanced nations that were producing and selling industrial and agricultural goods. US and Japan-65% global exports Developing countries-29% When more countries opened up their economies to take advantage of increased free trade, the shares of the percentage began to change Market Integration Market Integration is a term that is used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of goods and services that are somehow related to one another being to experience similar patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the prices of those products. Consumers Market Consumers gain from market integration because it broadens the range of financial services and investment options available to them and increases competition in the provision of those services. Competition Modernization Theory It refers to a body of theory that became prominent in the 1950s and 1960s in relation to understanding issues of economic and social development and in creating policies that would assist economic and social transitions in poorer countries.  Barriers to development developing countries were underdeveloped because their traditional values held them back needed to adopt Western cultural values and industrialize in order to promote economic growth Talcott Parsons Particularism –exclusive or special devotion to a (1964) particular interest. It is the idea that different moral standards apply to different people. Collectivism –This is where the individual is Parsons argued that traditional values in expected to put the group (the family or the village) before Africa, Asia and Latin America acted self-interest as barriers to development which Patriarchy – included – Parsons believed that people in undeveloped Ascribed Status and Fatalism- countries needed to develop an predetermined and inevitable ‘entrepreneurial spirit’ if economic growth was to be achieved, and this could only happen if less Individualism- developed countries became more receptive to Universalism- Western values, which promoted economic growth. Achieved Status and Meritocracy  Modernization Theory favored a capitalist- industrial model of development Capitalism – a system where private money is invested in industry in order to make a profit and goods are produced are for sale in the market place rather than for Industrial – refers to production private consumption. taking place in factories rather than in the home or small workshops. This is large scale production. Subsistence system OR Commercialism 1. First Event: Columbian Exchange 2. Second Event: Industrial Revolution in the 18Th and 19Th Century  Global There are other global companies, such as the Hilton and Hyatt Hotels, Adobe, Cisco, Corporation 3M, Monsanto, and American Express. These companies range from hospitality companies to tech and manufacturing The term "global corporation," companies. This shows that many types of sometimes known as "global firm," is global corporations exist. derived from the word "global," which implies "all across the world." Some aren’t global in a purely physical sense. Consider internet giants Facebook and Google, which have a presence in virtually every country in the world that has an internet connection.  1) You can increase your customer base 2) You can reduce your operating costs 3) You don’t need to be bogged down by BENEFITS of seasonality Global Corporation 4) You can boost the growth rate of your company 5) You can create new jobs 1. WTO- World Trade Organization 2. NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS International Financial Institutions 1) Arab Fund for Economic and Social Note: 1-6 are main, 7-12 are minor Development 1) African Development Bank 2) European Investment Bank 2) Asian Development Bank 3) Global Environment Facility 3) Caribbean Development Bank 4) Islamic Development Bank 4) European Bank for Reconstruction & 5) North American Development Bank Development 6) Organization of American States 5) Inter-American Development Bank 6) World Bank  GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of competing and allying states.  Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and NATO Global politics entails relationship of countries and different governments and non-governmental organizations. The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate.  Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and medical supplies for those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war. In addition to the Red Cross, there are many NGOs dedicated to helping people around the world.  GLOBAL ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION 1. The WTO 2. NAFTA WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION It is made up of 164 countries around the world and was created with the goal of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from one another without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. In addition, tariffs are used to protect businesses and companies inside their country. NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT This is an economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other. NAFTA is no without critics either. Some American autoworkers protected against NAFTA as several car companies moved their factories to Mexico in search for cheaper labour. NAFTA, like WTO, represents the challenge in America of keeping manufacturing factories. INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM Internationalism The word "internationalism" comes from Latin and means "between" or "among" nations. In this framework people do not relate directly to each other as individuals but usually interact with each other as citizens of different nations and in formal settings by means of national representatives. Globalism That term "globalization" is usually taken as applying to the domination of the global economy by transnational corporations, and that shift certainly is a major factor in the way that the global society is changing. The industrial revolution greatly changed not only the way that goods are produced but also the kinds of goods that get produced. The transition from Nationalism to Internationalism is just as the transition from an agrarian society to an industrialized society didn't occur everywhere at the same time, so the transition from nationalism to internationalism hasn't taken place everywhere at the same time.  SILK ROAD This is where globalization comes in. If we look at the global trade today, it has reached a greater number around the world. For example, the selling products are not solely done through physical transactions but can be done online as well. This allows one, who has access to computers and the World Wide Web, to be connected with millions of people around the world.  