THE CLAT POST - JULY 2024.pdf

1  TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Polity and Governance 03 30. No Plans to include Heatwave as 'Notified Disaster':...

1  TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Polity and Governance 03 30. No Plans to include Heatwave as 'Notified Disaster': 1. President Murmu rejects Mercy Petition.................... 03 Govt………………………………………...…………………………94 2. Patna high court strikes down Bihar govt's 65% 31. NITI Aayog's Strategic Initiatives for Achieving Net- reservation in jobs, education.......................................... 06 Zero by 2070………………………………………………..….....97 3. Post Office Act, 2023............................................................. 09 32. India's Air Pollution Crisis …………………….………….100 4. Hooch Tragedy in Tamil Nadu.......................................... 12 5. Opposition’s Claim to the Post of ‘Deputy Speaker of 6. What's happening in FamiLE Lok Sabha’.................................................................................. 16 6. Kerala to be renamed ‘Keralam’: State Assembly 7. Science & Technology 103 passes Resolution................................................................... 19 33. National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement 7. National Security Council appoints Additional Scheme…………………………………………………………….103 National Security Adviser................................................... 22 34. Pushpak Launch Vehicle Technology………………….106 8. New Criminal Laws in India.............................................. 25 35. World’s first brain implant successful in controlling 9. Eight new Cabinet Committees formed....................... 29 epileptic seizures……………………………………………...109 10. Supreme Court Ruling on Maintenance Rights for 36. ISRO shortlists two astronauts for its Gaganyaan Divorced Muslim Women................................................... 31 Mission…………………………………………………………….112 11. Supreme Court's Directive on Menstrual Leave Policy 8. Miscellaneous 115........................................................................................................ 33 37. Inauguration of Nalanda University’s new campus 12. Telecommunications Act 2023......................................... 35 ………………………………………………………………………...115 13. NITI Aayog SDG India Index 2023-24........................... 38 38. International Yoga Day, 2024……………………………..120 14. Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 39. UNESCO’s City of Literature: Kozhikode……………..123........................................................................................................ 41 40. Srinagar Recognised as ‘World Craft City’…………...126 15. Project ASMITA........................................................................ 44 41. 2024 T20 World Cup…………………………………………128 2. Economy & Governance 46 42. Pride Month: June……………………………………………..130 16. Container Port Performance Index (CPPI) 2023 43. DRDO Launches India's Indigenous Light Tank for........................................................................................................ 46 Trials………………………………………………………………..133 17. Financial Stability Report, June 2024........................... 50 44. Gallantry Awards 2024……………………………………...136 18. 'Sahkar se Samriddhi' Program....................................... 53 45. Appointment of New Heads in the National Medical 19. India-Malaysia Agricultural Cooperation.................... 57 Commission……………………………………………………...139 46. World Population Day 2024………………………………142 3. How to improve your CLAT Mock Score 47. National Gopal Ratna Award 2024……………………..145 48. Shivaji Maharaj’s Iconic ‘Wagh Nakh’ on Display at 4. International Affairs 59 Maharashtra’s Satara Museum…………………………..147 20. 105th Anniversary of Treaty of Versailles.................. 59 49. Dominant Carlos Alcaraz blows away Novak Djokovic 21. Resolve Tibet Act.................................................................... 63 to retain his 4th Grand Slam title……………...………..150 22. 2024 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 50. Gevra and Kusmunda Among World's Largest Coal Summit in Astana, Kazakhstan........................................ 67 Mines……………………………….………………………………153 23. 22nd India-Russia Annual Summit in Moscow......... 70 24. 16th India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise 9. Important One Liners for OLETs 153 ‘NOMADIC ELEPHANT’........................................................ 74 25. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Official Visit to 10. CLAT POST Mock Test 188 Austria......................................................................................... 77 1. Question Paper........................................................................ 188 26. High Seas Treaty and Its Significance........................... 80 2. Answer Key and Explanation............................................ 213 27. 2nd BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers' Retreat in New Delhi............................................................................................. 85 28. Global Foresight Report, 2024: UNEP........................... 87 5. Environment & Biodiversity 91 29. India's largest leopard safari opens near Bengaluru........................................................................................................ 91 2  Polity & Governance President Murmu rejects Mercy Petition News Highlights: President Droupadi Murmu rejected the mercy plea of Lashkar-e- Taiba terrorist Mohammed Arif. He was sentenced to death for his involvement in the 2000 Red Fort terrorist attack. 2000 RED FORT ATTACK Case Background Attack & Casualties December 22, 2000 Intruders opened fired at the 7 Rajputana Rifles unit Pakistani man Mohammad Arif (C) is escorted by Indian policemen as he walks out of the Karkardooma stationed within the Red Fort premises, resulting in the court in New Delhi in 2005, after he was awarded deaths of three Army personnel. death penalty in the December 2000 Red Fort attack Conviction & Sentencing case. (Getty Images) October 2005 Mohammed Arif aka Ashfaq, a Pakistani national and a member of banned Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), (arrested four days after the attack) was convicted and sentenced to death by a trial court. This sentence was upheld by the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court. The trial court had said that the conspiracy to attack the Red Fort was hatched at the house of two conspirators in Srinagar, where Arif had illegally entered in 1999 along with three other LeT militants. The three militants — Abu Shaad, Abu Bilal and Abu Haider — who had also entered the monument, were killed in separate encounters. Judicial Proceedings 2016 In January 2016, a constitution bench had directed that Arif shall be entitled to seek re-opening of the dismissal of the review petitions for an open court hearing within one month. 2022 His petition was dismissed by a bench led by Chief Justice U.U. Lalit. Mercy Plea Rejection June 12, 2024 President Droupadi Murmu rejected the mercy petition filed by Arif. Second Mercy Plea Rejection This is the second mercy plea rejected by the President after assuming office on July 25, 2022. In April 2023, she turned down the plea of Vasant Sampat Dupare, who was convicted of raping and stoning to death a four-year-old girl in Nagpur in 2008. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 3 Understanding Mercy Petitions Definition and Purpose: A mercy petition is a formal request for clemency directed to the President or Governor by a convict sentenced to death or imprisonment. It acknowledges the possibility of judicial errors and aims to correct miscarriages of justice. Global Practice: Mercy petitions are recognized in countries such as the USA, UK, Canada, and India. Constitutional Basis for Mercy Petitions Presidential Powers (Article 72): The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites, remissions, or commute sentences, especially in death penalty cases. Governor’s Powers (Article 161): Governors of states hold similar powers. Grounds for Mercy Petitions Considerations: Factors such as the convict’s health, mental fitness, and the family’s financial condition are considered. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court allows for judicial review on limited grounds, including lack of application of mind, malafide intentions, or exclusion of relevant material. Key Judicial Rulings on Mercy Petitions Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980): Upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty and established the “rarest of rare” standard. Maru Ram v. Union of India (1981): Clarified that the pardoning power is exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Kehar Singh v. Union of India (1989): Detailed the scope of the President’s pardoning power. Shatrugan Chauhan v. State of U.P. (2014): Stated that inordinate delays in deciding mercy petitions can lead to commuting death sentences. PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. Which commission recommended the limited retention 4. What was the location of the attack for which Arif was of the death penalty for terrorism-related offences and sentenced? waging war? (a) Red Fort (b) Taj Hotel (a) 262nd (b) 256th (c) Parliament (d) Gateway of India (c) 273rd (d) 261st 5. Which article of the Constitution empowers the President 2. What group is Mohammad Arif affiliated with? of India to grant pardons and commute sentences? (a) ISIS (b) Lashkar-e-Taiba (a) Article 32 (b) Article 50 (c) Taliban (d) Al-Qaeda (c) Article 72 (d) Article 90 3. In which case did the Supreme Court of India rule that the pardoning powers of the President and the Governors are not subject to complete judicial review? (a) Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (b) Maru Ram v. Union of India (c) I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (d) Indra Sawhney v. Union of India LEGAL EDGE LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 4 3  ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (a) 262nd 4. Correct Answer: (a) Red Fort Explanation: The 262nd Law Commission's Report, Explanation: Mohammad Arif was sentenced for his published in 2015, specifically recommended the involvement in the attack at the Red Fort in December "absolute abolition" of the death penalty for all crimes, 2000. with the exception of those related to terrorism and waging war. 5. Correct Answer: (c) Article 72 Explanation: Article 72 of the Constitution of India grants 2. Correct Answer: (b) Lashkar-e-Taiba the President the authority to pardon, reprieve, respite, or Explanation: Mohammad Arif is affiliated with Lashkar-e- remit punishments and to suspend, remit, or commute Taiba. sentences in specific cases, including those involving court-martial, offences under executive power of the 3. Correct Answer: (b) Correct Answer: (b) Maru Ram v. Union, and death sentences. Union of India Explanation: In the Maru Ram vs Union of India case (1980), the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court addressed the scope of the pardoning powers under Articles 72 and 161, pertaining to the President and the Governors respectively. The Court held that these powers are not entirely subject to judicial review, establishing a significant precedent on the extent of judicial oversight over executive decisions related to pardons and commutations. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 5 Patna high court strikes down Bihar govt's 65% reservation in jobs, education News Highlights: The Patna High Court struck down the Bihar government's decision to increase the reservation quota from 50% to 65% for Backward Classes (BC), Extremely Backward Classes (EBC), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in educational institutions and government jobs. Bihar Reservation Amendment Bill: Legislation: The Bihar Assembly passed the Bihar Reservation Amendment Bill in November 2023. Quota Increase: In November 2023, the Bihar government raised the reservation quota from 50% to 65%. Basis for Decision: The increase followed a caste-based survey report indicating a need for greater representation. Key Points in the Court’s Verdict: PIL Filed: The increase beyond the 50% limit was challenged through a Public Interest Litigation (PIL). Court's Ruling: The Patna High Court ruled that the 65% quota violated the 50% limit set by the Supreme Court in the Indira Sawhney case (1992). State's Justification: The Bihar government argued the increase was based on proportional population rather than adequate representation in government jobs. EWS Quota: Combined with the 10% Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) quota, the total reservation reached 75%, which was deemed unconstitutional by the court. Need for Extended Alternatives to Extending Reservation in Bihar Reservation Limit Building a Strong Foundation: Socio-Economic Backwardness: Education Reforms: Implement Right to Education (RTE) Forum Economic Indicators: Bihar has the recommendations for early childhood development, teacher lowest per capita income in India. training, and interactive learning methods. Demographics: The state has the highest fertility rate and a low urban population. Educational Disparities: Bihar has Skilling Bihar’s Youth: low college density and a high Develop programs aligned with growing industries and poverty rate. foster entrepreneurship through the Single-window Investment Promotion Board (SIPB). Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth: Inadequate Representation: Agricultural and Transport Investments: Invest in improved Population Composition: SC, ST, irrigation systems and robust transport networks. and Backward Classes constitute 84.46% of Bihar's population. Underrepresentation: These groups are underrepresented in Empowering Residents: government jobs and educational Women’s Empowerment: Promote women’s education, skill institutions. development, and financial inclusion. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 6  Other States with Reservations Above 50%: Meghalaya (80%) Arunachal Pradesh (80%) Nagaland (80%) Mizoram (80%) Chhattisgarh (72%) Lakshadweep Islands (100% for STs) Tamil Nadu (69%) PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. In which case did the Patna High Court rule that 4. In which year was the 85th Amendment Act, introducing exceeding a 50% reservation quota violated Supreme the concept of consequential seniority for SC/ST Court guidelines? candidates promoted through reservations, enacted? (a) Indira Sawhney Case v. Union of India (a) 1990 (b) 1999 (b) MC Mehta v/s Union of India (c) 2000 (d) 2001 (c) Maru Ram Case v. Union of India (d) Arnesh Kumar v/s State of Bihar 5. Which Constitution Amendment Act introduced reservation for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) 2. Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for in central government jobs and educational institutions? positive discrimination or reservation in government (a) 85th Amendment (b) 91st Amendment jobs? (c) 103rd Amendment (d) 110th Amendment (a) Article 14 (b) Article 16 (c) Article 19 (d) Article 21 3. Which part of the Constitution of India deals with the reservation of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in Central and State legislatures? (a) Part II (b) Part X (c) Part XVI (d) Part XX LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 7  ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (a) Indira Sawhney Case 4. Correct Answer: (d) 2001 Explanation: The Patna High Court ruled that the 65% Explanation: The 85th Amendment Act was enacted in quota violated the 50% limit set by the Supreme Court in 2001. It introduced the concept of "consequential the Indira Sawhney case (1992). The court argued that seniority" for SC/ST candidates promoted through the state government's decision was not based on reservations, applying retroactively to June 1995. "adequate representation" in government jobs, but on the proportional population of these communities. 5. Correct Answer: (c) 103rd Amendment Explanation: The 103rd Constitution Amendment Act of 2. Correct Answer: (b) Article 16 2019 specifically provides reservations for the Explanation: Article 16 of the Indian Constitution Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in central specifically provides for equality of opportunity in government jobs and government educational matters of public employment and allows for positive institutions. discrimination or reservation for any backward classes of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, are not adequately represented in the services under the state. 3. Correct Answer: (c) Part XVI Explanation: Part XVI of the Constitution of India specifically addresses issues related to the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Central and State legislatures. This provision is designed to ensure adequate representation of these historically underrepresented groups in the political process, reflecting the constitutional commitment to social justice and equality. