Technology Diffusion and Adaptation Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of the Technology Generation (TG) stage in the technology development process?

To generate component technology or a package of technology (correct)

To conduct market feasibility studies for technology commercialization

To establish marketing and distribution systems for new technologies

To integrate technologies into existing farmer practices

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for a technology to be classified for Technology Verification (TV)?

Conducted in the farmer's field

Tested for two seasons in TG trials

Must be commercially available to farmers (correct)

Perceived as socially acceptable and environmentally safe

In terms of technology services, why might government support be necessary in the early stages?

Market structures may not adequately reward private initiatives. (correct)

Private investments can excessively cover initial costs.

Government support is unnecessary if the technology is innovative.

Market premium will provide sufficient funding for all resources.

What type of technology primarily involves valuable socio-economic and technical databases?

Information technologies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criterion for the economic feasibility of a technology in TG trials?

Should yield a Marginal Rate of Return better than existing farmer practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in the adoption process of a new technology?

Awareness Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute of technology considers whether an innovation is easy to understand?

Complexity Signup and view all the answers

What stage follows the Awareness Stage in the adoption process?

Interest Stage Signup and view all the answers

In the context of technology diffusion, what does 'Trialability' refer to?

The ability to experiment with the innovation on a limited scale Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of piloting improved technologies?

To confirm and demonstrate feasibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'Relative Advantage' in technology attributes?

The perception of being better than previous methods Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does an individual evaluate the technology's relevance to personal needs?

Evaluation Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge related to the wider dissemination of improved technologies?

Gauging and addressing potential problems Signup and view all the answers

What does component technology refer to in agricultural practices?

The specific cultural techniques used in managing crop and livestock production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the package of technology is true?

It combines various individual technologies to enhance productivity. Signup and view all the answers

How are process technologies characterized?

They include schemes or systems for improved production or processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of science in technology generation?

Science contributes significantly to the creation of modern technology. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fall under component technology for crops?

Soil fertility management and crop establishment methods Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of product technologies?

They manifest in the form of physical goods. Signup and view all the answers

In livestock management, which factor is NOT considered a component technology?

Market demand analysis Signup and view all the answers

Why is proper management of water included in component technologies for crops?

It directly influences soil fertility and crop yield. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of the diffusion process?

To facilitate user adoption of new technology Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does an individual form an attitude toward an innovation?

Persuasion stage Signup and view all the answers

What leads an individual to decide whether to adopt or reject an innovation?

Decision-making activities related to the innovation Signup and view all the answers

What can result in an individual rejecting a technology during the diffusion-adoption process?

Insufficient evidence of the technology's effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the first step in the innovation-decision process?

Knowledge of the innovation's existence Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves the individual seeking reinforcement for their decision regarding an innovation?

Confirmation stage Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the Trial Stage in the adoption process?

Low-risk experimentation with the new technology Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Adoption Stage of the technology diffusion process?

Expansion to large-scale use of the technology Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of technology adaptation (TA)?

It has been tested for at least one season. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for technology dissemination (TD)?

Necessity for advanced research equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Information for Dissemination (ID) in agriculture?

It generates information to assist in policy formulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about technology commercialization (TC) is true?

It includes technologies that have not been piloted yet. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is considered in evaluating economic profitability for technology dissemination?

The prevailing interest rates on loans. Signup and view all the answers

How does technology adaptation (TA) ensure acceptance among farmers?

By involving farmers in the testing phase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor contributing to social acceptability in technology dissemination?

Alignment with community norms and values. Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is typically generated for dissemination in agricultural research?

Findings that highlight social and economic implications. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adopter is characterized by being the first to adopt new ideas within their community?

Innovators Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the adoption of part of a technology package initially, followed by additional components over time?

Sequential Adoption Signup and view all the answers

Which adopter category is described as skeptical and typically adopts practices only when they are widely accepted?

Late Majority Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Early Adopter group?

They quickly recognize the value of new practices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of making full use of a new idea or practice?

Adoption Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of Laggards in the adoption spectrum?

Older than average and resistant to change Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Diffusion' refer to in the context of innovation adoption?