INFORMATIONALISM Globalism is tied to the notion of networks. For Castells (2000), "networks constitute the fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds of life". It was previously mentioned that in the present and even in the past, the world is connected. The difference between globalism and globalization is the speed and thickness or intensity of connections. Nevertheless, people are connected with one another whether as a small community or as a large country. McLuhan and Flore (2005) argued that in the New Media Age, the importance lies in the medium, the way in which the message transmitted, not necessarily in the content presented through the medium. During the 2023 world economic forum annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland on 16–20 January 2023, Philippine president Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos Jr declared his foreign policy of not choosing sides amid the growing major power rivalry between the united states and China. he stressed, ‘I don’t work for Beijing, I don’t work for Washington DC, I work for the Philippines…to promote [its] national interests’.  FOREIGN POLICY 1.Preservation and enhancement of national security 2.Promotion and attainment of economic security 3.Protection of the welfare and interest of Filipino Overseas Contemporary Global Governance Russia-Ukraine Conflict Israel-Palestine Conflict If you will be a WORLD LEADER what are the TWO PRIORITY ISSUES or CONCERNS that you want to resolve and WHY? What is global governance? According to Weiss (2010), global governance refers to the collective efforts to identify, understand, and address worldwide problems that go beyond the problem solving capacities o states. World Problems afflicting the world today which are increasingly Problems transnational in nature-those that cannot be solved at the national level or state to state negotiations  Global governance shifted from traditional territorial sovereign state of nation-state to a more loose structures warranting international cooperation and response. In action, several NON- STATE BODIES came about including the United Nations with the ultimate goal of international action.  MAIN PURPOSE OF UNITED NATION ✓ Maintaining worldwide peace and security ✓ Developing relations among nations ✓ Fostering cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian international problems ✓ Providing a forum for bringing countries together to meet the UN’s purposes and goal PERMANENT MEMBERS OF UNITED NATION CHINA FRANCE 193 RUSSIA members UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES  MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION General Assembly- main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN (one year term) MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION Albania (2023) Security Brazil (2023) Ecuador (2024) Gabon (2023) Council- Ghana (2023) Japan (2024) Malta (2024) Mozambique (2024) Switzerland (2024) United Arab Emirates (2023) maintenance of international peace CHINA and security. It has FRANCE RUSSIA 15 Members. 2 years UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES  MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION Economic and Social Council- principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms.  MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION Trusteeship Council- provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence.  MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION Trusteeship Council- provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence.  MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION International Court of Justice- principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York (United States of America).  MAIN BODIES OF UNITED NATION Secretariat- comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to- day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other principal bodies. Global Divides: The North and the South  GLOBAL DIVIDES Classifying countries in the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of showing the how the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations.  created a partition between the 'developed' North and 'developing' South. Willy Brandt 1980  Brandt Line Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere. It is an imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing all of the countries in the world in to the rich north and poor south. How can we say that a country is POOR or RICH ❑Per capita income It is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation or geographic region. Per capita income can be used to determine the average per-person income for an area and to evaluate the standard of living and quality of life of the population. Per capita income for a nation is calculated by dividing the country's national income by its population. For example: Barangay LAHAMKOAYIS has a total population of 100 people who are earning 450,000 per year engaged in corporate activities and 400 people earning 500,000 per year engaged in manufacturing activities. Per Capita Income = Total Income of Area/Total Population  THE GAP BETWEEN THE ‘NORTH’ AND ‘SOUTH’ In 1820 Western Europe's per capita income was three times bigger than Africa In 2000 it was thirteen times as big  INEQUALITY availability of natural resources; different levels of health and education; the nature of a country’s economy and its industrial sectors; international trading policies and access to markets Development around the World Since 1980 Globalization is a noticeable phenomenon which has changed the way that economies interact on the world stage at cultural, economic and political levels. Interdependence between countries and a considerable increase in cross-border activity has seen global trade levels soar. For many countries, such as the ‘BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), globalization has brought great progress.  ASIAN REGIONALIZATIO N Regionalization a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries. Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. Regions are group of countries located in the same geographical area. Regional Alliance there is strength in numbers.  What is the difference of GLOBALIZATION and REGIONALISM? GLOBALIZATION REGIONALISM Promotes integration of Divides an area into smaller economies all around the world. segments. Allows corporation Monopolies Multiculturalism (we are Does not support diverse) multiculturalism Willing to help countries hit by Does not involved in the affairs disasters of others Advances in technology Rarely available Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed country markets rather than selling to each other. They specialized in labor-intensive manufactures. What are the reasons of regionalism? 1. Military Defense- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Protect against threat (Europe and USA against Soviet Union). 