Thermoregulation Test Your Knowledge PDF

Thermoregulation  Test your knowledge The term ‘endothermy’ describes which of the following thermal conditions of animals? A. Heat is derived primarily from internal (metabolic) sources B. Heat is derived primarily from external (environmental) sources Which of the followin...

Thermoregulation  Test your knowledge The term ‘endothermy’ describes which of the following thermal conditions of animals? A. Heat is derived primarily from internal (metabolic) sources B. Heat is derived primarily from external (environmental) sources Which of the following C. Body temperature is correctly orders mean constant and independent core body temperature, of ambient temperature among the different D. Body temperature varies phylogenetic groups of with ambient temperature endothermic animals, from lowest temperature to highest temperature? A. Monotremes, marsupials, placentals, birds There exists significant B. Marsupials, placentals, spatial variation in monotremes, birds temperature throughout C. Placentals, monotremes, the body. Which of the birds, marsupials following sites best D. Birds, marsupials, represents the core body monotremes, placentals temperature? A. Skin B. Rectal C. Feet D. Hands  Test your knowledge How does an endotherm maintain a constant body temperature while exposed to ambient temperatures below the lower critical temperature of the thermal neutral zone? A. Varies metabolic heat production B. Varies thermal conductivity of the skin, fur, feathers C. Varies thermal How does an endotherm conductance of the skin, maintain a constant fur, feathers body temperature while D. Varies evaporative exposed to ambient cooling mechanisms temperatures above the upper critical temperature of the thermal neutral zone? Which 2 of the following represent potential A. Varies metabolic heat advantages of panting production (compared with B. Varies thermal conductivity of the skin, fur, sweating) as a means of feathers evaporative cooling? C. Varies thermal conductance of the skin, fur, A. Electrolytes are readily feathers recovered D. Varies evaporative B. Air flow over the cooling mechanisms evaporating surface is guaranteed C. No risk of alkalosis D. No additional muscular work contributing to the heat load  Test your knowledge Maintaining thermal balance between the body and environment is important because body temperature has profound effects on physiological processes. Within physiological limits, an increase in body temperature generally has which of the following effects? A. An increase in the rate of physiological processes B. A decrease in the rate of What part of the brain physiological processes of mammals contains C. A negligible effect on the primary the rate of physiological ‘thermoregulatory processes centre’? D. None of the above A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Pons Which of the following, produced D. Hippocampus by activated leukocytes, is primarily and directly responsible for eliciting a fever response through its action on the thermoregulatory centre of the hypothalamus? A. Bacteria B. Virus C. Endogenous pyrogen D. Exogenous pyrogen Cardiovascular  Test your knowledge The cardiovascular system is comprised of which of the components? A. Heart, blood vessels and The cardiovascular system is blood involved in which of the B. Heart and blood vessels only following C. Heart and blood only functions? D. Heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels A. Transport of respiratory gases E. Heart, lungs and blood B. Transport of nutrients, waste, vessels electrolytes, and hormones C. Maintenance of body fluid balance D. Thermoregulation E. All of the above Pericardial fluid, present in the space between the parietal & visceral layers of the serous pericardium, provides which of the following functions? A. Electrical insulation B. Shock absorption Of the four one C. Facilitates contractility way valves that control D. Lubrication E. Thermal insulation direction of blood flow through heart, which opens when pressure in the right atrium exceeds that in the right ventricle? A. Semilunar valve B. Right atrioventricular valve C. Left atrioventricular valve D. Bicuspid valve E. Mitral valve  Test your knowledge Which 2 of the following correctly describes function/s of the heart? A. Receive de oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation and pump it to the pulmonary circulation B. Receive oxygenated blood back from the pulmonary circulation and pump it to the systemic circulation C. Receive oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation and