Term 4 Body Systems Exam Revision PDF

**TERM 4 -- BODY SYSTEMS EXAM REVISION** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **TOPIC** | **WHAT TO STUDY?** | **NOTES** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Circulatory | What in th...

**TERM 4 -- BODY SYSTEMS EXAM REVISION** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **TOPIC** | **WHAT TO STUDY?** | **NOTES** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Circulatory | What in the main | The main purpose of | | System** | purpose? | the cardiovascular | | | | system is to deliver | | | | oxygen, hormones, | | | | nutrients and other | | | | important substances | | | | to cells and organs | | | | in the body. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are the main | The heart, veins, | | | parts of the system | arteries and | | | and what are their | capillaries. | | | roles? | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | How does the heart | The heart pumps blood | | | function? | around the body to | | | | give our cells enough | | | | oxygen to cellular | | | | respirate. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are the | In the heart there | | | different parts of | are four chambers: | | | the heart and what | right and left atrium | | | they do? | and right and left | | | | ventricle. The right | | |  | get oxygenated blood. | | | | The left atrium | | | | receives the | | | | oxygenated blood from | | | | the lungs and pumps | | | | it to the left | | | | ventricle which pumps | | | | the oxygenated blood | | | | to the rest of the | | | | body through the | | | | aorta and then back | | | | again through the | | | | superior and inferior | | | | cava to the right | | | | atrium. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Know how to interpret | okay | | | and label a diagram | | | | of a heart. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | How does gas exchange | You breathe in the | | | happen in the cells? | air goes down your | | | | trachea and into your | | | | lungs. Bronchi leads | | | | to bronchioles and | | | | then that goes to | | | | alveoli which is | | | | where the gas | | | | exchange happens. The | | | | blood with CO2 | | | | diffuses into the | | | | alveoli at the same | | | | time the oxygen | | | | diffuses onto the red | | | | blood cells, and off | | | | it goes in the | | | | bloodstream traveling | | | | to other cells in the | | | | body. The capillaries | | | | will receive it and | | | | again oxygen will | | | | diffuse into your | | | | muscles so they can | | | | undergo cellular | | | | respiration and give | | | | the red blood cells | | | | CO2. And then it | | | | cycles back again. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is the | The pulmonary | | | difference between | circulation is a | | | the systemic and | short loop from the | | | pulmonary circulatory | heart to the lungs | | | systems? | and back to the heart | | | | again. While the | | | | systematic | | | | circulation carries | | | | oxygenated blood from | | | | the heart to all | | | | parts of the body and | | | | brings back the | | | | deoxygenated blood to | | | | the heart. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Respiratory System | What is the main | The main purpose of | | -- breathing** | purpose? | the respiratory | | | | system is to supply | | | | oxygen to the body | | | | and take out carbon | | | | dioxide. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are the main | The main parts of the | | | parts of the system | respiratory system | | | and what do they do? | are the lungs, | | | | diaphragm, trachea, | | | | nose and mouth. Some | | | | other important | | | | things that link to | | | | the respiratory | | | | system are the Larynx | | | | (voice box), Pharynx | | | | (throat), sinuses, | | | | bronchi, bronchioles. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | How does oxygen move | Air comes in through | | | from the lungs into | the mouth and travels | | | the bloodstream? | down past the | | | | epiglottis and enters | | | | the trachea, the air | | | | goes through into the | | | | lungs and travels | | | | down to the | | | | bronchioles at the | | | | end of them is | | | | alveoli which is | | | | where the gas | | | | exchange takes place. | | | | It removes the carbon | | | | dioxide from the red | | | | blood cells and in | | | | return gives it | | | | oxygen. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Nervous System** | What is the main | to send messages from | | | purpose? | various parts of your | | | | body to your brain, | | | | and from your brain | | | | back out to your body | | | | to tell your body | | | | what to do. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is the | The | | | the peripheral and | CNS is just the brain | | | central nervous | and the spinal cord | | | system? | while the PNS consist | | | | of everything else., | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Endocrine System -- | What is the main | The hormones released | | Hormones** | purpose? | by the endocrine | | | | system control many | | | | important functions | | | | in the body, | | | | including growth and | | | | development, | | | | metabolism, and | | | | reproduction. | | | | | | | | The main purpose of | | | | the endocrine system | | | | is to supply our body | | | | with hormones we need | | | | to function. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are the major | The major glands of | | | glands and what are | the endocrine system | | | their basic roles? | are | | | | | | | | - Hypothalamus -- | | | | in the brain | | | | | | | | - Pancreas -- | | | | (digestive and | | | | endocrine system) | | | | | | | | - pituitary. | | | | | | | | - thyroid. | | | | | | | | - parathyroids. | | | | | | | | - adrenals. | | | | | | | | - pineal body. | | | | | | | | - the ovaries. | | | | | | | | - the testes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - hypothalamus | | | | | | | | - pituitary | | | | | | | | - thyroid | | | | | | | | - parathyroids | | | | | | | | - adrenals | | | | | | | | - pineal body | | | | | | | | - the ovaries | | | | | | | | - the testes | | | | | | | | - Pancreas | | | | | | | |  | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Immune System** | What is the main | The main purpose of | | | purpose? | the immune system is | | | | to protect our body | | | | from pathogens. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is a pathogen? | A pathogen is any | | | | organism that can | | | What are some ways | produce and create a | | | that pathogens enter | disease.\ | | | the body and what are | The ways pathogens | | | the body's defense | get into our body is | | | mechanisms? | by going through the | | | | mouth, eyes, nose, | | | | and holes in our body | | | | or through wounds or | | | | bites. The first line | | | | of defense is our | | | | skin, tears and | | | | mucus, the second | | | | line of defense is a | | | | general response to | | | | infection, the third | | | | line of defense is | | | | immunity against | | | | specific pathogens. A | | | | general response to a | | | | pathogen is a fever, | | | | coughing or sneezing, | | | | or things like snot, | | | | inflammation and | | | | where phagocytes come | | | | to the rescue. The | | | | third line of defense | | | | is when the b cells | | | | attach antibodies to | | | | the pathogen and | | | | reproduce to kill of | | | | the pathogen. The | | | | leftover ones are | | | | then used as a memory | | | | b cells and float | | | | around in your body, | | | | just in case that | | | | sickness comes back, | | | | then your body will | | | | overcome it faster. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is the | A contagious disease | | | difference between | that can spread | | | infectious and | rapidly from person | | | contagious diseases? | to person. | | | | | | | | Infectious diseases | | | | are caused by | | | | organisms --- such as | | | | bacteria, viruses, | | | | fungi or parasites. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Thermoregulation** | What is | Thermoregulation is a | | | thermoregulation and | homeostatic process | | **(within hormones)** | why is it important? | that maintains a | | | | steady internal | | | | temperature, even if | | | | the environment is | | | | different. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is the | Ectotherms are cold | | | difference between | blooded and rely on | | | ectotherms and | the environment to | | | endotherms and | warm up or cool off | | | provide examples? | while endotherms keep | | | | their temperature | | | | steady by shivering | | | | or sweating. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are some ways | Shivering | | | animals can regulate | | | | their body | Sweating | | | temperature? | | | | | Seek sun or shade | | | | | | | | Shrinking and | | | | expanding blood | | | | vessels | | | | | | | | Huddling together | | | | (using body heat) | | | | | | | | Put a jumper on/off | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **SCIENCE INQUIRY SKILLS\ Independent -- something that is changed** **Dependent -- Something that is measured** **Controlled -- Something kept the same** You will also be asked to interpret and answer questions about graphs and diagrams. Circulatory Respiratory Nervous Immune Endocrine -- thermoregulation