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 8 Post Office Act, 2023 News Highlights: Parliament Approves Post Office Act, 2023: The recently passed Post Office Act, 2023, brings several advantages but raises concerns over potential misuse of interception powers. Key Provisions of the Post Office Act, 2023 Empowerment of the Director General of Postal Services: The Director General is now authorized to make regulations and set service charges without requiring parliamentary approval. Interception Authority: The Act grants officers the power to intercept postal items for reasons related to security, public order, and the prevention of illegal activities. Digital Address Codes: The Act introduces digital codes for precise address identification, replacing traditional physical addresses. Removal of Penalties for Postal Offences: Penalties for theft or destruction of postal articles by postal officers have been removed under the new Act. Service Charge Recovery: Unpaid charges for services under Section 7 can now be recovered as arrears of land revenue. End of Exclusive Postal Privilege: The Act removes the Centre's exclusive privilege of conveying letters by post, aligning with the existing practice of courier services. Concerns with the Post Office Act, 2023 Regulatory Discrepancies: There is a notable difference in regulatory frameworks between public and private postal services, with private couriers not subject to specific legislation. Lack of Safeguards Against Interception: The Act lacks clear procedural safeguards against interception, raising potential privacy concerns. Undefined 'Emergency': The term 'emergency' is not clearly defined, which could lead to arbitrary interception. Exemption from Liability: Unlike the Railway Claims Tribunal Act, which holds railways accountable for service lapses, the Post Office Act exempts the postal service from liability. No Penalties for Unauthorized Access: The removal of penalties for the unauthorized opening of postal articles poses a risk to privacy. Indian Post Office Act, 1898 The Act has been repealed by the Central Government and replaced by the Post Office Act, 2023. Enacted on: July 1, 1898 The Indian Post Office Act, 1898 governs India's postal system with these key points: Government Control: Establishes postal services under central government control. Exclusive Privilege: Government holds exclusive rights to handle mail services. Rates and Services: Allows government to set postage rates and define postal services. Prohibited Items: Lists items that cannot be sent via post (e.g., explosives, obscene materials). Liability: Limits government liability for loss or damage of postal articles. Offenses and Penalties: Defines postal offenses and their penalties. Public Services: Ensures provision of various postal services (e.g., mail, money orders, parcels). Inspection Powers: Grants postal officials inspection powers to enforce regulations. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 9  India Post: Overview Established: 1854 Headquarters: Dak Bhawan, New Delhi, India Parent Organization: Ministry of Communications, Govt. of India Current Minister: Jyotiradtiya Scindia (Since June 2024; as of July 2024) Network: Over 150,000 post offices (more than 90% in rural areas) Services Offered: Recent Initiatives Mail Services: Digital India: Online tracking, digital Domestic: Ordinary post, registered payment systems. post, speed post, express parcel, India Post Payments Bank (IPPB): Digital business post. banking services. International: International speed post, Financial Inclusion: Enhancing services in registered post, air parcel. rural and remote areas. Financial Services: Savings Accounts: Savings, recurring Historical Significance Played a crucial role in social and deposit, time deposit, monthly income economic development. schemes, senior citizens savings Introduced uniform postage rates in India. schemes. Passed the India Post Office Act 1854. Insurance: Postal Life Insurance (PLI), Rural Postal Life Insurance (RPLI). Money Transfer: Domestic and international services. Retail Services: Did You Know? Bill Payments: Utility bills, insurance With over 150,000 post premiums. offices, India Post has the Retail Post: Sale of forms, publications. largest postal network in the Philately: Sale of commemorative stamps world. and philatelic products. The postal system was E-commerce and Logistics: initially established by the Parcel and Logistics: Business parcel, British East India Company. express parcel, logistics post. PIN Code System: Introduced in 1972 to E-commerce Deliveries. simplify mail sorting and delivery. Speed Post: Launched in 1986, it became the market leader in the express industry in India. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 10  PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. When did the Indian Post Office Act, 1898 come into 4. What new system does the Post Office Act, 2023 force? introduce for address identification? (a) 1st January 1898 (b) 1st July 1898 (a) Postal Number System (c) 1st December 1898 (d) 1st April 1898 (b) ZIP+4 Code System (c) GPS Coordinates 2. Who is authorised to make regulations and set service (d) Digital Address Codes charges under the Post Office Act, 2023? (a) Minister of Communications 5. Which colonial-era law is being replaced by the Post (b) Parliament Office Bill 2023? (c) Director General of Postal Services (a) Indian Post Office Act (d) Postal Regulatory Authority (b) Indian Postal Code (c) Indian Postal Regulation 3. Which section of the 1898 Act, granting the Centre (d) Indian Postal Services Act exclusive privileges for conveying letters by post, was removed in the present Bill? (a) Section 2 (b) Section 4 (c) Section 6 (d) Section 8 ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (b) 1st July 1898 granted the Centre the exclusive privilege of conveying all Explanation: The Indian Post Office Act, 1898, was letters by post, establishing a government monopoly over enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to the postal services. The removal of this section represents a Post Offices in India. It officially came into force on 1st significant change, potentially opening up aspects of July 1898, marking the beginning of its implementation to postal services to competition or modification in regulate and streamline postal services across the regulatory practices.Correct Answer: (d) Digital Address country. Codes 2. Correct Answer: (c) Director General of Postal Services 4. Explanation: The Post Office Act, 2023 introduces digital Explanation: The Post Office Act, 2023, empowers the address codes for precise address identification. This Director General of Postal Services to make regulations system replaces traditional physical addresses, aiming to and set service charges without requiring parliamentary enhance the accuracy and efficiency of postal deliveries. approval. Correct Answer: (a) Indian Post Office Act 3. Correct Answer: (b) Section 4 5. Explanation: The recent approval of the Post Office Act, Explanation: The present Bill removed Section 4 of the 2023 by Parliament will replace the colonial-era Indian Indian Post Office Act, 1898. This section previously Post Office Act, 1898. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 11 Hooch Tragedy in Tamil Nadu News Highlights: In Tamil Nadu’s Kallakurichi district, 59 people died and more than 200 were hospitalized after consuming spurious liquor. The case is being investigated by the Crime Branch CID (CB-CID), and ten people have been arrested so far. What is ‘Hooch’? Hooch Production Process Fermentation Sugary substances are fermented Hooch refers to poor-quality alcohol often by yeast to produce alcohol. produced in unregulated conditions, posing significant health risks. Distillation (Optional) This process can increase the alcohol content, making the liquor stronger. Alcohol Content Ethanol is the primary psychoactive ingredient, with content ranging from 5% in beer to 40% in spirits. Spurious Liquor: Fake alcohol often contains methanol, a toxic substance. Methanol and Its Effects Chemical Composition: Methanol (CH3OH) is a simple alcohol molecule. Industrial Uses: Used in producing acetic acid, formaldehyde, and serves as a solvent and antifreeze. Health Risks: Metabolic Acidosis: Methanol is metabolised into formic acid, causing blood acidity. Vision Impairment: Can damage optic nerves, potentially causing blindness. Brain Damage: Can lead to cerebral edema and haemorrhage, which may be fatal. (Methanol) Treatment Options: Pharmaceutical-Grade Ethanol: Competes with methanol for liver enzymes, preventing toxic conversion. Fomepizole: Slows methanol metabolism. Dialysis: Removes methanol and toxic byproducts from the bloodstream. Folinic Acid: Helps break down formic acid into harmless substances. Regulatory Standards for Methanol: Hazard Classification: Listed under Schedule I of the Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules 1989 in India. Quality Assessment: Indian Standard IS 517 details the methods for determining methanol quality. Production of Methanol: Modern Industrial Production: Synthesized from carbon monoxide and hydrogen using copper and zinc oxide catalysts at pressures of 50-100 atm and temperatures around 250°C. Historical Production Methods: Destructive distillation of wood, used since ancient times including in ancient Egypt. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 12  Major Hooch Tragedies in India in the last decade 2024 Punjab In Punjab’s Sangrur district, nearly 21 died of suspected consumption of spurious liquor, at least 40 people were admitted to the hospital. Haryana, Tamil Nadu & Bihar Around 20 people were killed in a hooch tragedy in Haryana in 2023 November and 29 were arrested. In Tamil Nadu, 22 people had died in Villupuram and Chengalpattu districts in May. Nearly 26 died in Motihari and East Champaran districts in Bihar in April. Gujarat & Uttar Pradesh Death toll in the hooch tragedy in Gujarat in July climbed to 42 while 97 people were admitted in various hospitals in Bhavnagar and Ahmedabad. 