Technology Diffusion And Adoption PDF

ZYNUR CRIS P. TORAJA Bachelor of Agricultural Technology Surigao del Sur State University Master of Extension Education University of Southeastern Philippines Licensed Agriculturist Instructor I Caraga State University- Main Campus Technology Diffusion and Adaption ZYNUR CRIS P. TORAJA, L.A...

ZYNUR CRIS P. TORAJA Bachelor of Agricultural Technology Surigao del Sur State University Master of Extension Education University of Southeastern Philippines Licensed Agriculturist Instructor I Caraga State University- Main Campus Technology Diffusion and Adaption ZYNUR CRIS P. TORAJA, L.Agr., MExEd College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte  Technology body of tools, machines, materials, techniques, and processes used to produce goods and services and satisfy human needs. It has always been said that science has contributed much to the generation of modern technology. the means and methods employed in the production/ manufacture of an output, installation, operation and maintenance of equipment, device or industrial setup; know-how, invention, discovery including the performance of technical skills and services.  Categories of Technologies ❑ Component Technology Refers to the specific cultural techniques in the management / production of crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry ✓ For crops these includes choice of variety, tillage, and methods of crop establishment, fertility of soil, management of water, pest and weed, management of harvesting and post production activities. ✓ For animals, these includes choice of breeds, management of herd, feeding and nutrition and breeding practices. ✓ In forestry, some of these component technologies include choice of species, management of water, fertilization, pest and disease control, management of nursery and plantation and management of harvesting among others.  Categories of Technologies ❑ Package of Technology Refers to the combination of all necessary component technologies for production or post production activities. These technologies have been proven to be individually outstanding and when put together will result to improve performance and greater productivity in the farm, factory, household, firm, community, or an organization.  Types of Technologies ❑ Product - some technologies take the form of physical goods ❑ Process - technologies of this nature are not tangible and may refer to a “system” for doing things or system, or schemes for improved production, postproduction, or processing. These may also involve models/ strategies of efficient utilizations, conservation, and management of resources, efficient technology transfer, and commercialization, marketing and distribution system, and others.  Types of Technologies ❑ Services - these types of technologies generally provide the complimentary activities/ services to enhance existing programs/ policies of the government. Technologies under the above category, therefore may necessitates government support specially in the early stage where the market structure may not yet provide adequate premium to encourage payoff to private investments. ❑ Information - other technologies are simply information or significant findings that may indicate valuable socio-economic and technical databases for policy formulation and follow-up Research and Development activities. Sources of Technology  Technology Development Process ❑ Technology Generation (TG) - This is the scientific and experimental stage wherein a Research and Development center utilizes all its human, technical, financial, material, physical and other resources to generate component technology or a package of technology.  Technology Development Process ❑ Technology Verification (TV) - A technology is classified for verification if it can be incorporated in a package of technology that has potential for improving existing farmers practice. Specifically, it should satisfy the following: ✓ It is integrated technology conducted in the farmer’s field ✓ It has been tested for two seasons in technology generation (TG) trials ✓ It has shown economic and technical feasibility in TG trials. Its computed return base on TG trial better than that of the farmer’s practices as shown by Marginal Rate of Return(MRR) ✓ It is perceived to be socially acceptable and environmentally safe.  Technology Development Process ❑ Technology Adaptation (TA) - A technology is classified as technology for adaptation if it meets the following criteria ✓ It is conducted in station or farmers field and only a component technology ✓ It has been tested for technology generation (TG) research for at least one season ✓ It has shown good potential for economic feasibility based on TG research ✓ It has good potential for acceptance by farmers and commercial producers  Technology Development Process ❑ Technology Dissemination (TD) - This is the stage when promoters of technology can use varied approaches and methods in bringing technologies to end users. Technologies are ready for dissemination if these have met the following criteria ✓ General adaptability- these are replicable under field conditions ✓ Economic profitability- their percent profitability is equal to the prevailing rate of interest on loans of formal financial institutions. Profitability also considers social costs and benefits. ✓ Social acceptability- these do not contradict social norms and values prevailing in the communities ✓ Potential availability of support services- users have access to market, credit facilities, materials inputs and others  Technology Development Process ❑ Information for Dissemination (ID) - R and D centers also generate information not technologies, but they are very useful in out word at work. Information that are outputs of research are important to agricultural and rural development. Information for dissemination can be of help in the following: a. Possess significant social and economic implications associated with technology adoption b. Contribute to the better understanding of research problems c. Offers in information gaps in basic knowledge of agriculture, forestry, and natural resources d. Helps policy makers formulate policies in food, agriculture and natural resources  Technology Development Process ❑ Technology Commercialization (TC) - Technology that have successfully passed the piloting stage, or have passed the criteria for piloting, or not piloted yet, but have high potential for commercialization are considered priority technologies for commercialization. Technologies are selected based on the following criteria: a. These could provide the best alternative for improving income and productivity of a greater majority of people b. These could provide