General Surgery 2023 English PDF

General surgery 2023 eng.txt: #Destruction of microbes at what place is called antiseptic? + in the wound -on tools -in the air -on the hands of a surgeon -in the dressing #What is the name of the complex for the destruction of microbes in the body? + antiseptic -laser therapy - asepsis -X-ray therapy -antibiotic therapy #What is included in a mechanical antiseptic? +primary surgical treatment of the wound -skin treatment with alcohol -wound irrigation ultrasound - irradiation of the wound with x-rays - enzyme therapy #What is included in a physical antiseptic? +wound drainage -stop bleeding -the introduction of antibiotics into the wound -wrinkling of the skin -introduction of antiseptics into the wound wall #Antiseptic purpose of wound drainage + removal of inflammatory exudate - the introduction of alcohol iodine - stop bleeding - administration of painkillers - removal of accumulated air #What type of antiseptic is X-ray exposure? + physical - biological - mechanical - chemical - mixed #What oxidizing agent belongs to antiseptics? + potassium permanganate - potassium oxide chlorine -potassium oxide iodide - oxytocin - oxyferriscorbone #What drugs are biological antiseptics? + trypsin - sulfadimezin - furacillin - chlorhexidine - heximetazole #What subgroup of biological antiseptics does trypsin belong to? + enzymes - antibiotics - sulfonamides - nitrofurans - dyes #What biological antiseptics are obtained from an animal organism? + ribonuclease - tetrachymopsin - furatsilin - antihistamine - penicillin #What is a biological antiseptic? + antibiotics - vitamins - hormones - sulfonamides - proteins #Where are antibiotics administered to determine sensitivity to them? + intradermal - intralymphatic - intramuscularly - intravenously - intra-arterially #What belongs to aminoglycosides? + gentamicin -tetracycline -penicillin - vancomycin - roncoleukin #What is a vaccine? + weakened microbes - the central nucleus of the microbe - microbial toxoids - serum of a sick patient - antibodies #Where are antibiotics administered to locally increase its concentration? +intra-arterially -intravenously -intramuscularly -into the lymphatic vessel - subcutaneously #What group of antiseptics does chymopsin belong to ? + biological - physical - chemical - mechanical - dyes #What is the beneficial effect of antibiotics? + sensitivity of microbes - immunity -type of inflammation - period of inflammation -body defenses #Purpose of mechanical antisepsis + reduction of infection in the wound -improve blood circulation in the wound - neutralization of microbes in the wound - extermination of microbes in the body -reducing the action of microbes in the body #What is a 6% hydrogen peroxide solution used for? +for cleaning the operating room - to sterilize gloves - for sterilization of cutting tools -for washing purulent wounds -To improve blood circulation of bedsores #What group of antiseptics do enzymes belong to? +biological - mechanical - chemical -physical - mixed #Asepsis methods include +drain sterilization -primary surgical treatment of the wound - washing the wounds with furacilin - establishment of drainage into the wound - the introduction of antibiotics into the wound #What kind of infection does sterilization of instruments prevent? + contact - air -drip - implantation - endogenous #Sterilization prevents implant infection + vascular prostheses - air - surgeon's hands - operating field -tools #What infection does sterilization of suture material prevent? +implantation - drip - contact - air -endogenous #What kind of infection is prevented by wearing masks? + airborne -implantation - contact - endogenous -mixed #Used to sterilize dressings + autoclaving - degreasing with ether - 96% alcohol - solution of salts of heavy metals - alcohol solution of iodine #How is the dressing sterilized? + autoclaving - boiling - irradiation - the use of antibiotics -in a dry oven #How to sterilize optical instruments +Gas sterilization -autoclaving -in a dry oven - boiling -washing with furacillin #The most objective method for testing sterility quality + bacteriological - thermal -technical - chemical - using indicators #The best method for testing suture sterility +bacteriological -cytological -phenolphthalein -aminopyrine -Mikulich method #What sterilization method is used for intravenous catheters? + beam - gas -air -thermal -chemical #What requirements must the operating unit meet? + pollution prevention - location at the entrance - there should be no windows - on the 1st floor of a 5-storey building - location in the middle of the compartment #When is the General Cleaning of the Operating Room Performed? +once a week - once every 2 weeks - once every 10 days -after long operations - at night after the operating day #When is the routine cleaning of the operating room + after each operation - in the morning before the operation - at the end of the trading day - once a week -one day after the operation #What infection enters the wound from the surgeon's hands? + contact - endogenous - airborne - implantation - cryptogenic #What should be done with gloves if they are infected with an anaerobic infection? + destroy - washed with iodine - irradiate x-rays - autoclave -disinfect in a dry-heat cabinet #What method determines the sterility of the surgeon's hands? +bacteriological method -cytological examination -phenolphthalein test -amidopyrine test -Mikulich breakdown #What is a variety of measures aimed at preventing airborne infection? + cleaning the operating room - sterilization of instruments -autoclaving - gas sterilization - radiation sterilization #What is the name of the treatment of objects, in which the complete destruction of all microorganisms is achieved? + sterilization - disinfection - cleaning the operating room - laying biks - cutting nails #What should the surgeon do after treatment of the surgical field? + limit it - shave off the hair from its surface - replace gloves - give the patient anesthesia - make a cut #What should be the clothes of the surgeon? + sterile - ironed - white color - green color - with flowers #What is used when processing the hands of Spasokukotsky -Kochergin methods? + ammonia - methyl alcohol - 1% iodine - tannin - 70% alcohol #Who suggested operating with rubber gloves? + Halstead - Mikulich - Alfred - Zabludovsky - Vishnevsky #In what areas is the destruction of microbes considered aseptic? + anything that comes into contact with the wound - everything that is in contact with the surgeon - everything that comes into contact with tools - everything that comes into contact with the hands of surgeons - everything that comes into contact with the dressing #How can you reliably determine the sterility of materials? +bacteriological examination -Mikulich method -cytological examination -with indicator - using phenolphthalein #When is an alcoholic solution of iodine used? +when treating the skin around the wound -when washing the wound - when processing mucous - when lubricating the skin with 10% solution - when sterilizing cutting tools #How does ammonia affect the skin of the surgeon's hands? + dissolves fats - constricts blood vessels - dilates blood vessels -open the pores of the skin - shrinks skin pores #What is used to wrinkle the skin? + ethyl alcohol 96% - brilliant green - 1% iodine - ammonia -betodin #Dressing material sterilization is carried out: + in an autoclave under high pressure -not required - boiling - impregnation with antiseptics - impregnated with sublimate #The function of the occlusive dressing provides for the purpose of: + sealing the wound - wound fixation -wound closure - wound immobilization - wound compression #Tasks of a pressure bandage for bleeding: + stop bleeding - stop thrombosis - bone compression -muscle compression - compression of the heart #T- shaped bandage is used: + in the perineum - in the nose area - on the back of the head - in the armpit -on the mammary gland #Bandage caps impose on: + head - perineum - eye -mammary gland - buttock #Function of the immobilizing bandage: +limb immobilization - reduction of the joint -covering the eye orbit -buttock reduction -compression of the first toe #Leukoplaster bandage is used to fix: + dressing material - scarf - T-shaped bandage - pistillate bandage - spike bandage #What is the name of a bandage, a triangular piece of some kind of matter ? + scarf - hard -adhesive plaster - mesh bandage - swab #The protective aseptic bandage provides for the purpose of: + prevention of wound infection - traction of bone fragments - eliminate deformation - sealing the wound - sealing open pneumothorax #Immobilization for fractures of the humerus is performed using: + Cramer's stair rail - bus Diterikhs and Elansky - fixed to the body with the help of the Elansky splint -Dieterichs pneumatic tire - bus Elansky #The Gerasimov transport bus is used for: + transportation of patients with head and spine injuries - transportation of victims with pelvic fractures - fracture of the femur -damage to the ribs - fracture of the bones of the forearm #Use for head injury +bus Elansky -Cramer's tire -ladder rail - Jacobson's impromptu splint - Dieterichs tire #Errors in transport immobilization +bandaging tires without cotton pads in the area of bone protrusions -reduction of bone fragments in open fractures -Cramer splint overlay with abundant cotton pad -applying a plaster cast - overlay of Jacobson's bus #Immobilization for fractures of the bones of the lower leg is performed using: +three long tires Cramer -two Ditrekhs ladder tires -Cramer's impromptu bus -one bus Elansky -Jacobson bus #Immobilization for fractures of the clavicle is performed: + Deso bandage - Kramer bandage - Elansky's bandage - T-shaped bandage - Ditrekhs tire #A metal frame made of wires with transverse crosses made of thin wires is: + tire ladder Cramer - plywood tire - transport plastic tire -medical pneumatic tire - transport tire Diterichs #How many ladder rails does Bashmakov's tire consist of ? +2 -3 -4 -5 -6 #Bashmakova's tire is intended for immobilization: +heads - hands - hips -feet - scrotum #Give the most complete answer - bleeding is: +outpouring of blood into tissues, body cavities or into the external environment - outpouring of blood into the external environment - outpouring of blood into the body cavity - outpouring of blood into the external environment and tissues - outpouring of blood into the tissue #What bleeding is distinguished by etiology: +mechanical, neurotrophic - arterial, venous - capillary, parenchymal - external, internal - primary, secondary #According to the anatomical classification, bleeding is divided into: +arterial, venous, capillary, parenchymal -internal, external - early, late - ongoing, stopped - primary, secondary #Based on the clinical manifestations, bleeding is divided into: +outdoor, indoor, hidden - arterial, venous, capillary - primary, secondary - mechanical, neurotrophic - early, late #What bleeding is distinguished by the time of occurrence? +primary, secondary - stopped, continuing -acute, chronic - mechanical, neurotrophic - intensive, non-intensive #When does late secondary bleeding occur? +after the development of infection