2022 In January, six people died after consuming liquor at Pahadpur village in Rae Bareli district late at night and 20 others were hospitalised. Assam, Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand 2019 Nearly 80 people died after consuming spurious liquor in a tea garden in Golaghat district in Assam in February. The twin hooch tragedies recorded 104 casualties in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand in the same month. Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh 2015 Around 102 people died at Malwani and Mumbai in Maharashtra in June after consuming the illicit liquor. In January, illicit liquor claimed 32 lives in Lucknow and Unnao districts of Uttar Pradesh. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 13 Dry States in India India has several states where the sale, production, and consumption of alcohol are either completely or partially prohibited. Gujarat Bihar Prohibition Since: 1960 Prohibition Since: 2016 Reason: Social and Reason: Social and religious reasons, health reasons. influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s principles. Gujarat enforces strict prohibition laws Enforced under the Bihar Excise under the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949. (Amendment) Act, 2016. The state has After independence, Gujarat became the seen a decrease in crime rates and an first Indian state to introduce a complete increase in household spending on essential ban on the manufacture, sale, and items post-prohibition​. consumption of alcoholic beverages. Manipur Mizoram Prohibition Reinstated: 2019 Prohibition: 1991-2023 Reason: Social and health Reason: Social issues reasons. and domestic violence arising out of the Initially banned in 1997, lifted in 2015, and consumption of alcohol. reinstated in 2019 under the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition Act​. Manipur became a dry state after it enacted the Manipur Liquor Prohibition Act, 1991. Commercial production, sale, and consumption of alcohol were banned, but traditionally brewed beverages consumed Nagaland by Scheduled Tribes under their customary laws are exempted​. Prohibition Since: 1989 In 2023, BJP led government in the state Reason: Religious reasons. lifted the ban completely. The Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989, enforces the ban. Despite the ban, illegal sales and bootlegging are prevalent, with enforcement being lax​. Lakshadweep Islands Prohibition Since: 1979 Reason: To maintain peace and tranquility in the islands. Complete prohibition except on the tourist island of Bangaram​. However, A recent move by the UT’s administration to permit the manufacture, sale and consumption of liquor on the islands through a draft bill has met both public and political opposition. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 14  PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. In 2024, in which district of Tamil Nadu did the tragic 4. What is the chemical formula for methanol? incident occur where people died after consuming (a) CH3OH spurious liquor? (b) C2H5OH (a) Coimbatore (b) Madurai (c) CH4 (c) Kallakurichi (d) Tiruchirappalli (d) C2H6O 2. What is the origin of the term "hooch" used to describe 5. Which substance binds to ADH enzymes to slow down poor-quality alcohol? the metabolism of methanol into formic acid, aiding in its (a) Hawaiian term (b) Alaskan tribe elimination from the body? (c) Russian village (d) Canadian slang (a) Naloxone (b) Acetaminophen 3. Which regulation prescribes the maximum permissible (c) Epinephrine quantity of methanol in different types of alcoholic (d) Fomepizole beverages? (a) Alcoholic Beverage Control Act 2015 (b) Liquor Licensing Act 2010 (c) Beverage Safety and Compliance Act 2012 (d) Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic Beverages) Regulations 2018 ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (c) Kallakurichi 4. Correct Answer: (a) CH3OH Explanation: The unfortunate incident involving the Explanation: Methanol is represented chemically as consumption of hooch or spurious liquor, leading to CH3OH. It is a simple alcohol molecule consisting of one approximately 34 deaths and hospitalization of around carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one 100 others, occurred in Tamil Nadu’s Kallakurichi district. hydroxyl group (OH). 2. Correct Answer: (b) Alaskan tribe 5. Correct Answer: (d) Fomepizole Explanation: The term "hooch" is derived from Explanation: Fomepizole acts by binding to alcohol "Hoochinoo," the name of a native Alaskan tribe known dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes, which significantly slows for producing very strong liquor. down the conversion of methanol into its toxic metabolite, formic acid. This action allows the body more time to 3. Correct Answer: (c) Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic eliminate methanol before it can cause serious harm, Beverages) Regulations 2018 making fomepizole an effective antidote for methanol Explanation: The Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic poisoning. Beverages) Regulations 2018 outline the maximum permissible levels of methanol in various alcoholic beverages. These regulations specify detailed standards to ensure the safety and quality of alcoholic drinks, including specifying that methanol should be "absent" in coconut fenny, limited to 50 grams per 100 litres in country liquor, and capped at 300 grams per 100 litres in pot-distilled spirits. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 15 Opposition’s Claim to the Post of ‘Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha’ News Highlights: The rise in the Opposition's numbers in the Lok Sabha has intensified efforts to claim the Deputy Speaker’s position, a role unfilled in the 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24). Constitutional Provisions of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha 1 Duties and Powers Under Article 95(1), the Deputy Speaker can assume the Speaker's duties and powers when necessary. 2 Mandatory Election Articles 93 and 178 mandate the prompt election of both Speaker and Deputy Speaker in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies, respectively. Process of Selection: Election Rules: Governed by Rule 8 of the Lok Sabha’s Rules of Procedure, the Deputy Speaker is elected by a simple majority of present and voting members. Timing of Election: Typically occurs in the second session of Lok Sabha, though it is possible in the first. Term: Continues until the dissolution of the House. Resignation and Removal: Conditions for Vacating Office: The Deputy Speaker vacates office if they cease to be a member, resign, or are removed by an absolute majority of the House, as per Article 94 (and Article 179 for state assemblies). Historical Instances of Opposition Deputy Speakers Precedents: The opposition has occupied the Deputy Speaker's post during various administrations, including those led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, P V Narasimha Rao, and Chandra Shekhar. Lok Sabha Speaker: About Role and Responsibilities Presiding Officer: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is Instances of Deputy Speakers the presiding officer of the lower house of India's Becoming Speakers Parliament. They are responsible for maintaining order during debates, deciding on points of order, and ensuring the smooth conduct of business in the house​. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar (1956- Certifying Money Bills: The Speaker determines 57): Succeeded G V Mavalankar. whether a bill is a money bill. This decision is final P. M. Sayeed: Acted as Speaker and cannot be challenged​. following G M C Balayogi's death in Voting Rights: The Speaker does not vote in the first 2002, succeeded by Manohar Joshi. instance but can exercise a casting vote in the event of a tie​. Disqualification Powers: Under the 10th Schedule of the Indian Constitution, the Speaker has the authority to disqualify Members of Parliament on grounds of defection​​. Joint Sessions: The Speaker presides over joint sittings of both houses of Parliament​. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 16 Election and Term Election: The Speaker is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves, generally in the first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. The election is conducted by a simple majority vote​. Term: Five years; unless they resign or are removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. Resignation and Removal: The Speaker can resign by writing to the Deputy Speaker, and can be removed from office by a resolution passed by a majority of the members of the Lok Sabha​. Historical Context First Speaker: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, serving from 1952 to 1956​. Longest-Serving Speaker: Balram Jakhar holds the record for the longest tenure as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, serving from 1980 to 1989​​. Current Speaker: As of 2024, Om Birla is the current Speaker, having assumed office on June 19, 2019​. List of Lok Sabha Speakers in India Lok Sabha Speaker Tenure Political Party 1. Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 1952-1956 Indian National Congress 2. M. A. Ayyangar 1956-1962 Indian National Congress 3. Sardar Hukam Singh 1962-1967 Indian National Congress 4. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1967-1969 Indian National Congress 5. Gurdial Singh Dhillon 1969-1975 Indian National Congress 6. Bali Ram Bhagat 1976-1977 Indian National Congress 7. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1977 Janata Party 8. K. S. Hegde 1977-1980 Janata Party 9. Balram Jakhar 1980-1989 Indian National Congress 10. Rabi Ray 1989-1991 Janata Dal 11. Shivraj Patil 1991-1996 Indian National Congress 12. P. A. Sangma 1996-1998 Indian National Congress 13. G. M. C. Balayogi 1998-2002 Telugu Desam Party 14. Manohar Joshi 2002-2004 Shiv Sena 15. Somnath Chatterjee 2004-2009 CPI - (Marxist) 16. Meira Kumar 2009-2014 Indian National Congress 17. Sumitra Mahajan 2014-2019 Bharatiya Janata Party 18. Om Birla 2019-Present Bharatiya Janata Party List of Lok Sabha Speakers in India Lok Sabha Speaker Tenure Political Party 1. M. A. Ayyangar 1952-1956 Indian National Congress 2. Sardar Hukam Singh 1956-1962 Indian National Congress 3. S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao 1962-1967 Indian National Congress 4. Raghunath Keshav Khadilkar 1967-1969 Indian National Congress 5. Godey Murahari 1970-1971 Janata Party 6. R. K. Khadilkar 1971-1976 Indian National Congress 7. G. Lakshmanan 1977-1980 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 8. S. Mallikarjunaiah 1991-1996 Bharatiya Janata Party 9. Suraj Bhan 1996-1997 Bharatiya Janata Party 10. P. M. Sayeed 1998-2004 Indian National Congress 11. Charanjit Singh Atwal 2004-2009 Shiromani Akali Dal 12. Kariya Munda 2009-2014 Bharatiya Janata Party 13. M. Thambidurai 2014-2019 AIADMK LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 17  PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. According to Article 95(1), who performs the duties of 4. Since when has the post of Deputy Speaker in the current the Speaker when the post is vacant? Lok Sabha been vacant? (a) The Prime Minister (b) The Chief Justice (a) Since 23 June 2018 (c) The President (d) The Deputy Speaker (b) Since 23 June 2019 (c) Since 23 June 2020 2. Who was the first Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d) Since 23 June 2021 from 1952 to 1956 and later became the Speaker of the Indian Parliament? 5. How long does the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha (a) Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar normally serve? (b) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (a) 3 years (c) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b) 5 years (d) Balram Jakhar (c) 2 years (d) 4 years 3. Which article of the Indian Constitution contains provisions regarding the Speakers and Deputy Speakers of State Assemblies? (a) Article 156 (b) Article 164 (c) Article 178 (d) Article 194 ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (d) The Deputy Speaker 4. Correct Answer: (b) Since 23 June 2019 Explanation: Article 95(1) specifies that the Deputy Explanation: The Deputy Speaker's position in the current Speaker assumes the duties of the Speaker in the event Lok Sabha has been vacant since 23 June 2019. the Speaker's position is vacant. Additionally, when presiding over the House, the Deputy Speaker possesses 5. Correct Answer: (b) 5 years the same powers as the Speaker, and all references to the Explanation: The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha “Speaker” in the Rules are considered to refer to the normally serves the entire term of the Lok Sabha, which is Deputy Speaker during such times. 5 years. This duration aligns with the legislative period of the Lok Sabha, ensuring continuity and stability in the 2. Correct Answer: (a) Madabhushi Ananthasayanam office throughout the full parliamentary term. Ayyangar Explanation: Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker and subsequently became the Speaker of the Lok Sabha in the Indian Parliament. 3. Correct Answer: (c) Article 178 Explanation: Article 178 of the Indian Constitution outlines the provisions for the Speakers and Deputy Speakers of the State Legislative Assemblies. This article ensures the roles and responsibilities at the state level mirror those set out for similar positions in the Lok Sabha, fostering consistency in legislative practices across both central and state governments. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 18 Kerala to be renamed ‘Keralam’: State Assembly passes Resolution News Highlights: The Kerala Assembly has unanimously requested the Central Government to change the state's name in the Constitution to "Keralam." Constitutional Basis: Article 3 of the Indian Constitution allows the Centre to rename states, which necessitates amendments under both Articles 1 and 3. Etymology: The name "Kerala" originates from the Malayalam word "Keralam" which was referred to as "Keralaputra" in Ashoka’s Rock Edict II dating back to 257 BCE. "Keralaputra" translates to "son of Kerala" and is associated with the Chera dynasty, which was one of the three ancient southern dynasties along with the Chola and Pandya dynasties. Process for Renaming a State: Constitutional Requirements: The process of renaming a state is outlined in Articles 3 and 4 of the Constitution, requiring both presidential recommendation and parliamentary approval. Legislative Steps: Presidential Involvement: A renaming bill is introduced in Parliament following a recommendation from the President. State Assembly Consultation: The bill is sent to the state assembly for their feedback within a specified period, though their opinions are not binding. Parliamentary Approval: Parliament debates and votes on the bill, which requires a simple majority for approval. Presidential Assent: After parliamentary approval, the President signs the bill, officially amending the state's name. Kerala: God’s Own Country Location: Kerala is situated in the southwestern part of India, bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea to the west. 21st largest state in India by area​. Population: Approximately 3.34 crores as per the 2011 census, ranking it the 13th most populous state. Geography Coastline: Kerala has a coastline of about 580 kms​. Rivers: There are 44 rivers in Kerala, with 41 flowing towards the west and three towards the east. Major rivers include Periyar, Pamba, and Bharathapuzha​. Highest Peak: Anamudi, at 2,695 meters (highest peak in Kerala and Southern India​) National Parks: Kerala has several national parks, including Eravikulam, Periyar, and Silent Valley​. Demographics and Society Literacy Rate: Kerala boasts the highest literacy rate in Capital: Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). India at 96.2%. Area: 38,863 sq. km. Human Development Index (HDI): Kerala has the Population: Approximately 3.34 crores highest HDI among Indian states. Official Language: Malayalam LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 19  Economy is the most celebrated and symbolizes the Agriculture: Kerala is known for its production of homecoming of the legendary King Mahabali​. spices, rubber, coconut, tea, coffee, and Unique Features pepper. First State to Receive Monsoon: Kerala is the Culture and Festivals first Indian state to receive the monsoon rains, Performing Arts: Kerala is renowned for its typically in early June​​. classical dance forms like Kathakali and Richest Temple: The Sree Padmanabhaswamy Mohiniyattam, as well as the ancient martial art Temple in Thiruvananthapuram is considered the Kalaripayattu​​. richest place of worship in the world​. Festivals: Major festivals include Onam, Vishu, Ayurveda: Kerala is a global hub for Ayurvedic and Thrissur Pooram. Onam, the harvest festival, treatments and therapies​. Important Places in India Whose Names Have Been Changed Allahabad to Prayagraj (2018) Panaji to Panjim Aurangabad to Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar (2023) Poona to Pune (1978) Banaras to Varanasi (1922) Pondicherry to Puducherry (2006) Bangalore to Bengaluru (2006) Trichinopoly to Tiruchirappalli (1971) Baroda to Vadodara (1974) Trivandrum to Thiruvananthapuram (1991) Bombay to Mumbai (1995) Vizagapatam to Visakhapatnam (1979) Calcutta to Kolkata (2001) Recent Name Changes Calicut to Kozhikode (1948) Mughal Gardens at Rashtrapati Bhavan to Amrit Cochin to Kochi (1996) Udyan (2023) Gauhati to Guwahati (1983) Rajpath in Delhi to Kartavya Path (2022) Orissa to Odisha (2011) Osmanabad to Dharashiv (2023) PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. Which article of the Indian Constitution allows the 4. When was the state of Travancore-Cochin formed? Centre to change the name of existing states? (a) 1920 (a) Article 3 (b) Article 5 (b) 1949 (c) Article 7 (d) Article 9 (c) 1956 (d) 1961 2. What does "Keralaputra" literally translate to in Sanskrit? 