2. Economic Expansion- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to regulate the production and sale of oil. 3. Protect Independence- The presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia created the Non-aligned Movement (NAM). world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution. Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism 1. Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism- (refusal to dismantle NATO after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Donald Trump demonized the organization as simply leeching off American military power without giving anything in return). 2. Financial crisis of the region- forcing countries like Greece to consider leaving the Union to gain more flexibility in their economic policy. Anti-immigrant sentiment and a populist campaign against Europe have already led to the United Kingdom voting to leave the European Union  NON-STATE REGIONALISM? It is not only states that agree to work together in the name of a single cause (or causes). Communities also engage in regional organizing. This “new” regionalism varies in form; they can be “tiny associations that include no more than a few actors and focus on a single issue, or huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems from territorial defense to food security. Individuals share the same “values, norms, institutions, and NGO’s system that exist outside of the traditional, Associations established mainstream institutions and systems”. (ASEAN)-Their strategies and tactics likewise vary. Some organization partner with governments to initiate social change. Challenges for NEW REGIONALIST 1. disagreements surface over issues like gender and religion, with pro-choice NGOs breaking from religious civil society groups that side with the Church, Muslim imams, or governments opposed to reproductive rights and other pro- women policies. Migrant Forum Asia and its ally, the Coordination of Action Research on AIDS (CARAM), lobbied ASEAN governments to defend migrant labor rights. Their program of action, however, slowed down once countries like Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand refused to recognize the rights of undocumented migrant workers and the rights of the families if migrants. Try to analyze the editorial above. Give your analysis using one word. GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES Do you watch anime or K-Pop?  Homogeneity In culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means a given culture influences other cultures.  Media Imperialism over-concentration of mass media from larger nations as a significant variable in negatively affecting smaller nations, in which the national identity of smaller nations is lessened or lost due to media homogeneity inherent in mass media from the larger countries.  Heterogeneity refers to differences in cultural identity related to, for instance, ethnicity, language, traditions, religion, sense of place, and many other cultural aspects. These differences can make it more or less difficult for people to communicate, trust and co-operate with each-other.  Glocalization -when companies decided to enter foreign markets to expand their business. Global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area. -incorporate  Cultural differentialism It involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make cultures more alike – so cultures remain stubbornly different from one another.  Cultural hybridization It is a mixture of cultures and the integration of the global and the local leading into unique combinations.  Cultural Convergence -is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase. Basically, the more that cultures interact, the more that their values, ideologies, behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each other. -This trend is especially pronounced between cultures that are heavily engaged with each other through communication and transportation technologies, as well as organizational associations.  People live in this generation wherein global media and platforms are sprouting everywhere, like TikTok and Facebook. Are there instances in your life that you are influenced by what you saw or heard from these platforms?  The Globalization of Religion  It is now possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders, allowing even small new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to new unseen religious developments. What effect has the internet had on religion?  Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began. Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on global scale. Globalization provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive. religionist rely on dissemination of their religious ideas For instance, countless websites that provide information about religions have been created. regardless of his/her geographical location Globalization transforms the generic “religion” into a world-system of competing and conflicting religions. This process of institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had paradoxical effect of making religions more self-conscious of themselves as “being world religions”. Such conflicts among the world religion exhibit a solid proof of confirming the erosion and the failure of hybridization. Globalization, as stated in the above excerpt, makes religions more conscious of themselves as being “world religions” reinforcing their respective specific identities. These identities are strengthened by globalization and cannot, in any way, intermingle or hybridize. Since religions have distinct internal structures, their connections to different cultures and their rituals and beliefs contradict.  From religious or theological perspectives, globalization calls forth religious response and interpretation. Yet religion and religions have also played important roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization. Among the consequences of this implication for religion have been that globalization encourages religious pluralism. What religion do you believe in? Global Demography  What is family planning?  Demography is the statistical study of human populations. Demographers use census data, surveys, and statistical models to analyze the size, movement, and structure of populations.  Why do we need to know the demography of a specific place?  