pump it to the pulmonary circulation D. Receive de oxygenated blood back from the pulmonary circulation and pump it to the systemic circulation E. Receive de oxygenated blood back from the lymphatic circulation and pump it to the pulmonary circulation The valves of the heart closing ‘shut’ produce two sounds (‘lub dub’) heard with a stethoscope ? The first of these sounds (the lub’) is caused by which of the following? A. Left and right atrioventricular valves closing together B. Aortic & pulmonary semilunar valves closing together C. Aortic semilunar valve closing D. Pulmonary semilunar valve closing E. Bicuspid and mitral valve closing together  Test your knowledge What is the cardiac output of an animal with a stroke volume of 5 mL and a heart rate of 100 b.p.m A. 20mL min 1 B. 200mL min 1 C. 500mL min 1 D. 5000mL min 1 E. 5000L min 1 Which of the following refers to the systemic mean arterial blood pressure? A. Average pressure produced by ejection of blood into systemic arteries during LV systole B. Average pressure remaining in systemic arteries during LV diastole C. Average pressure in systemic arteries across the cardiac cycle D. Average pressure produced by ejection of blood into pulmonary arteries during RV systole E. Average p ressure remaining in pulmonary arteries during RV diastole  Test your knowledge How is total blood supply to cardiac tissue divided between the two ventricles? A. LV receives ca. ⅔ & RV receives ca. ⅓ B. RV receives ca. ⅔ & LV receives ca. ⅓ C. LV and RV receive ca. ½ each D. LV receives ca. ⅛ & RV receives ca. ⅞ E. RV receives ca. ⅛ & LV receives ca. ⅞ Which organelle, highly abundant within cardiomyocytes (cardiac cells), is responsible for constant renewal of ATP so the heart can perform work? A. Myofibrils B. Sarcoplasmic reticulum C. Lipids D. Mitochondria E. Capillaries  Test your knowledge Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events involved in the transmission of an impulse through the heart? NB!!! A. Generated by AV node, cell to cell across ventricles, short delay at SA node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, cell to cell across atria B. Generated by SA node, cell to cell across ventricles, short delay at AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, cell to cell across atria C. Generated by AV node, cell to cell across atria, short delay at SA node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, cell to cell across ventricles D. Generated by SA node, cell to cell across atria, short delay at AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, cell to cell across ventricles E. None of the above Which of the following correctly describes the ions and direction of flow during cardiomyocyte de polarization? A. Na and Ca move out of the cell B. Na and Ca move in to the cell C. Na ++, Ca and K move out of the cell D. Na ++, Ca and K move in to the cell E. K+ moves in to the cell  Test your knowledge What class of blood vessel provides high resistance to blood flow and serves to help modulate blood pressure and re direct blood flow A. Arteries B. Arterioles C. Capillaries D. Venules E. Veins Which of the following statements regarding the fetal circulation is/are correct? A. Gas exchange occurs across the placenta B. Gas exchange occurs across the lungs C. Fetal lungs are filled with fluid D. There is complete separation of oxygenated from de oxygenated blood E. The umbilical cord serves as a conduit between fetus and placenta F. Shunts in the fetal circulation direct blood flow through the lungs G. At birth, there is closure of shunts and the lungs fill with air H. The fetal circulation is ‘parallel’ and the postnatal circulation is in ‘series’  Test your knowledge Which of the statements regarding the pulse is incorrect A. Pulse is used to evaluate the strength and regularity of the heartbeat B. Pulse can only be taken over a vein C. Pulse rate is the frequency of stretching and recoiling of an artery D. Pulse detected with index and middle fingers E. Femoral artery is a common pulse point in domestic animals In an electrocardiogram (ECG) the QRS complex reflects the time taken to achieve which of the following events of the cardiac cycle A. Time taken for de polarization of atria B. Time taken for re polarization of atria C. Time taken for de polarization of ventricles D. Time taken for re polarization of ventricles E. Time taken for pacemaker to transmit impulse  Test your knowledge Heart mass scales as a function body mass raised to (approximately) which of the following exponents? A. 0.25 B. 0.0 C. 0.25 D. 0.75 E. 1.0 If mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, in mmHg) scales as a function of body mass ( M , in kg) according to the equation, MAP = 100 M 0.0 , what is the average mean arterial pressure expected for a 6000 kg elephant? A. 0.0167 mmHg B. 60 mmHg C. 100 mmHg D. 600 mmHg E. 6000 mmHg Integument  TEST YO UR KNO WL EDGE WHICH PHASE OF THE HAIR WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CYCLE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A STATEMENTS REGARDING THE PERIOD OF GROWTH AS THERMOREGULATORY EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE ADDED FUNCTION OF THE HAIR COAT AT THE ‘MATRIX’? IS INCORRECT? A. Anagen phase A. The hair coat traps an B. Catagen phase insulating layer of air C. Telogen phase B. Piloerection and D. Shedding phase pilorelaxation allow for E. Growing phase some control over heat loss from the body C. Hair coat colour affects the absorption of radiation WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING from the sun ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE D. Hair coat colour affects INTEGUMENT? the emission of radiation from the body A. Provide barrier to water E. Hair coat colour is loss important for camouflage in B. Provide barrier to some species infection C. Assist in thermoregulation D. Act as a sensory organ E. All of the above Bone & joint  TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM? A. Provide support & facilitate locomotion B. Protect internal organs C. Hematopoiesis WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING D. Ca2+ & PO43– homeostasis STATEMENTS REGARDING E. All of the above SPONGY BONE (CANCELLOUS OR TRABECULAR BONE) IS INCORRECT? A. Lamellae are arranged to form spicules of bone B. Nutrients & gases exchange with extracellular fluid C. Covered by endosteum, which is contiguous with the inner surface of the compact bone D. Comprised mostly of osteon (Haversian system) THE INORGANIC PORTION OF THE BONE MATRIX IS COMPOSED OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS, GENERALLY IN THE FORM OF HYDROXYAPATITE, WHICH PROVIDES THE BONE WITH: A. Provide support & facilitate locomotion B. Protect internal organs C. Hematopoiesis D. Ca2+ & PO43– homeostasis E. All of the above  TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE GROWTH IN LENGTH OF LONG BONES OCCURS AT THE EPIPHYSEAL (GROWTH) PLATE/S AND IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF WHICH HORMONE SECRETED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND? A. Growth hormone (somatotropin) B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) C. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) D. Calcitonin E. Erythropoietin (EPO) GROWTH IN DIAMETER OF LONG BONES GENERALLY OCCURS BY: A. Chondrocyte proliferation within the outer periosteum, secretion of cartilaginous matrix that then ossifies, and resorption of older bone by osteoblasts at the interior of the shaft B. Chondrocyte proliferation within the outer periosteum, secretion of cartilaginous matrix that then ossifies, and resorption of older bone by osteoclasts at the interior of the shaft C. Deposition of new bone by osteoclasts within the outer periosteum and resorption of older bone by osteoblasts at the interior of the shaft D. Deposition of new bone by osteoblasts within the outer periosteum and resorption of older bone by osteoclasts at the interior of the shaft  TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING JOINT TYPES IS FIXED AND IMMOVABLE? A: Synarthrosis B: Amphiarthrosis C: Diarthrosis D: Synovial joints E: All of the above CARTILAGE CONTAINS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CELL TYPES EMBEDDED WITHIN THE MATRIX OF COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN? A: Keratinocytes B: Chondrocytes C: Osteocytes D: Osteoblasts E: Osteoclasts Respiratory  Test your knowledge Which of the following best describes the ultimate function of cellular respiration? A. Synthesis of ATP B. Break down of ATP C. Krebs cycle Which of the following best D. Electron transport E. O2 consumption and describes the ultimate function CO2 production of internal respiration? A. Biochemical reactions within cells to convert energy from food into ATP B. Exchange of respiratory gases between the capillary cellular interface C. Exchange of respiratory gases The between the environment , lungs, and respiratory system alveolar capillary interface D. Krebs cycle serves which of E. Electron transport and oxidative the following phosphorylation secondary functions? A. Phonation (voice B. Thermoregulation C. Acid base balance D. Olfactory (sense of E. All of the above  Test your