5. Who presided over the Nattu Rajya Praja Sammelanam (a) Land of Kerala where the resolution for Aikya Kerala was passed? (b) People of Kerala (a) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Son of Kerala (b) Sardar Patel (d) History of Kerala (c) B.R. Ambedkar (d) Jawaharlal Nehru 3. Which three dynasties were the main kingdoms of southern India mentioned in historical texts? (a) Chera, Chola, Pandya (b) Maurya, Gupta, Chola (c) Pandya, Vijayanagara, Chera (d) Chola, Pallava, Maurya LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 20  ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (a) Article 3 4. Correct Answer: (b) 1949 Explanation: Article 3 of the Indian Constitution grants Explanation: On July 1, 1949, Cochin and Travancore the Centre the power to change the name of existing merged to form the state of Travancore-Cochin or Thiru- states. Any such change also necessitates an amendment Kochi. The state we call Kerala today, was once a to the state's name listed under Article 1 of the collection of princely states and British administered Constitution, reflecting the updated official designation. provinces. 2. Correct Answer: (c) Son of Kerala 5. Correct Answer: (d) Jawaharlal Nehru Explanation: "Keralaputra" in Sanskrit literally translates Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the Nattu to "son of Kerala." This term historically referred to the Rajya Praja Sammelanam held in Ernakulam in 1928, dynasty of the Cheras, one of the prominent ruling where a significant resolution for the unification of Kerala dynasties in southern India during ancient times. (Aikya Kerala) was passed. Nehru's leadership at this conference highlighted the national leaders' support for 3. Correct Answer: (a) Chera, Chola, Pandya regional unification movements based on linguistic and Explanation: The three main kingdoms of southern India cultural identities. mentioned in historical texts are the Chera, Chola, and Pandya dynasties. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 21 National Security Council appoints Additional National Security Adviser News Highlights: For the first time, the post of Additional National Security Adviser has been filled, as the Deputy National Security Adviser (NSA) Rajinder Khanna is appointed for the post. Subsequently, T.V. Ravichandran, previously the Intelligence Bureau special director, succeeds Mr. Khanna as the new Deputy NSA. Rajinder Khanna For the first time, the post of Additional National Security Adviser has been filled, as the Deputy National Security Adviser (NSA) Rajinder Khanna is appointed for the post. Subsequently, T.V. Ravichandran, previously the Intelligence Bureau special director, succeeds Mr. Khanna as the new Deputy NSA. National Security Council Formation: The National Security Council (NSC) was established on November 19, 1998, by then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. This move was intended to streamline and enhance the coordination of security-related policies and intelligence within the country. Reason for Formation: The establishment of the NSC was driven by the need for a dedicated body to advise the Prime Minister on matters of national security and strategic interest, especially in the context of India's evolving security landscape post-Cold War and the increasing complexity of global and regional security challenges. Functions: Advisory Role: The NSC provides advice to the Prime Minister's Office on internal and external security, military affairs, counter-insurgency, space and high technology, economic security, and environmental security. Coordination and Integration: It is responsible for the coordination and integration of policies affecting national security, ensuring a comprehensive approach to security challenges. Intelligence Analysis: The NSC oversees the collection and analysis of intelligence data from various agencies, enhancing inter-agency coordination to provide actionable intelligence. Structure: The NSC operates through a three-tier structure: Key Members of NSC 1. Strategic Planning Group (SPG): This top-level decision-making body Ajit Doval: National formulates and implements strategic policies. It is headed by the Cabinet Security Advisor Secretary and includes secretaries from key ministries, heads of Bimal N. Patel: Vice- intelligence agencies, and chiefs of the armed forces. Chancellor, Rashtriya 2. National Security Advisory Board (NSAB): Comprising experts from Raksha University outside the government, the NSAB provides long-term analyses and K. Radhakrishnan: Former perspectives on national security issues. Chairman of ISRO 3. Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC): This body analyzes intelligence data Arun K. Singh: Former from the Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Ambassador to France and and military intelligence directorates, ensuring comprehensive intelligence the United States assessments for the government. Sridhar Vembu: Founder Headquarters and Leadership: and CEO of Zoho Headquarters: The NSC is headquartered in New Delhi, India. Corporation Head Authorities: The council is headed by the Prime Minister of India. First National Security Advisor (NSA) The first NSA of India was Brajesh Mishra, appointed in 1998. Before taking on the role, he was the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 22  Longest Serving NSA: Ajit Doval Appointed in 2014, the current NSA, is known for his extensive experience in intelligence and security. Ajit Doval’s Contributions: Operation Blue Star (1984): Role: As an intelligence officer, Ajit Doval played a crucial role in gathering intelligence before the Indian Army's operation to remove militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Details: He disguised himself as an ISI operative to gather inside information about the militants' fortifications and plans. Operation Black Thunder (1988): Role: Ajit Doval was instrumental in the operation aimed at flushing out militants from the Golden Temple for the second time. Details: His strategic inputs and ground-level intelligence significantly contributed to the successful execution of the operation with minimal collateral damage. Doklam Standoff (2017): Role: Doval played a critical diplomatic and strategic role during the Doklam standoff between India and China. His negotiations and strategic insights helped in de-escalating the situation without any military conflict. Balakot Airstrike (2019): Role: Doval was a central figure in planning and executing the airstrike on terror camps in Balakot, Pakistan. Details: This operation was a response to the Pulwama attack and demonstrated India's capability to carry out precision strikes across the border. PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. When was the National Security Council (NSC) 4. Which of the following is not a part of India's National established? Security Council's three-tiered structure? (a) 1992 (b) 1995 (a) Strategic Policy Group (c) 1998 (d) 2001 (b) National Security Advisory Board (c) Secretariat of Defence 2. Who served as the country’s first National Security (d) Joint Intelligence Committee Advisor (NSA) after the establishment of the NSC? (a) Brajesh Mishra (b) Shivshankar Menon 5. Who is the current National Security Advisor (NSA) of (c) M. K. Narayanan (d) Ajit Doval India noted for his extensive influence in shaping India's national security strategies? 3. Who appoints the National Security Advisor (NSA) in (a) Ajit Doval India? (b) M. K. Narayanan (a) The President (b) The Prime Minister (c) Shivshankar Menon (c) The Defence Minister (d) The Home Minister (d) Brajesh Mishra LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 23  ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (c) 1998 4. Correct Answer: (c) Secretariat of Defence Explanation: The National Security Council (NSC) was Explanation: India’s national security management established in 1998 during the government of Prime structure is a three-tiered system that includes the Minister AB Vajpayee. This council was formed to oversee Strategic Policy Group, the National Security Advisory and coordinate India's national security, intelligence, and Board, and the Secretariat represented by the Joint strategic policy. Intelligence Committee. 2. Correct Answer: (a) Brajesh Mishra 5. Correct Answer: (a) Ajit Doval Explanation: Brajesh Mishra was appointed as the Explanation: Ajit Doval is the current National Security country's first National Security Advisor (NSA) following Advisor (NSA) of India. He is renowned for his significant the establishment of the National Security Council in impact on India's national security strategies, leveraging 1998. Before the formation of the NSC, the functions his extensive experience in intelligence and strategic pertaining to national security were managed by the operations to guide the country's security policies. Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. 3. Correct Answer: (b) The Prime Minister Explanation: In India, the National Security Advisor (NSA) is appointed by the Prime Minister. The NSA plays a crucial role in advising the Prime Minister on matters of national security and foreign policy, making this appointment significant for the strategic governance of the country. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 24 New Criminal Laws in India News Highlights: Three newly enacted criminal laws—Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)—are set to replace longstanding colonial-era statutes including the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), and Indian Evidence Act from July 1, 2024. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Effective Date July 1, 2024 Replaces Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 Structural Changes From 511 sections in IPC to 358 sections in BNS. New Definitions Includes categories like 'child' and 'transgender'. Key Additions Abetment of crimes from abroad (Section 48): Allows prosecution of those who encourage crimes against India from foreign locations. Mob Lynching (Section 103(2)): When a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the ground of race, caste or community, sex, place of birth, language, personal belief or any other similar ground each member of such group shall be punished with death or with imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. Suicide with intent to compel (Section 226): Newly criminalized, with provisions for imprisonment or community service. This section criminalizes the act of attempting to commit suicide with the specific intent to compel or restrain a public servant in the exercise of their lawful powers. Community service: Specified as a punishment under six different offenses, including public service misconduct and theft. Removed Sections Adultery and unnatural offences have been omitted in line with recent court judgments. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2024 Effective Date July 1, 2024 Replaces Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Structural Changes The BNSS has been revised to contain 531 sections, from the 484 sections in the CrPC, with significant amendments to streamline processes and enhance clarity. Key Additions Electronic Records and Digital Evidence: BNSS explicitly includes provisions for the admissibility of electronic records as evidence. Example: Electronic communications, digital contracts, and multimedia evidence like video recordings are now recognized with specific guidelines for their authentication and presentation in court. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 25  Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2024 Key Additions Victim and Witness Protection: Comprehensive Measures: Dedicated provisions for protecting victims and witnesses, including relocation programs and anonymity. Focus on Vulnerable Groups: Special safeguards for vulnerable individuals to ensure their protection during the legal process​. Forensic Investigations: Mandatory Forensics: For offenses carrying sentences of more than seven years, forensic investigations are mandated to ensure thorough and reliable evidence collection. Example: Crime scenes involving serious offenses must be processed with forensic experts, ensuring evidence integrity and accuracy​. Community Service: Introduction as Punishment: For minor offenses, community service is introduced as an alternative to imprisonment, aiming to rehabilitate offenders and contribute to society. Example: Petty theft or minor vandalism may result in community service instead of short-term imprisonment​. Key Modifications Investigation Timelines: BNSS sets stringent deadlines for investigations, particularly for serious offenses, to be concluded within six months. Trial Timelines: Trials are targeted to be completed within one year, reducing the backlog of cases and ensuring timely justice. Modern Terminology: Updates archaic language to contemporary terms, making legal provisions clearer and more accessible. Example: Replaces terms like “lunatic” with “person with intellectual disability” or “person with mental illness”​ Paperless Processes: Encourages electronic documentation and communication, reducing administrative delays and enhancing accessibility. FIRs can now be registered electronically, and court proceedings can utilize digital platforms for evidence submission and case management​ Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2024 Effective Date July 1, 2024 Replaces Indian Evidence Act of 1872 Structural Changes The BSA has undergone modifications leading to 170 sections, altering 24, adding two, and repealing six of the original 167 sections of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. Modifications The definition of "document" has been expanded to include electronic records. Electronic records are given the same weight as traditional paper documents, provided they meet certain criteria for authenticity and reliability. Example: Emails, digital contracts, CCTV footage, and data from electronic devices can be submitted as evidence in court. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 26  Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2024 Provisions on Electronic submission of oral evidence allowed. Evidence Secondary evidence includes data stored in electronic memory. Key Changes Joint trials: Allows for the prosecution of multiple persons in a single trial even if one is absconding. Legal & Procedural Age of Criminal Responsibility: Set at seven, extendable to twelve based on Reforms maturity, despite global recommendations for a higher age. Sexual Offenses: Includes nuanced definitions of consent but lacks comprehensive coverage for male and transgender victims. Mob Lynching and Organized Crime: Specifies death or life imprisonment for mob lynching; defines organized crimes including petty ones like vehicle theft or selling exam papers. PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. How many sections does the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 4. Which of the following is NOT an application developed (BNS) 2024 have compared to the Indian Penal Code by NIC to facilitate videography/photography of crime (IPC)? scenes, judicial hearings, and the electronic delivery of (a) 511 sections in BNS compared to 358 sections in IPC court summons? (b) 358 sections in BNS compared to 511 sections in IPC (a) eSakshya 2. (c) 400 sections in BNS compared to 500 sections in IPC (b) NyayShruti (d) 600 sections in BNS compared to 300 sections in IPC (c) eSummon (d) eSuraksha What is the new maximum limit for detention in police custody under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 5. From which date have the new criminal laws, including 3. (BNSS) 2024 compared to the previous 15-day limit in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik the CrPC? Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya (a) 30 days (b) 45 days Adhiniyam (BSA), come into force in India? (c) 60 days (d) 90 days (a) 1 January 2024 (b) 1 April 2024 Which clause of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) (c) 1 July 2024 2024 recognizes murder on the grounds of race, caste, (d) 1 October 2024 or community as a separate offense for the first time? (a) Clause 50 (b) Clause 75 (c) Clause 103 (d) Clause 150 ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (b) 358 sections in BNS compared to 511 2. Correct Answer: (d) 90 days sections in IPC Explanation: The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Explanation: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2024 (BNSS) 2024 has expanded the maximum limit for has 358 sections, a reduction from the 511 sections detention in police custody from the 15-day limit present in the Indian Penal Code (IPC). This structural specified in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) to up change aims to streamline and modernize the criminal to 90 days. code. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 27  ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 3. Correct Answer: (c) Clause 103 5. Correct Answer: (c) 1 July 2024 Explanation: Clause 103 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Explanation: The new criminal laws, Bharatiya Nyaya (BNS) 2024 recognizes, for the first time, murder on the Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita grounds of race, caste, or community as a separate (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), came offense. into force in India on 1 July 2024. 4. Correct Answer: (d) eSuraksha Explanation: The applications eSakshya, NyayShruti, and eSummon have been developed by NIC to facilitate various aspects of the judicial process, including videography/photography of crime scenes, judicial hearings, and the electronic delivery of court summons. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 28 Eight new Cabinet Committees formed News Highlights: The Union government recently reconstituted eight Cabinet committees and amended the Lok Sabha oath-taking rules for MPs. Overview of Cabinet Committees: Cabinet Committees are essential subsets within the Union Cabinet, Article 77(3) established to address specific governmental issues efficiently. Provides the constitutional basis for They are categorized into two types: Standing (permanent) and Ad the functioning of these committees, hoc (temporary), created under the Government of India stipulating that the President shall Transaction of Business Rules, 1961, which derives its authority make rules for the more convenient from Article 77(3) of the Constitution. transaction of business with the Ministries. Extra-Constitutional: These committees operate outside the direct purview of the Constitution but are crucial for streamlined governance. Membership Guidelines: Typically includes three to eight members, primarily Cabinet Ministers. Non-Cabinet Ministers can also be included. Prime Minister Narendra Modi chairs most committees, with Home Minister Amit Shah featured on all panels. Recent Committee Updates Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA): Three new members were added; specific names not disclosed publicly. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) and Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS): Composition remains unchanged, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Home Minister Amit Shah. Legislative Changes by the Lok Sabha Speaker Active Cabinet Committees A new clause prevents MPs from adding personal (as of 2024) remarks during their oath, ensuring adherence to the established format and maintaining parliamentary Economic Affairs (CCEA) decorum. Updated ‘Direction 1’: The amendment introduces a new clause requiring MPs to strictly adhere to the Appointments (ACC) prescribed oath format, prohibiting any personal additions or alterations. Security (CCS) Challenges Facing Cabinet Committees Overlap in Functions: Causes inefficiency and delays Accommodation in decision-making. Expertise Gaps: Occasionally lacks necessary Parliamentary Affairs specialized knowledge, impacting policy effectiveness. Isolated Operations: Lack of collaborative communication among committees. Political Affairs Political Biases: Decisions may favor short-term political gains over long-term benefits. Investment and Growth Transparency Issues: Decisions often not publicized, affecting accountability. Skill, Employment, and Livelihood Power Concentration: Centralized decision-making can neglect broader, necessary perspectives. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 29  PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. How many Cabinet committees were constituted by the 4. Which article of the Indian Constitution provides the Union government? constitutional basis for the functioning of committees (a) Five (b) Six and stipulates that the President shall make rules for the (c) Seven (d) Eight more convenient transaction of business with the Ministries? 2. What are the two types of Cabinet Committees? (a) Article 74(2) (a) Standing and Special (b) Article 77(3) (b) Ad hoc and Permanent (c) Article 80(1) (c) Standing and Ad hoc (d) Article 85(4) (d) Temporary and Special 5. Under which rules do Cabinet Committees and the 3. Which two committees are not headed by the Prime executive in India operate? Minister? (a) Government of India Allocation of Business Rules, (a) Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet 1955 Committee on Parliamentary Affairs (b) Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, (b) Committee on Economic Affairs and Committee on 1961 Political Affairs (c) Government of India Administrative Rules, 1960 (c) Committee on Security and Committee on Political (d) Government of India Legislative Rules, 1965 Affairs (d) Committee on Economic Affairs and Committee on Security ANSWER KEYS & EXPLANATIONS 1. Correct Answer: (d) Eight 4. Correct Answer: (b) Article 77(3) Explanation: The Union government constituted eight Explanation: Article 77(3) of the Indian Constitution Cabinet committees. provides the constitutional basis for the functioning of committees and stipulates that the President shall make 2. Correct Answer: (c) Standing and Ad hoc rules for the more convenient transaction of business Explanation: The two types of Cabinet Committees are with the Ministries. Standing (permanent nature) and Ad hoc (temporary nature to deal with special problems). 5. Correct Answer: (b) Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961 3. Correct Answer: (a) Committee on Accommodation and Explanation: Cabinet Committees and the executive in Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs India operate under the Government of India Transaction Explanation: The Prime Minister heads all six committees of Business Rules, 1961. except the Committee on Accommodation and the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs. No change has been made in the Appointments Committee, which is headed by the Prime Minister and where the Home Minister is the sole member. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 30 Supreme Court Ruling on Maintenance Rights for Divorced Muslim Women News Highlights: Case Reference: Mohd Abdul Samad v. State of Telangana, 2024. Supreme Court Decision: Upheld that all women, including those divorced through "triple talaq", are entitled to claim maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC, irrespective of their personal law. Key Details of the Ruling Supreme Court's Observations Justices Involved: Bench of Justices B V Nagarathna and Augustine George Maintenance as a Right: Masih delivered separate but concurring judgments. Affirmed that the right to maintenance under Section 125 CrPC extends during and post- marriage, not contingent upon Legal Precedents: divorce. The judgment references the Shah Bano case of 1985 and subsequent legislative responses, such as the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. Section 125 CrPC Purpose: Aimed to prevent vagrancy by Legal Clarification: compelling a husband to Justice Nagarathna noted that rights under the 1986 Act are support his wife if she is supplementary and do not derogate from the rights under unable to maintain herself. Section 125 CrPC. Constitutional Context: The ruling emphasized the secular and inclusive intent of Impact of the 1986 Act: Section 125 CrPC as a measure of social justice, ensuring It does not override or dilute no discrimination based on religion as per Article 15(1) of the protective nature of Section the Constitution. 125 CrPC. Legal Implications Reaffirmation of Rights: The court reaffirmed that the provisions of the 1986 Act, despite being a special act, do not restrict the application of the general act, Section 125 CrPC, for maintenance. Inclusive Definition: "Divorced woman" under the 1986 Act strictly includes those divorced under Muslim law; others may seek relief under different applicable laws like the Special Marriage Act. Did You Know? Triple Talaq Relevance: The landmark ruling against triple talaq in 2019 has had direct implications on cases involving maintenance rights, highlighting the judiciary's role in shaping societal norms. Article 15(1) of the Indian Constitution: Ensures no discrimination by the state against any citizen on grounds including religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Section 125 of the CrPC: A secular provision that mandates a person with sufficient means to provide maintenance to his wife, children, and parents if they cannot maintain themselves, reflecting the commitment to social justice. LEGALEDGE 7676564400 [email protected] www.toprankers.com 31  PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. In which 2024 Supreme Court case was the applicability 4. Under which act was triple talaq criminalized following of Section 125 of the CrPC to a divorced Muslim woman its declaration as void by the Supreme Court? upheld? (a) Muslim Women Act 1986 (a) Shah Bano v. State of UP (b) Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) (b) Mohd Abdul Samad v. State of Telangana Act 2019 2. (c) Ahmed Khan v. State of UP (c) Muslim Marriage (Protection of Rights on Marriage) (d) Rafiq Ahmad v. State of Maharashtra Act 2000 (d) Special Marriage Act 2. Which section of the 1986 Act requires a divorced Muslim woman to submit an affidavit opting for CrPC 5. How many months does the iddat period usually last, provisions over the 1986 Act? which a divorced Muslim woman must observe before (a) Section 3 (b) Section 4 she can remarry? (c) Section 5 (d) Section 6 (a) One (b) Two 3. In which year was the Supreme Court case Mohd. (c) Three Ahmad Khan vs. Shah Bano Begum, which influenced (d) Four the enactment of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, decided? (a) 19