in the wound - with the development of sepsis - before the development of infection in the wound - immediately after damage, injury - with an increase in blood pressure #Hematoma is: +accumulation of blood limited to tissues - blood impregnation of any tissue - accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity - accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity - accumulation of blood in the joint cavity #What type of bleeding is associated with the term " melena "? + intestinal - nasal - pulmonary - uterine - gastric #What are the symptoms of internal bleeding? + local and general - primary and secondary - explicit and local - acute and chronic - single and multiple #Hemothorax is an accumulation of blood in: +pleural cavity - joint capsule - abdominal cavity - pericardial sac - epidural space #Bleeding that occurs on the first day after injury is called + early secondary - primary - late secondary - hidden - outdoor #Scarlet blood is released in a pulsating stream when bleeding from + arteries - capillaries - parenchymal organs - veins -hollow organs #To temporarily stop bleeding include: + applying a pressure bandage, tourniquet - ligation of the vessel throughout - vascular suture - ligation of blood vessels in the wound - electrocoagulation of the vessel #Which of the following methods is the final stop of bleeding? +ligation of the vessel -flexion of the limb in the joint area - finger pressing of vessels - clamping the vessel - tourniquet #What kind of bleeding occurs with a bleeding stomach ulcer? + in the form of coffee grounds - in the form of foamy sputum - vomit streaked with rust - tarry vomiting - bleeding in the cavity #Esmarch's tourniquet used for ? + arterial - venous - capillary - parenchymal - in the body cavity Specify the maximum allowable continuous time for the tourniquet to be on the lower limb in winter: +1.5 hours - 0.5 hou- - 3 hours - 4.5 hours - 8 hours #Which of the following methods of stopping bleeding is biological? +transfusion of blood components - the introduction of calcium chloride - introduction of epsilon-aminocaproic acid - the introduction of iron preparations -ligation of the vessel #What type of temporary stoppage of bleeding should be applied in case of arterial bleeding from a wound in the lower third of the thigh? +tourniquet - elevated position of the limb - tight bandage - maximum flexion of the limb in the knee joint. - vessel electrocoagulation #What complications can occur when using Esmarch's tourniquet ? +gangrene of the distal limb - gangrene of the proximal limb - thrombophlebitis of deep veins of the limb - phlebothrombosis - bleeding #What drugs are used in the chemical method of stopping bleeding? +calcium chloride, adrenaline - fibrinolysin, hemostatic sponge - thrombin, fibrinogen - antiseptic swab - fresh frozen plasma #What method of final hemostasis is used in case of injury of the common carotid artery? +vascular suture - ligation of the vessel in the wound - ligation throughout - applying a hemostatic clamp - twisting of the vessel #Biological topical agent to stop bleeding +hemostatic sponge - vikasol - native plasma - calcium chloride - fresh frozen whey #Biological agent of general use to stop bleeding +fresh frozen and native plasma - hemostatic sponge - epsilon aminocaproic acid - calcium chloride - dicynone #Who first discovered the Rh factor in 1940? +Landsteiner and Wiener - Fisher and Raymond - Schmidt and Lister - Jansky and Vishnevsky - Levin and Struchkovsky #Agglutinogens A and B belong to the system of antigens +red blood cells - platelet - leukocyte - whey - monocytic #If, when determining the group affiliation, agglutination did not occur with all sera, then the tested blood belongs to the group? + O (I) - A (II) - B (III) - AB (IV) -it is panagglutination #If, when determining the group affiliation, agglutination occurred with the sera of the first and second groups, then the test blood belongs to the group? + B(III) - A(II) - O(I) - AB(IV) - the reaction has a technical error #Indirect blood transfusion +transfusion of canned blood from a vial - transfusion directly from the donor to the recipient - reinfusion - transfusion of freshly prepared blood from mother to child - transfusion of perftoran #Reinfusion of blood is + reverse transfusion of blood to the patient, poured into his various cavities - transfusion of preserved autologous blood prepared in advance from the patient - blood transfusion directly from the donor to the recipient - it is cadaveric blood - this is a transfusion of waste blood #In the presence of absolute indications for blood transfusion, contraindications: + are not taken into account - acute cardiovascular failure - pulmonary edema - kidney failure - stroke #To prevent complications caused by sodium citrate in canned blood, apply: + 10%whether calcium chloride - 10%whether sodium chloride - 10%whether potassium chloride - 20%whether sodium chloride - 20%whether magnesium sulfate #Hemolysis from a transfusion of incompatible blood can be determined using: + Baxter's samples - Coombs reactions - Ottenberg rules - Ottenberg samples - no sample is placed #Hemodynamic drugs include + polyglucin - hemodez - lactosol - disol - holosol #In acute anemia, it is advisable to use: + erythrocyte mass -platelet mass -leukocyte mass -native plasma -fibrinogen #In case of radiation sickness, you should use: + leukocyte mass -erythrocyte mass -platelet mass -native plasma -whole blood #When transfusing dry plasma, consider: + blood type -blood type and nationality -no need to establish -only Rh-affiliation -transferred infectious diseases #What kind of needles does he use to transfuse blood into the bone: + Cashier's needle - Beer 's needle - Dfo needle - Dyshana needle - Cousin's needle #To determine the group affiliation, sera are needed: +two series - one series - three series - four series - five series #The cross method for determining the blood group is performed using + standard erythrocytes - whole blood - 33% polyglucin solution -standard sera and erythrocytes - anti-rhesus serum #The hemagglutination reaction is assessed through +5 minutes - 55 minutes - 33 minutes - 82 minutes - 7 minutes #If, when determining the group affiliation, agglutination occurred with the sera of the first 3 groups, then the tested blood belongs to the group? +AB (IV) - O(I) - B(III) - A(II) - this is cold agglutination #If, when determining the group affiliation, agglutination occurred with the sera of the first and third groups, then the tested blood belongs to the group? + A(II) - O(I) - B(III) - AB(IV) - it doesn't happen #If, when determining group membership, agglutination occurred with the sera of all four groups, then the following occurs: +nonspecific agglutination - O (I) - A(II) - B(III) - AB(IV) #Blood products include: +protein - polyglucin - gelatinol - lipofundin - reopoliglyukin #Manifestations of the syndrome of massive blood transfusion: +metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia - acute renal failure and diarrhea - increased fibrinosis in the blood - citrate shock - macrohematuria and bilirubinemia #Reinfusion of blood is performed: +with bleeding into the chest or abdominal cavity - in case of damage to the main vessels of the limbs - with bleeding into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract - with bleeding into the mediastinum - with bleeding into the joint cavity #Autotransfusion is: +transfusion of preserved autologous blood prepared in advance from the patient - reverse transfusion of blood to the patient, poured into various cavities - blood transfusion directly from the donor to the recipient - it is a reinfusion - this is a transfusion of waste blood #What is the name of the mechanical effect on tissues and organs for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes? + surgery - gynecological operations - neurosurgical operations - urological operations - trauma surgery #What is the name of the operation performed to clarify the diagnosis, determine the stage of the process? +diagnostic operation - medical operation - prophylactic operation - pathogenetic operation - autopsy operation #What is the name of the operation in which the disease is eliminated? +radical operation - palliative surgery - prophylactic operation - early operation - planned operation #What is the name of the operations that are performed after a certain period of time after the admission of a patient with an acute surgical disease to the hospital? +urgent operations - emergency operations - planned operations - radical operations - palliative operations #Which of the following refers to early, local postoperative complications? +secondary bleeding -marginal necrosis -wound deformity - wound keloidosis -suppuration of the wound #What are operations called that do not eliminate the cause of the disease, but only alleviate the patient's condition? + palliative surgery - radical operations -diagnostic operations - corrective operations - facilitating operations #What is the name of the operations performed immediately, in the first two hours after hospitalization of patients in a hospital and clarification of the diagnosis? +urgent operation - microsurgical operations - cosmetic surgery - aesthetic operations - vascular operations #What are the operations performed in the first days after admission to the hospital called? +urgent operation - radical operation -primary operation - complicated operation - planned operation #What are the names of operations performed at any time, and preparation for surgery can last for several weeks? + planned operation - urgent operation - delayed operation - emergency operation - urgent operation #What is the name of the operation in which several successive stages are performed immediately in one intervention? +single operation - two moment operation - three moment operation - four moment operation - five moment operation #Which of the following is the most important step in preparing a patient for surgery? +calming the patient - dense feeding of the patient - hair cutting - mustache shaving - change of fillings and crowns of teeth #What refers to the local somatic preparation of patients for surgery? + inspection of the operating field - blood transfusion - carrying out infusion therapy - the appointment of vitamin therapy - appointment of physiotherapy procedures #What type of operations on the cardiovascular system are from the point of view of asepsis? +clean - conditionally clean - contaminated - primary infected - secondarily infected #Which of the following is done before surgery? +shaving the operating field - send the patient home - familiarize the patient with the technical parameters of the anesthesia machine - explains to the patient that the operating table is imported - offer the patient conservative treatment #what is the first stage of the surgery? +placing the patient on the operating table - treatment of the surgical field - anesthesia - online access - hemostasis #A wound with a small and rounded damage to the integument, a significant depth is called + chopped - cut - bruised - crushed - bitten #Wounds are considered the most favorable for healing. + cut - bitten - stab - bruised - chopped #What wounds are most often complicated by the development of a putrefactive infection? + bitten - stab - cut - stab-cut - scalped #What wounds are characterized by deep damage, wide gaping, bruising and concussion of surrounding tissues? +chopped - cut - bitten - stab-cut - stab #What is a penetrating wound, characterized by the presence of a small inlet and a large outlet? + bullet -knife - with an ax - bayonet - awl #What explains the presence of a zone of molecular concussion in a gunshot wound? +wave-like movements of the bullet - pressure on the tissue of the projectile - pulsation of cells in the wound area - the mass of the projectile or bullet - projectile power go bullets #What is dangerous crushed wound? + high degree of infection - bleeding - a feature of tissue damage - the presence of inlet and outlet - features of the edges of the wound #Factor determining the intensity of pain in the wound + the neuropsychic state of the body - the state of local hemodynamics - the presence of contamination in the wound - impact force - secrecy of injury #The walls close to each other stick together and form a scar when + primary healing - secondary healing - granulation - inflammation - epithelization #How microbes get into the wound during secondary infection +with suture material -with earth - with clothes - with hair - with bandages #What is the purpose of proteolytic enzymes in treatment? + rejection of necrotic tissue - reduce the effect of antibiotics - reduce inflammation - stimulate granulation - reduce bleeding #What is the role of granulation tissue? + regenerative - aseptic - coagulating - immunological - microbiological #What stage of wound healing follows after the formation of granulation? +epithelialization - organization - scarring - killoidization - coagulation #The densest layer of developed granulation is: + fibrous - leukocyte -necrotic - vascular loops - vertical vessels - horizontal vessels #Wound healing after granulation formation: + secondary - primary - tertiary - combined - usual #What is the main purpose of the primary surgical treatment of the abdominal wound? + wound revision - washing the wound -packing the wound - wound drainage - suturing the wound #To what extent is it necessary to remove tissues during their primary surgical treatment? +healthy tissues - not healthy tissues - demarcation shaft - before transfer to cut form - doesn't matter #What should be done if there is unremoved necrotic tissue in the wound? +apply enzymes - apply antibiotics - drain the wound - immobilize - tamponate #What wound treatment is carried out in the presence of a purulent process? +secondary surgical treatment - primary surgical treatment - early debridement - late surgical treatment - cosmetic surgical treatment #What are the sutures that are applied immediately after the initial surgical treatment of the wound called? +primary - early - first - nodal - final #What should be applied if there is an area of necrosis at the bottom of the wound? +proteolytic enzymes - antibiotics - sulfonamides - stimulants - hypertonic solution #Type of wound according to the mechanism of occurrence: +chopped - purulent - aseptic - granular - primary #In what cases is a primary trimmed suture applied? +with the possibility of developing an infection - in shock - with a large blood loss - when the vessels are injured - when a nerve is injured #When is the primary suture applied to the wound? + immediately after the primary surgical treatment of the wound - 2 hours after the primary surgical treatment of the wound - 8-9 days after the primary surgical treatment of the wound - immediately after the wound toilet - up to 15 days after the primary surgical treatment of the wound #Closed mechanical damage to soft tissues and organs without a visible violation of their anatomical integrity is: +injury - stretching - gap - concussion - wound #Tissue damage while maintaining their anatomical continuity is: +stretch - injury - wound - concussion - gap #Closed damage to tissues or an organ with a violation of their anatomical integrity is: +gap - stretching - injury - wound - concussion #Mechanical impact on tissues, leading to a violation of their functional state without obvious anatomical damage, is: + concussion -stretching - injury - fracture - dislocation #A peculiar pathological condition caused by prolonged compression of soft tissues is: +crash syndrome - abdominal syndrome - metabolic syndrome - asthenic syndrome - dyspeptic syndrome #What is the name of a functionally reversible form of brain damage, accompanied by a loss of consciousness lasting from several seconds to several minutes? + concussion - injury - compression - nystagmus - molestation #Signs of soft tissue injuries? + pain in the area of injury - hyperemia - subcutaneous crepitus - pallor - bradycardia #First aid for soft tissue injuries is: + in the local application of cold and rest - a compress with alcohol - a plaster cast is applied - use drugs - use cardiotonic #Is it called sprain? +partial rupture of ligaments while maintaining anatomical integrity - complete rupture of ligaments with preservation of the skin - rupture of ligaments with skin damage - ligament rupture with avulsion fracture - rupture of ligaments with muscle damage #Do tendon ligaments get damaged more often? +ankle joint - wrist joint - hip joint - acromionoclavicular joint - knee joint #With a closed chest injury, it is often observed: +bruised chest - fragment fracture of the rib - contusion of the heart - mediastinal injury - contusion of the esophagus #A symptom of what injury is the excision of the cerebrospinal fluid of their ear after a craniocerebral injury? +fracture of the base of the skull - subarachnoid bleeding - concussion - fracture of the cranial vault - contusion of the esophagus #Hemothorax is: +accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity - accumulation of blood in the thoracic cavity - accumulation of blood in the costophrenic sinus - accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity - accumulation of blood in the mediastinum #Pneumothorax is: + air in the pleural cavity - air in the mediastinum - air in the pericardial cavity - air in the alveoli - air in the subcutaneous tissue #In the treatment of hemothorax, repeated punctures are used: +pleural cavity - lung - mediastinum - pericardium - abdominal cavity #With valvular pneumothorax, there is a lack of function: + breathing - liver - kidneys - CNS - hearts #One of the main symptoms of a concussion is: +retrograde amnesia - headaches - dizziness - anisocoria - weakness #What is the treatment of patients with damage to the parenchymal organs of the abdominal cavity? +surgical - conservative - blood transfusion - hemostatic therapy - transfusion of blood substitutes Specify a symptom that is not typical for joint dislocation: + crepitus - soreness - deformation - forced position - movement restrictions #Specify the absolute symptom of bone fracture: + crepitation of bone fragments - increase in limb length - bleeding from a wound - swelling - local hyperthermia #Specify the element of first aid at the scene with a fracture of a long tubular bone: +immobilization of the limb with a transport tire - use Beller tires - perform reposition of bone fragments - perform epidural anesthesia - carry out tracheal intubation #A false joint is observed when: + interposition of soft tissues between bone fragments - increased function of osteoblasts - increased function of osteoclasts - lack of phosphorus and calcium - lack of fibrinogen #A sure sign of a broken bone: +crepitation of bone fragments - active mobility - pain - swelling - hyperemia #Due to fractures, there are: + traumatic - with offset - no offset - helical - spiral #By the nature of the contacts of the articular surfaces, dislocations are: +complete, not complete -incomplete, intra-articular - isolated, extra-articular - with displacement of the epiphysis - epimetaphyseal #According to the origin of dislocations, they distinguish: + acquired, congenital - congenital, combined - combined, isolated - combined - bruised #Fracture with dislocation are called conditions characterized by damage: + fracture of the articular parts of the bone and dislocation - fracture and displacement of bone fragments - fracture with impaction of bone fragments - fracture with tissue interposition - dislocation of one bone and fracture of another #With complete dislocation of the articular surfaces... +do not touch - touch - partially touch - are driven in -become inflamed #Congenital dislocation is more common in the joint: +hip - shoulder - elbow - ankle - wrist #Pathological dislocation occurs when: + osteomyelitis of the articular surface - frostbite - mechanical injury - inflammation of the joint - fracture of long tubular bones #First aid for a dislocation is to apply: +fixing bandage - aseptic dressing - ointment bandage - plaster cast - cotton bandage #Dislocation treatment is based on: + reduction - osteosynthesis - skeletal traction - traction - active movement #A fracture occurs as a result of the impact: +mechanical force - twisting - stretching - muscle contraction - in case of poisoning Acquired fractures occur: +after childbirth - in utero - during childbirth - during childbirth and beyond - when trying to walk #What is combined damage? + a combination of various traumatic factors - damage combination - combination of fracture and dislocation - fracture of a tubular bone - bone inflammation #Congenital fractures occur: +in utero - during childbirth - in the first hours after childbirth - up to a year after birth - when trying to walk Where is thermal damage most often observed? + skin - oral cavity - respiratory tract - esophagus - stomach #What are the types of burns according to the etiological basis? +hermal - bacterial - mechanical - physical - biological What types of burns are most common? + thermal - chemical - electrical - radiation - biological #What factors determine the degree of tissue damage during the development of a burn? +exposure temperature - season of the year - time of day - the room where the event took place - weather What substances get into the skin or mucous membranes and cause chemical burns? + acids or alkalis - boiling water - sunlight - ultraviolet rays - serum #What can cause radiation burns? + infrared and ultraviolet - various chemicals - by the rays of the “AGFA” lamp - table lamp beams - computer monitor beams Choose a burn prediction method: +Frank index - Algover index - Fisher index - Vilyavina index - Wallace index #How does a 1st degree burn manifest itself? +skin hyperemia - skin necrosis - the appearance of blisters on the skin - necrosis of deeper tissues - bone necrosis #How is the 2nd degree burn clinically manifested? +the formation of blisters on the skin - hyperemia and edema of the skin - joint contracture - sardonic smile - protective tension of the muscles of the abdominal wall #How many degrees are distinguished in frostbite? +4 -3 -5 -2 -1 #How deep is a III A degree burn? + superficial - deep - combined - critical - border #What part of the blood is lost during skin burns? +plasma - erythrocytes - platelets - leukocytes - neutrophils #Which method of estimating the area of burn damage is based on the rule of nine? + Wallace method - Vilyavin's method - Postnikov method - Glumov's method - Volkolakov method #What is the name of the tree-like ramifications and streaks of hyperemia on the skin due to paralysis and stasis of blood vessels +signs of lightning - current signs - signs of frostbite - current loop - burn marks #Furuncle is an acute purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicles, surrounding tissue and: +sebaceous glands - apocrine glands - lymph glands - parotid glands - salivary glands #With the localization of the boil on the face, there is a threat of developing purulent meningitis, while the infection enters the cerebral sinuses through the vein system: +v.angularis oculi - v.jugularis anterior - v.anonima - v.subclavia - v. cephalica #With carbuncle of the face, among the most dangerous complications, the following should be distinguished: +thrombosis of the cavernous sinus - folliculitis - erysipelas - lymphadenitis - hydradenitis #U -shaped phlegmon of the hand develops when the infection spreads from the tendon sheath of the following fingers: +from 1 to 5 - from 1 to 4 - from 1 to 3 - from 2 to 4 - from 2 to 3 #What is called an abscess? +limited accumulation of pus in the tissues - reproduction in the body of pathogenic microbes with the formation of pus - purulent fusion of tissues - unlimited accumulation of pus in the tissues - the spread of pus in the tissues #What is phlegmon +acute diffuse purulent inflammation of tissues - reproduction in the body of pyogenic microbes with the presence of pus formation - acute inflammation of soft tissues - the appearance of a purulent fistula on the skin - limited accumulation of pus in the tissues #A pyogenic capsule forms around the abscess +always - not always - only with good reactivity of the body - only when the body is unresponsive - depending on the pathogenicity of microflora #Can an abscess resolve on its own? + no - yes - only small abscesses - with good treatment - with physiotherapy treatment #When an abscess forms, the infection enters the tissue... +all of the above ways - only in a direct way through the damaged mucosa - only by the lymphogenous route - only by hematogenous route - only in a direct way through the damaged wound #What combination of symptoms most fully characterizes an abscess? + pain, redness, fluctuation - pain, blueness - pain, redness, swelling - swelling, throbbing pain - pain, general temperature #When does a cold abscess occur? +in case of tuberculous lesions of the bones - in case of increased reactivity of the organism - in case of a decrease in the reactivity of the body - in case of decay of a malignant tumor - in the absence of infection #In what period of formation of an abscess (phlegmon) should thermal procedures be applied (warming compresses, heating pads, solux, UHF)? + in the initial stage of the disease (phase of serous inflammation) - It is strictly forbidden to apply in any period - in case of detection of fluctuation - in case of spontaneous opening - in case of prompt opening #Furuncle is it? + inflammation of the hair follicle -inflammation of the sebaceous gland - inflammation of the sweat gland - inflammation of the skin - inflammation of the mucous membrane #Does it play an important role in the occurrence of boils? + weakened immunity, beriberi, microtrauma, diabetes mellitus - diabetes mellitus, neurasthenia, dysbacteriosis - skin pollution, gastrointestinal disease - skin pollution, respiratory disease - diseases of the gastrointestinal tract #Inflammatory infiltrate with a boil envelops: + 1 follicle - 2 follicles - 3 follicles - 4 follicles - more than 4 follicles #Carbuncle develops more often in the following areas: + in the neck - in the palm of your hand - in the external auditory canal - in the nose - on the sole #Furunculosis most often develops: +on the gluteal region - on the chest - on the face - in the external auditory canal - in the respiratory tract A particularly severe clinical course is observed with boils with localization: + in the area of the nasolabial fold - on the scrotum - in the back of the neck - in the external auditory canal - on the limbs #More often the causative agent of the disease (furuncle, carbuncle) is: +Staphylococcus aureus - epidermal staphylococcus aureus - streptococcus - proteus - E. coli #The main method of treating a boil in the abscess phase is: +pustule removal hydrophilic ointment - novocaine blockades - heat compresses - only antibiotics - physiotherapy #The main method of treatment of carbuncle; +surgical - novocaine blockades - physiotherapy - conservative - ointment bandages #Carbuncle treatment should be carried out: +in the hospital - on an outpatient basis - on an outpatient basis under the close supervision of a surgeon - at home -health resort #The furuncle of the face should be treated: + in the hospital - on an outpatient basis - on an outpatient basis under the close supervision of a surgeon - at home - health resort Specify the characteristic local symptom of ¬carbuncle +symptom of "bee sieve" - symptom of "apple jelly" - fluctuation symptom - symptom of crepitus - symptom of "ligature" #Specify the complications of furuncle: +lymphadenitis - paraproctitis - mediastinitis - folliculitis - panaritium #With subcutaneous panaritium due to a rapid violation of blood circulation, the following symptoms are revealed: +throbbing pain - the skin of the finger is black - skin itching - increasing symptoms of lymphangitis - blood pressure rises #With bone panaritium, radiological signs are detected on: +2-3rd week - in a few hours - 1-2 days - up to a week - X-ray signs are not detected #Surgical treatment of tendon felon should begin with: + puncture - injection with antibiotics - removal of the sequester - finger amputation - X-ray therapy #Panaritium often occurs when an infection enters: + through microtrauma - by hematogenous way - through an incised wound - by airborne droplets - lymphogenous way #Pain syndrome with panaritium is intense due to? +high interstitial pressure - involvement in the inflammatory process of the bone - the spread of the inflammation process to the hand - necrotic processes in the tissues of the fingers - involvement in the inflammatory process of the nerve #Carbuncle does not occur on: + palms -foot - thigh - neck - in the nose #What is pandactylitis? + purulent inflammation of all tissues of the finger - damage to the bone structure of the finger - soft tissue necrosis of the finger - damage to the nail phalanx of the finger -damage to the tendons of the finger #Bone felon in the course of the clinical process is: +acute, chronic -primary, secondary - only sharp - only chronic - only lingering #The pathognomonic sign of bone panaritium is: + flask-shaped swelling of the distal phalanx - linear periostitis - throbbing pain in the finger - half-bent position of the finger - redness of the finger #Panaritium is: + purulent inflammation of the fingers -purulent inflammation of the nail plate -purulent inflammation of the callus of the hand - fungal inflammation of the wound of the hand - inflammation of the tissues of the finger and hand against the background of sepsis #Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is more common in: + children - adults -the elderly - women -gender and age do not matter #Hematogenous osteomyelitis often affects the bone: + femoral - elbow - radiation - heel - rib #Most often in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is affected: +tubular bone - rib - epiphysis - periosteum - irregularly shaped bone #Osteomyelitis is: + purulent inflammation of the bone - bone necrosis - fracture - inflammation of the bone marrow - joint inflammation #The most severe forms of purulent arthritis are caused by: + hemolytic streptococcus - pneumococcus - proteus - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - staphylococcus #The operation of arthrotomy for purulent arthritis is performed: + with multiple repeated punctures of the joint that do not give effect - with an extensive fracture of the articular ends of the bones - in the presence of sepsis in the joint cavity - with the destruction of the ligamentous apparatus of the joint - with a pronounced pain syndrome #Predisposing factors for the development of hematogenous osteomyelitis include: + the presence of a purulent-inflammatory process - general or local cooling of the body - HIV infection - bone injury - beriberi #Most often in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is affected: + thigh - lower leg - rib - skull bones - pelvic bones #Optimal conditions for the development of anaerobic infection + contamination of the wound with earth - decreased immunity - HIV infection - closed fracture - the presence of heart disease #What are the forms of gas gangrene? + bullous - edematous - emphysematous - necrotic - gangrenous #One of the treatment and prevention principles for anthrax: + isolation of the patient; - hospitalization in a general ward; - operation; - hospitalization is not necessary; - outpatient treatment #Treatment of carbuncle with anthrax: + broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy; - operation; - drainage of the ulcer; - physiotherapy; - necrectomy #Wet gangrene is especially severe in patients with + diabetes - obliterating endarteritis - hematogenous osteomyelitis - tuberculosis of the bones - vascular atherosclerosis #With Gangrene syndrome, there is no … + demarcation shaft - edema - marbling of the skin - pain - skin necrosis #Specify one of the main principles of tetanus treatment: + carrying out specific and non-specific immunization - bathing the patient in the bath - hospitalization in a general ward - lack of anesthesia - lack of intestinal peristalsis #Non-specific tetanus prophylaxis: + competent surgical treatment of the wound; - not using antiseptics in the wound; - insufficient necrectomy ; - frequent stitches on the wound; - not using ointment #Optimal measures in the treatment of patients with wet gangrene of the limb + in the presence of severe intoxication with high temperature: + amputation of a limb; - daily dosed physiotherapy - enhanced antibiotic therapy - a set of measures aimed at preventing infection from entering the wound; - physiotherapy exercises #Sign of dry gangrene: + the presence of a demarcation line; - the presence of intoxication - the presence of abundant purulent discharge; - hypotension; -hypertension #Primary prevention of anthrax: + wearing masks and using gloves; - frequent hand treatment - frequent change of clothes; - the usual epidemiological regime - Sufficient personal hygiene #Local signs of anthrax +bluish exudate exudes from the wound -pus comes out of the wound -exudate with an unpleasant odor -normal discharge of pus - crepitus around the wound #A patient with tuberculous coxitis developed an abscess on his thigh. What is your treatment strategy? + incision and tamponade with antiseptics of the abscess cavity - abscess puncture - UV irradiation of the abscess - radiotherapy - physiotherapy #Gangrenous abscess is characteristic for: + lungs -liver - faces - neck foot surfaces #The most common localization of a lung abscess: +lower share -laverage share -upper lobe -top and middle - middle and bottom #Tuberculosis microbacteria enter the body through: +respiratory tract -digestive tract -damaged skin and mucous membranes -digestive tract and damaged skin and mucous membranes -through the auditory opening #What is characteristic of tuberculous peritonitis? +the presence of mesadenitis -the presence of purulent effusion -the presence of interloop abscesses -the presence of metastases -the presence of furunculosis #Diagnosis of actinomycosis of the lungs does not include: +EGDFS -bronchoscopy -X-ray studies -computed tomography -microbiological research #The collapse of the infiltrate in actinomycosis of the lung can lead to the formation of: +cavern -pneumonia -pleurisy -chest pain -redness of the skin of the chest #What is wrong here, if we talk about the clinical classification of sepsis? +septicopyemia -sharp -lightning fast -cryptogenic -hemotogenic #Everything can be a source of surgical sepsis except +closed fracture -wounds -face carbuncle -peritonitis -pleural empyema #The causative agents of surgical sepsis do not include +immune deficiency virus -hemolytic streptococcus -Staphylococcus aureus -proteus -pneumococci #Are all these symptoms of sepsis specific: high fever, chills, bacteremia, sweating, exhaustion? +yes -no -only high fever, chills -everything except sweating -exhaustion #What therapeutic measures can not be recommended for sepsis? +taking a hot bath -opening of a purulent focus -the introduction of antibiotics -vitamin therapy -physiotherapy exercises #Specify the component of symptomatic therapy for sepsis: +cardiac -antidepressants -coagulants -sleeping pills -choleretic #Specify the routes of administration of antibiotics for sepsis: +parenteral -through the intestines -enteral -through the probe -intra-articular #Specify severe complications in sepsis: +bacterial -toxic shock -poisoning -lower limb ischemia -leukemia -intestinal obstruction #Specify incorrect principles of antibiotic therapy for sepsis: +strictly enteral administration of antibiotics -maximum doses of antibiotics -a combination of 2-3 antibiotics -combination of 4-5 antibiotics -intra-arterial administration of antibiotics #Tactics with which the treatment of the primary focus in sepsis does not begin: +suturing the wound -surgical treatment of the wound -the use of proteolytic enzymes -hyperbaric oxygenation -antibiotic therapy #Type of sepsis by time of development: +early (10-14 days from the onset of the disease in case of damage); -long; -not long -late -delayed #The form of sepsis according to the nature of the reaction of the patient's body: + hyperergic form; -hyperacid -hypoacid ; -energetic; - mixed; #The main general treatment for sepsis is: + detoxification therapy; -general strengthening therapy -physiotherapy -hemostasis; -bronchodilators ; #type of temperature increase during the developed sepsis: +wavy; -periodic -intermittent fever; -spasmodic; -fickle #Necrosis is defined as: +death of cells, tissues and organs -dysfunction of cells, tissues and organs -violation of blood circulation of organs -reduced tissue regeneration -tissue hypergranulation #Gangrene is - define it: +death of a body part and organ necrosis -organ necrosis -skin redness -dysfunction of organs - death of a body part #In what cases is dry gangrene more observed? +with a slow violation of blood circulation -with a sharp violation of blood circulation -in fat, obese patients -in thin, thin patients -with a sharp violation of blood circulation in obese patients #What type of gangrene causes severe intoxication? + with wet gangrene with putrefactive decay -with wet gangrene -with putrefactive gangrene -with dry and wet gangrene -with dry gangrene #At what type of gangrene is the demarcation line marked? +with dry gangrene -with wet gangrene -with diabetes -with wet and dry gangrene -when a specific infection is attached #What process is observed in wet gangrene? +colliquative necrosis -growth of granulation tissue -coagulative necrosis -tissue proliferation -hyperkeratosis #Indicate the optimal treatment for wet gangrene of the lower extremity: +amputation -antibiotic therapy -necrectomy -ointment bandages -immobilization of the lower limb #In what cases is plastic surgery used in the treatment of trophic ulcers? +when cleansing a wound with granulation -with hypergranulation of ulcers -after covering the wounds with fibrin -in the presence of discharge from wounds -with hyperkeratosis #What is a fistula? + a channel connecting the cavity with the surface of the skin -mucosal defect -skin defect -purulent wound -wound in the proliferation stage #What does artificial fistula mean? +fistula performed by a surgical method -fistula due to abnormal development -congenital fistula -fistula due to trauma -fistula due to pathological changes #What tissues can fistula walls consist of? +except glandular and fibrous tissue -glandular tissue -fibrous tissue -epithelial tissue -granulation tissue #In what cases is self-healing of fistulas possible? +with granulation fistulas -does not heal on its own -with epithelial fistulas -with labial fistulas -with congenital fistulas #Prevention of bedsores: +rubber circle -dressing with levomekol ointment -catheterization of the main arteries -novocaine blockade -skin graft #Which of the following is performed in the clinic: +small outpatient operations -preparation of patients for inpatient treatment -inpatient treatment -big day operations -emergency operations #Types of communication with patients? +verbal-non-verbal -intermittent -multi-stage -2 stage -continuous #Responsibilities of the Receptionist: +determine the diagnosis and indications for hospitalization of the patient -sanitize the patient -issue a title page of the medical history -temperature measurement and examination of the skin -fulfillment of medical appointments #What surgical procedures are performed in a polyclinic: +change of bandages -angiography -laparotomy -thoracotomy -elimination of strangulated hernias #Which of the documents does not happen in the clinic: + medical history -dressing log -outpatient card -registration log -transaction log #What is used for the purpose of physical antiseptics? +Laser therapy -fluoroquinolones +radiotherapy -enzyme therapy #Before using antibiotics, +determination of the sensitivity of the microbe +determination of the sensitivity of the patient -measure body temperature -determine the amount of daily diuresis : #What is used for the purpose of physical antiseptics? - sulfonamides +ultraviolet rays -antibiotics +gamma rays #How are surgical linens sterilized? + autoclaving -washing +irradiation -boiling and drying #Scientists - the founders of asepsis and antisepsis + Lister -Pirogov +Bergman -Spasokukotsky #When is an infection considered exogenous? + from toolkit -from a carious tooth +from dressing material -from a boil #What is done to prevent contact infection? - sterilized masks -Sterilized and hide hair +sterilized operating linen +instruments are sterilized #Dressing material can be: + sterile +not sterile -plastic -painted #The cruciform bandage is used on: + chest -the first finger of the hand +ankle joint -scrotum #What are the rules for the use of transport immobilization? + giving the injured limb a physiologically advantageous position -the use of plaster pads in the area of bone protrusions +splinting with the capture of adjacent joints -warming the limb in cold weather #Transport immobilization is carried out + standard tires +improvised tires -plaster cast -cleol bandage #Specify 2 main symptoms of arterial bleeding: + fountain bleeding -dark cherry blood +scarlet blood -bleeding jet #Specify 2 main symptoms of venous bleeding: + dark cherry bloo -burgundy blood -scarlet blood +bleeding jet #Physical method for the final stop of bleeding + electrocoagulation +laser coagulation -plasma transfusion -suturing the vessel #Specify 2 mechanical ways to stop bleeding + suturing the vessel -electrocoagulation +vessel prosthesis -plasma transfusion #Mechanism of action of transfused blood in bleeding? - vasoconstriction -centralization of blood circulation in the pulmonary circulation +replenishment of the volume of circulating blood +increased blood clotting time #Specify the methods of biological arrest of bleeding: - transfusion of rheopolyglucin +application of foam sponge +application of hemostatic sponge -transfusion of thrombolytic mass #Autotransfusion is: - reverse blood transfusion to a patient who has poured into various cavities +transfusion of canned erythrocyte mass, prepared in advance from the patient +transfusion of preserved autologous blood prepared in advance from the patient -reinfusion #Reinfusion of blood is performed: - with bleeding into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract - in case of damage to the main vessels of the limbs +with bleeding into the abdominal cavity +with bleeding into the pleural cavity #What types of operations differ depending on the intended purpose? - planned + medical -emergency +diagnostic #What types of surgery differ depending on the impact on the pathological process? + radical - simultaneous +palliative -hybrid #What are the stages of the preoperative period? - the period of passing the sanitary checkpoint +the period of preparation for surgery +period of clarification of the diagnosis -a period of rest in a quiet hour #Which wound will cause more bleeding? - bruised +cut -bitten +chopped #What determines the degree of soft tissue damage? - from damage to the lymphatic vessels -from damage to the nerve trunks +on the size of the injuring object +from the depth of damage #What determines the intensity of pain in the wound area? + a zone of damage to nerve elements -with muscle damage +the sharpness of the injuring object -with the depth of damage #A wound inflicted by a venomous snake is called + bitten -chopped +poisoned -abrasion #What is the possible development of damage to soft tissues when two forces act on them in the opposite direction? + stretch -concussion - fracture +gap #In what cases is dullness determined during percussion in the lateral canals of the abdomen? + with damage to parenchymal organs +when hollow organs are ruptured -with a rupture of the lungs -with damage to the mediastinum #What are the differences between wounds in relation to cavities? - tangents +non-penetrating -mixed + penetrating #What should be considered in the treatment of deep burns? + prevention of wound infections -Prevention of wound killoidosis -prevention of tissue atrophy +prevention of toxemia #What is the name of the combination of clinical symptoms, general reactions of the body and dysfunction of internal organs with impaired hemodynamics in case of thermal damage to the skin and underlying tissues? - phase of convalescence of burn disease +burn toxemia -thermal burn +burn shock #What is the cause of sudden death due to electric shock? - acute liver failure +respiratory arrest +ventricular fibrillation of the heart -anuria #What two processes are associated with changes in the body under the action of an electric