Global demographic transition is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region. The broad outlines of the transition are similar in countries around the world. The transition started in mid-or late 1700s in Europe. During that time, years in France and 100 years in the United States. In other parts of the world, the transition began later. ✓Mortality decline in Africa and Asia (20th century) with the exemption of Japan. ✓Fertility decline in Asia (1950s). ✓Japan fertility rate did not drop below five births per woman(1930s) ✓Rapid growth after World War 1. The United Nations projected that population growth will be shifted toward Africa. ✓It is estimated that by 2150, the regions’ share to the world population will be almost 20 percent, relatively much greater than its share in 1820 (7%) and in 1900 (6%). ✓In 2150, there will be a projected increase of two billion if we combine the populations of Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. The developing countries like India and the Philippines had higher dependency ratios that the West in 1900. ✓A great increase in dependency ratio was caused by the decline in infant and child mortality and high levels of fertility, with its peak around 1970. ✓Dependency Ratio is the ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (under 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population. Dependency Ratio= Number of Dependents / Population aged 15-64 X 100 ✓Dependency ratios are generally reviewed to compare the percentage of the total population, classified as working age that will support the rest of the nonworking age population. ✓This provides an overview for economists to track shifts in the population. As the percentage of nonworking citizens rises, those who are working are likely subject to increased taxes to compensate for the larger dependent population. ✓At times, the dependency ratio is adjusted to reflect more accurate dependency. This is due to the fact those over 64 often require more government assistance than dependents under the age of 15. ✓As the overall age of the population rises, the ratio can be shifted to reflect the increased needs associated with an aging population. Limitations of the Dependency Ratio The dependency ratio only considers age when determining whether a person is economically active. Other factors may determine if a person is economically active aside from age including status as a student, illness or disability, stay-at-home parents, early retirement, and the long-term unemployed. Additionally, some people choose to continue working beyond age 64. World Population by Country https://worldpopulationreview.com/ Do you think governments should be involved in deciding family size?  Global Migration  The movements of people around the world can be seem through the categories of migrants- “vagabonds” and “tourist” (Bauman, 1998). VAGABOND- a person who wanders from place to place without a fixed home. TOURIST- are on the move because they want to be and because they can afford it. Why do people move from one place to another? Human migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. 1. Internal- moving within a state, country, or continent. 2. External- moving to a different state, or continent. 3. Emigration- leaving one country to move to another 4. Immigration- moving into a new country. 5. Return- moving back to where you came from. 6. Seasonal- moving with each season in response to labor People who migrate: 1. Emigrant- a person who is leaving one country to live in another. 2. Immigrant- a person who is entering a country from another to make a new home. 3. Refugee- a person who has moved to a new country because of a problem in their home. Why do people move? PUSH FACTORS (bad) PULL FACTORS (good) ✓Food shortage ✓Nicer climate ✓War ✓Job opportunities ✓Flood ✓Better food supply  What is your definition of global citizenship?  -A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world – and their place in it. 1-They take an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer. 2-Encouraging people to develop the knowledge, skills, and values they need to engage with the world. 3-Belief that we can change all make a difference.  Global citizenship is about the shared human experience. It acknowledges and celebrates that, wherever we come from and wherever we live, we are here together. Our well-being and success are ultimately interdependent. We have more to learn from one another than to fear about our future.  -Diversity, interdependence, empathy and perspective are essential values of global citizenship. Global citizens harness these values and are uniquely positioned to contribute in multiple contexts — locally, nationally and internationally — without harming one community to benefit another. -They foster and promote international understanding.  Global citizens include individuals, corporations, global nomads, “glocals,” young and old, big and small, for-profit and non- profit, public and private, introverts and extroverts, men and women and children and anyone in between. Global citizenship and long- term, visionary leadership go hand-in-hand: Individual leaders who espouse shared values, and corporate citizens whose governance, ethics, business model and investment strategy create — not only extract — value in each and every place have they touched.  Global citizenship is not the same as globalization. Globalization — the process by which organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale — is driven by economics, business and money. It’s about the flow of products, capital, people and information. Global citizenship, on the other hand, is driven by identity and values. Global citizens build bridges, mitigate risk and safeguard humanity.  Why does global citizenship matter? 1. Global citizens are not born; they are created. Children do not have an innate understanding of their shared humanity; they learn this over time. 2. The importance of education and enabling global perspectives cannot be understated. 3. Historically, global citizenship was rooted in a common desire to prevent war. Common reasoning was that the more we knew about each other, the more likely we would ensure peace, progress and prosperity.  Factors affecting Global Citizen 1. many people don’t feel this way or have not had such experiences. 2. Around the world, we see people who lack a sense of belonging: they do not feel a deeper connection to other places, people or cultures. 3. Often they do not feel as though they even belong at home. 4. especially in developing countries, people who have been unable to participate in the “digital revolution” have also been left out of these conversations. Problems in Global Citizen unethical environmental egregious labor behavior degradation practices  Global citizenship helps bridge these gaps and rectify these realities, and global citizens are its ambassadors. Doing this is not only about mindset; it is about actions, lifestyles and building greater connections over time.  It is easy to be HUMAN but hard to be HUMANE. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.  