knowledge Which part of the upper respiratory tract is located between the nares (nostrils) and the pharynx (throat)? A. Nasal passages How do the nasal B. Larynx (voice C. Trachea ( passages ‘condition’ the D. Bronchi inhaled air before it enters E. Bronchioles the lungs? A. By warming the air B. By humidifying the air C. By filtering the air D. All of the above E. None of the above The nasal passages are lined with epithelial cells and cilia that project up into a layer of mucus. What is the primary function of the mucus A. Trap foreign particles B. Increase surface area for gas exchange C. Facilitate heat exchange D. Create turbulent air flow E. Facilitate phonation (voice production  Test your knowledge The larynx (voice box) houses several segments of cartilage. Which segment of cartilage functions during swallowing to cover the larynx and prevent Why does complete closure material from entering the of the vocal cords (i.e. closure trachea and lower respiratory of the glottis) occur during tract? various non respiratory A. Epiglottis functions that involve B. Arytenoid straining (e.g. C. Thyroid defecation D. Cricoid E. Glottis A. It facilitates abdominal compression by preventing air flow out of lungs The trachea is composed B. It facilitates abdominal of fibrous tissue, smooth compression by allowing air flow muscle and cartilage out of lungs C. It facilitates abdominal rings. What is the primary compression by recruitment of function of the cartilage abdominal and rings? thoracic muscle units D. It facilitates thoracic A. Secrete mucus compression by preventing air B. Prevent mucus flow out of lungs accumulation E. It facilitates thoracic C. Provide a base for cilia compression by allowing air flow projections out of lungs D. Keep the trachea open and patent E. Allow for bifurcation of the trachea  Test your knowledge At which level of the lower respiratory tract does gas exchange take place? A. Trachea Which of the following B. Bronchi statements regarding the C. Bronchioles pulmonary circulation is D. Alveolar ducts E. Alveoli most accurate? A. Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and is relatively low in O2 and high in CO2 B. Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary veins and is relatively What characteristic of the low in O2 and high in CO2 C. Blood enters the lungs via the thorax keep the lungs pulmonary arteries and is partially inflated and relatively high in O2 and low in pulled up against the thoracic CO2 D. Blood enters the lungs via the wall? pulmonary veins and is relatively high in O2 and low in CO2 A. A slight negative pressure B. A slight positive pressure C. An equal intramural pressure D. None of the above  Test your knowledge What are the main muscles recruited for inspiration A. Diaphragm B. Internal intercostal Which of the following occurs muscles C. External intercostal during inspiration (inhalation muscles A. Diaphragm contracts, thoracic D. Abdominal muscles volume decreases, alveolar E. Pectoral muscles pressures decrease, inflating the lungs B. Diaphragm relaxes, external intercostal muscles contract, thoracic volume decreases, alveolar pressures decrease, inflating the lungs If an animal presents C. Diaphragm and internal with a tidal volume of 200 intercostal muscles relax, thoracic volume increases, alveolar mL, and a respiratory pressures decrease, inflating the rate of 1 0 breaths per minute, lungs what is its minute ventilation? D. External and internal intercostal muscles contract, thoracic volume A. 2 mL min 1 increases, alveolar pressures B. 20 mL min 1 increase, inflating the lungs C. 200 mL min 1 E. Diaphragm and external D. 2 000 mL min 1 intercostal muscles contract, E. 20 000 mL min 1 thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressures decrease, inflating the lungs  Test your knowledge The ‘respiratory center’, responsible for regulating breathing patterns, is located in which part/s of the brain? A. Medulla oblongata and hypothalamus Routine (resting) breathing B. Medulla oblongata patterns is largely under and thalamus mechanical control, and thus C. Medulla oblongata relies predominantly on input and pons D. Cerebellum signals from which of the E. Cerebrum following? A. Chemical receptors in specific blood vessels B. Chemical receptors in the brainstem Chemical control of C. Stretch receptors in specific blood vessels breathing patterns occurs D. Stretch receptors in the lungs when the homeostatic E. None of the above balance of which of the following is disturbed? A. CO 2 levels B. pH levels C. O 2 levels D. All of the above E. None of the above