immediate solution to self-sufficiency problems, environmental sustainability, import substitution, export generation and promotion of alternatives sources of food Technologies for Piloting Confirm and demonstrate the feasibility of using improved technologies over relatively large areas involving many small farmers or clientele groups Gauge end-user’s reaction to the introduction of improved technologies Identify potential problems related to wider dissemination, utilization, and adoption so that these can be fed back to researchers, planners and implementors Attributes of Technology Relative Advantage the degree to which an innovation is perceived as better that the idea it supersedes. Compatibility the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being consistent with existing values, past experience and needs. Complexity the degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand and use. Trialability the degree to which an innovation is perceived may be experimented with in a limited scale Observability the degree to which the result of an innovation are visible to others. Technology Diffusion- Adoption Process Adoption process it is a description of farmers or clientele behavior related to the acceptance of new innovation or technology. The following stages, which resembles the normative decision making model are used to analyze the adoption process. Adoption Process/Stages of Adoption AWARENESS STAGE - knowing a new idea, practice or technology is the first stage before one learns to try and use it. The person merely knows that the technology exists but lacks adequate information. Basically, the first stage of technology promotion is to inform people, make them aware, and notice the information and technology INTEREST STAGE - the person is attracted to the technology. He seeks more factual information about the technology Adoption Process/Stages of Adoption EVALUATION STAGE - Evaluation and trial stage may be interchanged. In the evaluation stage, an individual show marked interests in the technology as it applies to him, his family, or his work. He will obtain / ask information regarding the technology by: a) obtaining a brochure / leaflet from dealers/ retailers b) asks detail information from technician/ researchers/ extension workers c) get data from the internet d) buy the product and asses its merits physically e) asks others who have tried he technology  Adoption Process/Stages of Adoption TRIAL STAGE - the person tries and experiments in small scale the new technology after weighting the advantages and risks involved. ADOPTION STAGE - adoption or continuous use of the technology will take place if the person is convinced of its relative advantage over the existing technology. The final stage of the diffusion process is characterized by large scale and continuous use of the technology. In this stage, there is satisfaction on the part of the users. Technology Diffusion- Adoption Process Diffusion process - the process of spreading technology/ information from one agency to another, from one person to another person, from one group to another group; from generation to another generation. The ultimate objective of diffusion process is user’s adoption of the technology. Models of Diffusion Process ✓ The innovation-decision process ✓ The diffusion- adoption process The Innovation- Decision Process is the mental process through which an individual pass from first knowledge of an innovation to a decision to adopt or reject and to confirm this decision. The adoption or rejection of an innovation is a decision by an individual. ✓ KNOWLEDGE - the individual is exposed to the innovation’s existence and gains some understanding of how it functions. ✓ PERSUASION - the individual forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the innovation The Innovation- Decision Process ✓ DECISION - the individual engages in activities which lead to a choice to adopt or reject the innovation ✓ CONFIRMATION - the individual seeks reinforcement for the innovative decisions he has made, but he may reverse his previous decisions if exposed to conflicting message about the innovation. The model contains three major divisions The antecedent- are those variables present in the situations prior to the introduction of innovation. The process Consequences  The Diffusion- Adoption Process The objective of the process is adoption, however, if the person did not find satisfaction in the trial stage this may result to rejection. Definition and Terms Adoption – the process of making full use of a new idea or practice (Rogers, 1995). Over adoption - the adoption of an innovation by an individual when experts feel he /she should reject Symbolic Adoption – a mental acceptance of an innovation without necessarily “putting it into practice”. Definition and Terms Sequential Adoption – adoption of a part of a package of technology initially and subsequently add components over time. Diffusion – the acceptance over time of some specific item: an idea or practice, by an individual or group, linked to a specific channel of communication to a social structure and to a given system of values or culture. Characteristics and Types of Adopters INNOVATORS (2.5%) Venturesome- is the first in his group or community to bring in or adopt a new idea or practice. Innovators are few, especially in societies bound by tradition. They have larger than average holdings, greater wealth, better education and a venturesome spirit. They are willing to experiment and take the risks in exchange of substantial gain. EARLY ADOPTER (13.5 %) Respectable - is quick to see the value of a new practice of a new practice in his community and will try if he feels it has a fair chance of success. He is usually younger than average, has higher education, is socially active and reads more than late adopter. Characteristics and Types of Adopters EARLY MAJORITY (34%) Deliberate - are of average age, experience, and average education, highly respected in their communities and adopt a practice only after they are convinced of its value LATE MAJORITY (34%) Skiptical - makes up a large block of less wealthy, and adopt a practice only when it generally accepted by the community LATE ADOPTERS OR LAGGARDS (16%) Traditional- are characterized by their conservatisms, are older than average and seldom take any risks Characteristics and Types of Adopters References 1. Battad TT. Coloma PS and Paderes AS. 2003. Agricultural extension. Grandwater Publication, Makati City 2. Mula, Rosana P and Mula, Myer G. 2020. Agricultural extension and communication: A theoretical guide to social preparation of the Special Area for Agricultural Development (SAAD) Program. Department of Agriculture. 82 pp. ISBN THANK YOU !!!