current? - electrochemical action -energy action +thermal action +general biological effect #What are the main general and local types of acute cold injury? + freezing -chill -neurovasculitis +frostbite #With a boil of a person with a high temperature, apply: - wide dissection and opening of the purulent focus +antibiotic therapy -strict bed rest +forced diuresis #What are the dangers of boils in the upper part of the face: - the development of tonsillitis. +thrombosis of the cavernous sinus -the development of purulent meningitis. +swelling of the face. #Specify the anatomical prerequisites for the occurrence of complications in the localization of boils on the face: -rich blood supply. +communication of the veins of the face with the sinuses of the dura mater. -unexpressed subcutaneous fatty tissue. +the absence of valves in the veins of the face that prevent ¬the spread of infection #What are the main predisposing factors for the development of furunculosis: - trauma to the skin and subcutaneous tissue + endocrine pathology +beriberi -cold injury #With panaritiums of which fingers can U -shaped phlegmon of the hand develop? + I finger; +V finger; -III finger; -IV finger; #The main method of treatment of purulent felon ¬is -conservative treatment -ointment bandages. +opening of the abscess. +antibiotic therapy. #How is osteomyelitis classified according to the route of infection? - specific + non-hematogenous -non-specific +hematogenous #What local clinical manifestations indicate advanced cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis? + the presence of a symptom of fluctuation -the presence of skin edema -the presence of hyperemia of the skin +the presence of a purulent fistula #Specify 2 clinical signs of dry gangrene: -skin hyperemia - skin hyperthermia +pale skin +cooling of the skin #Specify 2 specific causes of tissue necrosis: + atherosclerosis -neuropathy -deep burns +endarteritis #Specify 2 causes of nonspecific gangrene: + compression of blood vessels and tissues -myocardial infarction -atherosclerosis +surgical infection #Specify 2 factors influencing the development and course of necrosis and gangrene: + anatomical and physiological features of the blood supply to tissues -the presence of a concomitant anomaly +the presence of an infectious process -age of the patient #Common localizations of anthrax carbuncle:: - scalp ; + neck; +brush ; -sole; #Causative agents of a specific infection: - Pseudomonas aeruginosa -Staphylococcus aureus +Koch's wand +pale treponema #What is a chronic specific infection? + syphilis -diphtheria -tetanus +tuberculosis #2 stages of sepsis adopted by the conciliation commission of American scientists (199: +sepsis syndrome -sepsis symptom +septic shock -bacterial shock #2 signs of the appearance of the wound in sepsis: - copious purulent discharge + scanty purulent discharge +the color of the fabrics is dull -the color of the fabrics is bright #The main factors of sepsis: -a symptom of a systemic inflammatory response +systemic inflammatory response syndrome -the presence of a traumatic focus +the presence of an infected focus #Complications of sepsis: -endoarteritis -allergic reaction + septicopyemia +septicemia #2 characteristic signs of thromboembolism of the arteries of the limb: - temperature rise +pale skin -hyperemia of the skin +sudden onset of acute pain #2 methods for determining the functional ability of the valve apparatus of the veins: - computed tomography -magnetic resonance imaging +ultrasound dopplerography +finger and tourniquet tests #Specify 2 types of sanitary and hygienic treatment in the admission department + complete -half -general +partial #What 2 types of surgical manipulations are performed in a rural medical center: + temporary stop of bleeding +dressing of postoperative patients - hernia repair of small hernias -appendectomy #What 2 symptoms are determined during examination of the patient? + gait of the patient -blood pressure level +the state of the pupils -heart sounds #What can be determined by palpation in injuries? + crunch of bone fragments -hyperemia +pathological mobility -vesicular sound #What 2 changes are observed in diseases of the arteries of the extremities - impaired renal function -skin tumors +changes in the color of the skin +violation of trophism #What is included in a mechanical antiseptic? + primary surgical treatment of the wound -irradiation of the wound surface -wound dressing with Levomekol ointment -treatment of the skin with iodine around the wound +wound toilet +removal of necrotic tissue from the wound #What is included in a physical antiseptic? Choose from 6 answer options: + draining the wound -bandage with ointment -suturing +wound drainage -stop bleeding +wound irradiation #What is used for immunotherapy? + antistreptococcal gammaglobulin -papain extract -vitamin complex -sulfanilamide composer +anti -gangrenous serum +T- activin #What is a physical antiseptic? + X-ray exposure -primary surgical treatment of the wound -powdering wounds with an antibiotic +laser irradiation of the wound +drying the wound -washing with hydrogen peroxide #What drugs are biological antiseptics? + antibiotics -vitamins +vaccines -hormones -sulfonamides +enzymes #What drugs are enzymes? + chymopsin -vitamins +trypsinogen -streptocide +trypsin -proteins #Asepsis methods include: + sterilization of suture material -treatment of carious teeth +sterilization of operating linen -wiping tools to a shine +drain sterilization -washing wounds with iodine #What is used to sterilize instruments? + x-rays -fire +autoclave +formalin vapor -soap solution -hydrogen peroxide #For accelerated processing of the surgeon's hands, it is used + chlorhexidine +C-4 solution -ammonia -1% chloramine solution +pervomur -tannin solution #How is an endogenous infection transmitted? + by blood -from suture material -from vascular prostheses +from the intestines -from drains +by lymph #What is sterilized in an autoclave + dressing material -optical devices -rubber tools +About surgical underwear +metal tools -suture materials #What are the steps after sterilization of the surgeon's hands + dressing gown -put on glasses +the operating field is processed -anesthesia is given -local anesthesia is performed +put on gloves #What is sterilized with formalin vapor + optical instruments -operating linen -dressing material +cystoscopes +operating video camera -bathrobes #How is the operating field treated? + 2% alcohol solution of iodine -6% hydrogen peroxide solution - mercuric chloride solution + betodin -a solution of salts of heavy metals +C-4 solution #A kerchief bandage is used on + head +upper limb +perineum -lower leg -spine -head and lower leg #Spike bandage is used in the area: + shoulder girdle -knee -heels +shoulder joint +upper third of the shoulder -coccyx #What are the goals of transport immobilization; + prevention of further displacement of bone fragments -reduction of pain syndrome by local anesthesia -prevention of callus formation +creation of optimal conditions for fracture healing +creation of conditions for the transportation of the victim -prevention of liver damage #Standard means of immobilization include : + ladder rail - tire board - tire ski + plywood tire + mesh tire -tire blade #Specify 3 types of internal bleeding: + bleeding into the pleural cavity -bleeding into the stomach -bleeding into the rectum +bleeding into the joint cavity +bleeding into the abdominal cavity -bleeding into the nasal cavity #Specify 3 types of external bleeding: + bleeding from a thigh wound -bleeding into the joint cavity -bleeding into the abdominal cavity -bleeding into the pleural cavity +nosebleed +bleeding from a damaged carotid artery #List 3 common bleeding symptoms: + dizziness -high blood pressure +thirst -cyanosis +low blood pressure -pain in the region of the heart #Which of the following types of bleeding is classified as external latent bleeding? + bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers -soft tissue hematoma -hemarthrosis +intestinal bleeding +uterine bleeding -bleeding from penetrating wounds in the abdominal and chest cavities #All ways to stop bleeding are divided into (C.: + mechanical, physical -adequate, inadequate -primary, secondary +biological, chemical +temporary, final -acute and chronic #Specify methods of temporary stop of bleeding (C.: + maximum flexion of the limb in the joint +tourniquet -ligation of the vessel -vascular suture -electrocoagulation +finger pressure of the vessel in the wound #Name 3 chemicals used to stop bleeding: + calcium chloride -rheopolyglucin -fresh frozen plasma +dicynone +epsilon aminocaproic acid -hemostatic sponge #Name 3 biological substances used to stop bleeding: - dicynone -calcium chloride +hemostatic sponge -epsilon aminocaproic acid +fresh frozen plasma +fibrin, thrombin #The cross method for determining the blood type is performed using... + standard erythrocytes -standard gelatin -standard anti-rhesus serum +standard sera +standard solution of polyglucin -standard zoliclones #Reinfusion of blood is... + reverse transfusion of blood poured into the abdominal cavity -transfusion of waste blood +reverse transfusion of blood poured into the skull -transfusion of placental blood +reverse transfusion of blood poured into the pleural cavity -donated blood transfusion #Signs of arterial bleeding: + the color of blood is scarlet +pulsating jet +a sharp depression of the general condition -acute renal failure -increased fibrinolytic activity of the blood -Immunity boost #Used to stop bleeding Choose from 6 answer options: + vascular suture -Esmarch's tourniquet -twis -Cramer's ladder rail +electrocoagulator +ectomy #What diseases can the recipient be infected with? Choose from 6 answer options: + hepatitis -syphilis -diphtheria -SARS +HIV +rubella #Donors by category are: Choose from 6 answer options: + active donors -limb donors -external organ donors -donors - internal organs +immune donors +reserve donors #What should be considered before blood transfusion? + blood suitability -the level of bilirubin in the blood -the level of urea in the blood +Rh factor +blood group -sex and nationality of the donor #What drugs are antianemic? + ferrohematogen -fer relanium -callipsol -phenobarbitol +ferkoven +hemostimulin #What are the types of operations by urgency? + urgent -turn-down -overly urgent +urgent -regular +planned #What are the different types of operations by stages ? + single stage -three-stage -stageless +two-stage -four-stage + multi-stage #What are the indications for surgery? + vital -vitally unimportant -periodic +relative -straight +absolute #What types of operation do you know depending on the degree of asepsis ? + clean -not clean -conditionally not clean -disinfected +conditionally clean +contaminated #What are the steps involved in preparing patients for surgery? + calming the patient -plasmapheresis -carrying out hemodialysis +fight against insomnia +taking a hygienic bath -appointment of physiotherapy procedures #What moments does the general somatic preparation of patients for surgery include? + correction of changes in the circulatory system +correction of changes in the respiratory system -correction