GOAL NO. 1- NO POVERTY As of 2015, about 736 million people still lived on less than US$1.90 a day; many lack food, clean drinking water and sanitation. Women are more likely to be poor than men because they have less paid work, education, and own less property. By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance. GOAL NO. 2- ZERO HUNGER Unfortunately, extreme hunger and malnutrition remain a huge barrier to development in many countries. There are 821 million people estimated to be chronically undernourished as of 2017, often as a direct consequence of environmental degradation, drought and biodiversity loss. By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons GOAL NO. 3- GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING We have made great progress against several leading causes of death and disease. Life expectancy has increased dramatically; infant and maternal mortality rates have declined, we’ve turned the tide on HIV and malaria deaths have halved. By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. GOAL NO. 4- QUALITY EDUCATION Children from the poorest households are up to four times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest households. Disparities between rural and urban areas also remain high. Achieving inclusive and quality education for all reaffirms the belief that education is one of the most powerful and proven vehicles for sustainable development. This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primary and secondary schooling by 2030. GOAL NO. 5- GENDER EQUALITY Ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future; it’s proven that empowering women and girls helps economic growth and development. Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation GOAL NO. 6- CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an alarming figure that is projected to rise as temperatures do. More and more countries are experiencing water stress, and increasing drought and desertification is already worsening these trends. By 2050, it is projected that at least one in four people will suffer recurring water shortages. Safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires we invest in adequate infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, and encourage hygiene. Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems is essential. GOAL NO. 7- AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY Between 2000 and 2018, the number of people with electricity increased from 78 to 90 percent, and the numbers without electricity dipped to 789 million. Investing in solar, wind and thermal power, improving energy productivity, and ensuring energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030. GOAL NO. 8- DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Over the past 25 years the number of workers living in extreme poverty has declined dramatically, despite the lasting impact of the 2008 economic crisis and global recession. The SDGs promote sustained economic growth, higher levels of productivity and technological innovation. Encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation are key to this, as are effective measures to eradicate forced labor, slavery and human trafficking. 09 Goal 9 aims to support technology development, research, and innovation, particularly in developing nations. It also aims to increase the integration of small-scale industrial and other businesses into value chains and markets and to increase access to financial services, including affordable credit, for these businesses. Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure. 10 Seeks to achieve equality of opportunity by eliminating discriminatory laws, regulations, and practices while promoting safe and orderly human migration and mobility through the adoption of effective migration policies and such. Destroy social, cultural, political and economical inequalities within and among countries. 11 It pushes for more inclusive and environmentally friendly urbanization methods, particularly ones that prioritize participatory, integrated, and sustainable urban planning. To solve urbanization’s major challenges. THE LINE The Line claims to set a new benchmark for sustainable development. It is a linear smart city under construction in Saudi Arabia in Neom, Tabuk Province, which is designed to have no cars, streets or carbon emissions. It promotes the environmentally appropriate management of all trash, including chemicals, as well as a significant decrease in waste generation through actions like recycling. Encourage 12 companies to develop sustainable production and consumption processes of natural resources. To promote sustainable consumption and production patterns of the ecosystem. Encourages nations to include climate protection measures in their national policies and to work together to address current concerns. Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, 13 impact reduction and early warning. To take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. 14 Sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 15 Protecting, restoring, and fostering sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, managing forests sustainably, battling desertification, halting and reversing land degradation, and promoting biodiversity conservation Calls for the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of ecosystem in the land. Promote inclusive and peaceful societies for sustainable development, ensure that everyone has access to justice, and create inclusive institutions at all levels. 16 To promote inclusive institutions and the rule of law, and guarantee equal access to justice. The requirement for non hegemonic, equitable, cross-sector, and cross-national collaborations to achieve all objectives by the year 2030. It strives to increase domestic resource mobilization to lessen reliance on outside aid, as well as international 17 collaboration in research, technology, and innovation, and the promotion of a fair multilateral trading system. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development  THE CURRENT PROGRESS OF THE 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS According to a recent report, there has been a lot of progression in poverty reduction, gender equality, access to electricity, maternal and child health. However, the progress is still not enough to attain the goals by 2030. PROGRESS OF GENDER EQUALITY PROGRESS OF GENDER EQUALITY (VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN) PROGRESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS OF GLOBAL RELATIONSHIP  IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND WHAT CATEGORY POLITICAL IT WANTED TO PROMOTE. Having a unified sustainable EDUCATIONAL development goals can actually improve the P E Improve the quality and equality of education. government. CULTURAL ECONOMICAL E PESECE C Promote cultural Increase economic diversity. opportunities for people. S E ENVIRONMENTAL Take action to SOCIAL environmental issues. Destroy social inequalities and issues.  "Therefore, I tell you, whatever you ask for in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours." Mark 11:24 Congratulations in advance future LPTs!