of changes in pigmentation -correction of changes in lactation +correction of anemia -growth hormone correction #Where can the infection come from with a bullet wound? + with hair -with tweezers +with clothes +from a bullet -with a scalpel -with suture material #Complicates and slows down the process of wound healing + foreign bodies - respiratory failure - heart failure + microorganisms +diabetes -inguinal hernia #Characteristic signs of a wound: + pain -tissue detachment -skin scalping +bleeding +gaping -fractures #What injuries are dangerous stab wounds + vascular damage - bone damage -nail damage +nerve damage +damage to hollow organs -damage to the eardrum #The intensity of bleeding from a wound depends on: + damage zones -damage level +the state of blood clotting -the state of the leukoformula +the state of general and local hemodynamics -the functional ability of the kidneys #Granulation tissue is made up of + vessels -autolysites -heterolysites +fibroblasts +collagen fibers -hydrolysates #The dangers of a wound are + bleeding -boost pressure -psychosis +shock + infection -decreased appetite #What speeds up the wound healing process? + good blood supply -the presence of inflammation -hypoproteinemia +preserved innervation +no infection -anemia #Highlight breaks: + ligaments - brain -skin -bones +tendons +muscles #Clinical signs of soft tissue injury are: + pain -hypertrophy -crepitus -anemia +edema +hemorrhages and hematoma #Treatment for incomplete soft tissue rupture; Choose from 6 answer options: + peace -antibiotic therapy -plasmapheresis +pressure bandage -detoxification +physiotherapy #Is it observed as a result of prolonged compression of the limbs? Choose from 6 answer options: + limb ischemia -traumatic asphyxia -ischuria +venous congestion +anuria -hypertension #By the nature of the displacement of bone fragments are: Choose from 6 answer options: - top -medium -bottom +simple +combined +combined #In the treatment of fractures, three principles must be observed: Choose from 6 answer options: + reposition of bone fragments -reparation -sedation -limb operation +stimulation of callus formation +limb fixation #With a fracture, immediate complications are observed: + bleeding -sepsis -phlegmon +traumatic shock -peritonitis + damage to internal organs #According to localization, fractures are distinguished: + diaphyseal -periarticular -extra-articular -in the form of cracks +epiphyseal +metaphyseal #What distinguishes burns by the nature of the acting factor? -biological - mechanical + chemical +thermal #What factors determine the severity of burn injury? + burn depth -from the season of the year -from time to day -from the gender of the patient +affected area +localization of the burn #What are the phases of freezing? + adaptive reaction -response -stabilization of vital functions -coma phase +stuporous phase +fading of vital functions #What local changes occur in thermal burns? Choose from 6 answer options: + primary anatomical changes +reactive-inflammatory changes -general malrotation -secondary reabsorption -primary filtration +primary functional changes #What are the special methods for diagnosing frostbite? Choose from 6 answer options: + capillaroscopy -electroencephalography -colposcopy +rheovasography -fluoroscopy +thermography #What are burns according to the circumstances of their origin? Choose from 6 answer options: + industrial -night -combined +household +agricultural -peacetime #What structural elements are affected in a boil? Choose from 6 answer options: + hair follicle -muscles -bones -apocrine gland +sebaceous gland +subcutaneous tissue #Specify the most frequent localizations of carbuncle: + neck -perineum +back of the head -armpit -heel +back #When carbuncle of the neck is shown: + surgical treatment -vitamin therapy -warming compress with Vishnevsky ointment -ultraviolet irradiation +antibiotics intramuscularly +sulfa drugs inside #Treatment of a boil in the stage of infiltration includes: + Rubbing the surrounding skin with 70° alcohol +ultraviolet irradiation -plaster immobilization -extrusion and dressings with hypertonic saline solution in the presence of necrosis -vitamin therapy +antibiotic injection around the inflammatory infiltrate #Phlegmon is characterized by: + general malaise -dry cough -dizziness -purulent cavity surrounded by a pyogenic capsule +increased body temperature +local soreness #The most dangerous complications of neck phlegmon: + purulent mediastinitis -pleuropneumonia -purulent arthritis -compression of the airways +purulent meningitis +sepsis #Treatment of abscessing boils on the face includes: + mandatory hospitalization in the surgical ¬department -cold lotions -vibration massage -puncture of the boil +antibiotic therapy +detoxification therapy #Basic principles of local treatment of panaritium: + dissection and drainage of the abscess +the use of antiseptics -vitamin therapy -dissection of the abscess without drainage -the use of UHF, exercise therapy +the use of proteolytic enzymes #Specify the general clinical signs of panaritium of any localization: + severe throbbing pain -redness of the skin -pronounced general hyperthermia -pronounced intoxication +dysfunction of the finger +swelling of finger tissues #Types of panaritium: + dermal -intermuscular -e risepeloid -hematogenous +subcutaneous +tendon #Classification of panaritium according to the anatomical principle: - hematogenous -cartilaginous +articular +subcutaneous +dermal -lymphogenous #What surgical techniques are most appropriate in the treatment of a patient with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis? + decompressive drainage of the bone canal -only opening of phlegmon - limb amputation -resection of the affected bone +opening of phlegmon and dissection of the periosteum +trepanation throughout the affected bone #The cardinal symptoms of chronic osteomyelitis are: + the appearance of fistulas -high temperature -varicose veins of the limb -throbbing pain +recurrent nature of the disease +the presence of a sequester #In the early stage of hematogenous osteomyelitis are shown: + antibiotic therapy -pathogenetic therapy -etiotropic therapy +antiplatelet therapy +detoxification therapy -symptomatic therapy #What is the most rational amount of surgical manipulations in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis? 1)+ excision of fistulas 2) -opening of phlegmon 3) -local injections of antibiotics 4) -osteoperforation 5) +bone cavity plasty 6) +sequestrectomy #Common localizations of anthrax carbuncle: - outsole -eyes +neck +head +hands -lips #What is an acute specific surgical infection? - boil +tetanus -abscess +gas gangrene +diphtheria wounds -tuberculosis #What is a chronic specific infection? + tuberculosis -anthrax +syphilis -opisthorchiasis +actinomycosis -ascariasis #Zoonoses of anthrax: - wolves -foxes +sheep +cattle +goats -gophers #Early signs of tetanus: + cramps around the wound -severe clinical course +Laurie-Epstein symptom -opisthotonus +pain around the wound -trismus of the trunk and limbs #Causes of seizures in tetanus: - silence -darkened room +sharp sound +sharp brightness +draft -slow motion #Early common clinical signs of tetanus: + sweating -nausea -vomiting +insomnia +headache -tarry stool #Complications of tetanus: + muscle tears -dyspepsia -anxiety +fractures +asphyxia -hypersalivation #During osteoarticular tuberculosis, the following phases are distinguished: +prearthritic -general tuberculosis intoxication -relaps +arthritic +postarthritis -exacerbations #The main localization of tuberculosis in bone lesions is: + diaphysis of long tubular bones -diaphysis of the phalanges of the fingers -flat bones +vertebral bodies +epiphyses of long tubular bones -skull bones #What 3 antibiotics are used in the treatment of tuberculosis: + streptomycin -nicotinamide -flucanazole +rifampicin +cycloserine -nystatin #Sepsis terms: - monoorganic dysfunction -lung sepsis +sepsis syndrome +severe sepsis +septic shock -sepsis symptom #Criteria for the diagnosis of sepsis: - bilirubinemia -anemia +hyperthermia +tachycardia +tachypnea -polyuria #Specify the general clinical manifestations of sepsis: - nausea - vomiting + chills +pouring sweat +high temperature -diarrhea #Types of sepsis by origin: - angiogenic - endarthritic +wound +gynecological +urogenital -thrombolytic #What treatment methods for sepsis should be chosen: + sanitation of the purulent focus -diuretic therapy -hemostatic therapy +antibiotic therapy +detoxification therapy -antihypertensive drugs #3 common clinical manifestations of sepsis: + high temperature -high pressure -hypothermia +weakness +chills -low pressure #3 main clinical symptoms of sepsis: + hyperthermia -diarrhea -uremia +tachypnea +leukocytosis -bilirubinemia #3 methods of treatment of purulent thrombophlebitis: + anticoagulants -tranquilizers -analgesics -neurogenic drugs +antibiotics +ligation and removal of the vein #3 characteristic signs for acute deep vein thrombosis: + sharp pain in the affected limb -no edema -trophic ulcers -peeling of the skin of the affected limb +sharp swelling of the limb +pallor or cyanosis of the skin of the limb #3 groups of drugs pathogenetic justified for the treatment of patients with obliterans endoarteritis : + anticoagulants -coagulants -cardiac glycosides -antiseptics +vasodilators +disaggregants #3 causes of acute venous insufficiency of the veins of the limb: + venous thrombosis -hyperesthesia -hypercholesterolemia -alcoholism +deep vein thrombophlebitis +varicose veins #Specify 3 causes of limb gangrene: - rheumatism + damage to the arteries -alcoholism - myocardial infarction + embolism of the main vessels +arterial thrombosis #3 Responsibilities of an Admissions Nurse: Choose from 6 answer options: + registration of each patient -writing a medical history -transportation of the patient -examination of the patient +temperature measurement +fulfillment of medical appointments #3 Responsibilities of the Receptionist: + examination and examination of patients -temperature measurement and examination of the skin -transportation of patients to the department -registration of a medical history for each applied patient +diagnosis and medical history +determining the need for sanitary and hygienic treatment of patients #What 3 types of documentation is required in the admission department: + registration log -journal of medical appointments -discharge summary -patient temperature log +outpatient card +Dressing log #3 equipment of the surgeon's office of the polyclinic: + table -Bix cabinet -autoclave -sterilizer +couch covered with oilcloth +2 chairs #What 3 symptoms can be identified with superficial palpation - violation of skin trophism +t onus of the muscles of the anterior wall of the abdomen -presence of mucosal edema +the presence of a hernia +presence of symptoms of inflammation of the peritoneum -weakening of breathing with purulent pleurisy #Which of the following 3 items refers to objective research methods: -history of life -collecting complaints +percussion +a uscultation +a alpation -medical history #When collecting a history of the development of the disease, the following 3 points are revealed: -hereditary diseases -into rare habits +the beginning of the disease +and change in the symptoms of the disease +development of disease symptoms -drug intolerance #In the patient's life history, the following 3 points are indicated: -at the time of the patient's admission to the hospital -registration of appointments + profession and life of the patient +hereditary diseases +a allergic reactions -complaints #What can be determined by digital examination of the rectum +about tumors of the large intestine -angren of the intestin +t onus of the sphincter +about the formation of an ampulla of the rectum +in the internal hemorrhoids -drug intolerance #With a surgical infection, the following 3 signs are determined by palpation : +muscle tone -in the inner diameter of the vessel -t urbulence of blood flow +pathological formations +local temperature -the nature of the exudate #The main 3 changes in the complete blood count during surgical infection: + the appearance of blood plasma cells -leucopenia -increase in hemoglobin +l leukocytosis +with the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left -increased hematocrit #Define 3 functional research methods: -computed tomography -magnetic resonance imaging +electroencephalography +and blood pressure measurement +electrocardiography -radiography #Specify 3 main methods of examination of a surgical patient - endoscopy -ultrasound +p alpation +a scultation +about the review -a ngiography #3 sections of the surgical history: +description of the local status -description of laboratory status -death epicrisis -description of instrumental status +history of the development of the disease +patient's life history #Specify the main clinical symptoms of esophageal cancer. +dysphagia -polyuria -Shchetkin-Blumberg symptom +vomiting with unchanged food -diarrhea +retrosternal pain +hematuria -Laurie-Epstein symptom -Shchetkin-Blumberg symptom -Volkov's symptom +hydronephrosis +pain in the lumbar region #Superficial burns: +1 degree -1st degree -1st degree -2nd degree +2 degrees +3rd degree #Variety of wounds according to the mechanism of origin: +chopped -random +cut -aseptic -street +scalped #The intensity of pain in a wound depends on: +zones of wounding -the somatic state of the body -time of wounding -frequency of wounding +the nature of the wounding weapon +psycho-emotional state of the body #The criterion for brain death of a donor is: -abnormal breathing-the presence of a cough reflex +isoelectric line in -electroencephalography -a sharp decrease in intracranial circulation +lack of skin reflexes +absence of tendon reflexes #Etiological factors of malformations are: +radiation -pandemic -hypodynamia +heredity -dynamia +toxemia #Malformations of the nervous system include: +microcephaly -microglia -polydactyly -varicocele +macrocephaly +meningocele #Spinal malformations include: +spondylosis dorsal tabes -vertebral calcification -impacted fracture of the spine +lordosis +kyphosis #Causes of hemoperitoneum are: + damage to parenchymal organs - kidney damage -damage to the pancreas - damage to the external genitalia + ovarian apoplexy + disturbed ectopic pregnancy #What stages are included in the operation for the final stop of bleeding from a deep rupture of the spleen? + laparotomy - filling of the spleen defect - lavage abdominal cavity + splenectomy +sanitation and drainage of the abdominal cavity coagulation of the vessels of the spleen #What diseases can the recipient be infected with? +hepatitis +syphilis +malaria + HIV -adenocarcinoma - SARS - inguinal hernia - pancreatitis #Donors by category are: +active +reserve +immune + gratuitous -random -organ - related -unique #What should be considered before blood transfusion? +blood suitability + blood group + Rh factor + date of blood collection - the level of bilirubin in the blood -computer study of the head - Ultrasound of the pleural cavity -dopplerography of the heart #What are the wounds according to the mechanism of origin? + chopped + cut + torn + chopped - aseptic - operating room - conditionally clean - polluted #What areas of damage does a gunshot wound have? + wound channel zone + zone of primary necrosis + molecular shock zone + zone of complete destruction - zonal complexity of the anatomical characteristics -zonal feature of tissue damage - the presence of an inlet - high degree of infection #Granulation tissue is made up of +vessels + fibroblasts +collagen fibers +mesenchymal cells - trypsin -chymopsin -ketonal -dietary supplements #The dangers of a wound are +bleeding +shock +infection +organ damage -boost pressure - psychosis - decreased appetite -sleepiness #What speeds up the wound healing process? +good blood supply + preserved innervation + no infection + good edge contact - the presence of inflammation -hypoproteinemia -anemia - decreased appetite #Spike bandage is used in the area: + shoulder girdle + shoulder joint + upper third of the shoulder +middle third of the shoulder -spinal column -coccyx - costal arch -iliac wing #Treatment for incomplete soft tissue rupture +peace + pressure bandage + physiotherapy + massage - antibiotic therapy -detoxification -plasmapheresis -acupuncture #Is it observed as a result of prolonged compression of the limbs? + limb ischemia +venous congestion +hyperemia +injury of nerve trunks - asphyxia - retention of stool and urination - increase in blood pressure -diarrhea #With a fracture, immediate complications are observed: +bleeding + traumatic shock + damage to internal organs + damage to the brain and spinal cord - sepsis -peritonitis - phlegmon -paralysis #According to localization, fractures are distinguished: +diaphyseal + metaphyseal +epiphyseal + intra-articular - in the form of cracks -in the form of half-cracks -false joints - intramedullary #Standard means of immobilization include : +ladder rail + mesh tire +plywood tire + pneumatic tire - board -ski -shoulder blade - stick #What is a physical antiseptic? + X-ray exposure + drying the wound + laser irradiation drainage -primary surgical treatment of the wound - powdering wounds with an antibiotic - washing with hydrogen peroxide -introduction of antiseptics into tissues #What drugs are biological antiseptics? +antibiotics + enzymes + vaccines + immune serum - vitamins -hormones -oxidizers -aldehydes #What drugs are enzymes? + chymopsin + trypsin +trypsinogen + cucumazine - vitamins -streptocide -proteins - myomysin #What is sterilized in an autoclave + dressing material +non cutting tools +about surgical underwear +bathrobes -optical instruments - rubber tools -suture materials - scalpel #What happens after hand sterilization +dressing gown +put on gloves +the operating field is processed +the operating field is limited - put on glasses - anesthesia is given -local anesthesia is performed -an incision is made #What is sterilized with formalin vapor + optical instruments +rubber tools +cystoscope + fistuloscope -operating linen -dressing material -bathrobes -shoe covers #How is the operating field treated? +2% alcohol solution of iodine +betodin + C-4 solution + Pervomour - 6% hydrogen peroxide solution -mercuric chloride solution -a solution of salts of heavy metals -washed with furacillin 4 times #List 4 common symptoms of bleeding: + dizziness +thirst + low blood pressure + severe weakness - high blood pressure - cyanosis and shortness of breath -pain in the region of the heart - high body temperature #Which of the following types of bleeding are external latent (+ + bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers + uterine bleeding +intestinal bleeding +kidney bleeding - soft tissue hematoma - hemarthrosis - bleeding from penetrating wounds in the abdominal and chest cavities -secondary early bleeding from sutured postoperative wounds #Name 4 chemicals used to stop bleeding: + calcium chloride +epsilon aminocaproic acid +dicynone + sodium etamsylate - reopoliglyukin - fresh frozen plasma -hemostatic sponge - heparin #Name 4 biological substances used to stop bleeding: +fresh frozen plasma +hemostatic sponge + fibrin + thrombin -dicynone - calcium chloride - epsilon aminocaproic acid -sodium etamsylate #What local changes occur in thermal burns? + anatomical +reactive +functional + inflammatory -reabsorption - filtration -malrotation -cumulation #What are the special methods for diagnosing frostbite? +capillaroscopy + thermography + rheovasography + dopplerography -electroencephalography - colposcopy - fluoroscopy - phlebography #What are burns according to the circumstances of their origin? + industrial + agricultural + household + wartime - night - combined - peacetime - daytime #What types of operation do you know depending on the degree of asepsis ? +clean operations + conditionally clean +contaminated + purulent -disinfected - cleaned - sterile -sterilized #What are the steps involved in preparing patients for surgery? Choose from 8 answer options: + calming the patient +the fight against insomnia + taking a hygienic bath +shaving the operating field - plasmapheresis - carrying out hemodialysis -appointment of physiotherapy procedures - application of an ointment bandage to the proposed incision fields #What moments does the general somatic preparation of patients for surgery include? +correction of changes in the circulatory system +correction of changes in the respiratory system. +elimination of anemia +preparation of the digestive system -stimulation of lactation - inhibition of pigmentation - decrease in growth hormone in the blood - limb immobilization #What special research methods are needed to confirm the diagnosis of brain death? + electroencephalography + angiography of cerebral vessels + ultrasound examination of the brain +computed tomography of the brain - bacteriological examination -complete blood count - rheovasography - audiometry #Therapeutic and prophylactic principles for anthrax: + isolation of the patient + identification of a sick animal + disinfection + announcement of quarantine -hospitalization in a general ward -emergency operation - not necessarily hospitalization - sufficient personal hygiene #Basic principles of tetanus treatment: +neuroleptanalgesics +prevention of secondary infection +primary surgical treatment of the wound +carrying out specific and non-specific prophylaxis -bathe the patient in the bath -hospitalization in a general ward -pain relief -intestinal transit #4 main symptoms of sepsis: +high temperature +chil3) +leukocytosis with a shift of the leukoformula to the left +bacteremia -diarrhea -d hypotension -hypovolemia -anemia : #4 common clinical manifestations of sepsis: +tachycardia +tachypnea +leukocytosis +hyperthermia -diarrhea -polyuria -bilirubinemia -bradycardia #4 signs characteristic of purulent-resorptive fever: +the vastness of the primary purulent focus +accompanies all types of purulent inflammation +rapid exhaustion of the patient +resolved with the elimination of the purulent focus -the absence of a primary focus -hypervolemia -absence of purulent discharge -anuria #4 main signs of bacterial toxic shock: +high body temperature +chills +falling blood pressure +oliguria -polyuria -vomiting -pressure increase -excitation of the patient

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