The gradual acceptance and spread of an idea or practice Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the Early Majority adopters?

They adopt practices only after they are convinced of the value. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Technology Diffusion and Adaptation

Zynur Cris P. Toraja, L.Agr., MExEd presented on Technology Diffusion and Adaptation
The presentation was given at the Caraga State University - Main Campus, College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries

Technology

Technology is a body of tools, machines, materials, techniques, and processes used to produce goods and services.
It addresses human needs and is significantly enhanced by science.
It comprises means and methods for production, equipment use, know-how, inventions, discoveries, and technical skills.

Categories of Technologies

Component Technology: A specific cultural technique for managing and producing crops, livestock, fisheries, and forestry.
- Crop component technologies include variety, tillage, crop establishment methods, soil fertility, and water, pest, and weed management as well as harvesting and post-production activities.
- Animal component technologies refer to breed selection, herd management, feeding and nutrition, and breeding practices
- Forestry component technologies address species selection, water management, fertilization, pest and disease control, nursery and plantation management, and harvest management.
Package of Technology: A combination of proven component technologies for production or post-production. It enhances performance and productivity in farming, factories, households, firms, communities, or organizations.

Types of Technologies

Product: Tangible goods like agricultural outputs (e.g., crops, livestock).
Process: Non-tangible, system-based approaches to improved production (e.g., technological systems, processing procedures). These technologies can involve resource management, technology transfer, commercialization, marketing, and distribution systems.
Services: Complementary activities/services to existing government programs/policies. These may require supportive government funding, particularly in the early stages, due to a potential lack of market demand.
Information: Data and findings that highlight crucial socioeconomic and technological aspects. These might serve as valuable resources to inform and develop policy.

Sources of Technology

Government Research and Development Centers
State Universities and Colleges
International Research Centers
Private Chemical Companies
Private Manufacturers of machines, tools and equipment
Non-Government Organizations
Agribusiness groups
Government personnel
Traders, processors, chemical dealers, seed producers
Mass media

Technology Development Process

Technology Generation (TG): Scientific and experimental phase where a research and development center utilizes resources (human, technical, financial, etc.) to generate a technology or a technology package.
Technology Verification (TV): A technology is suitable for verification if it can boost existing farming practices. Conditions for verification include integrated technology application in a farmer's field, testing for two seasons during technology generation (TG) trials, demonstrating economic and technical feasibility in TG trials (better return than existing practices), and being considered both socially acceptable and environmentally safe.
Technology Adaptation (TA): A technology is suitable for adaptation if it meets criteria such as field and component technology testing, tested through technology generation, good potential for economic feasibility shown in TG research, and acceptance by farmers and producers.
Technology Dissemination (TD): The stage where promoters employ varied strategies to deliver technologies to users. Technologies are suited for dissemination based on criteria for general adaptability, economic profitability, social acceptability, and potential support services.
Information for Dissemination (ID): Research outputs (not technologies); possess significant social and economic implications; contribute to better understanding of research problems; fill knowledge gaps; assist policy makers in formulating policies regarding food, agriculture, and natural resources.
Technology Commercialization (TC): Technology from the piloting stage (or meeting criteria) is deemed a priority for commercialization and is selected based on its ability to enhance income and productivity for a wide range of people, address self-sufficiency issues, and promote sustainable food production.

Technologies for Piloting

Technologies should be tested and demonstrated in sizeable areas involving numerous farmers to confirm their feasibility.
The introduction of the technology needs to be gauged to understand how farmers react to the innovation.
Potential adoption issues should be documented and fed back to researchers, planners, and implementors for improvement and development.

Attributes of Technology

Relative Advantage: Degree to which an innovation appears better than existing ideas.
Compatibility: Degree of consistency with values, experience, and needs.
Complexity: Perceived difficulties in understanding and using the technology.
Trialability: The possibility of experimentation on a limited scale.
Observability: Visibility of the innovation's results to others.

Technology Diffusion-Adoption Process

Adoption Process: A description of farmer or clientele behavior related to how they accept new innovations or technologies based on a normative decision-making model.
Stages in Adoption Process:
- Awareness: Initial knowledge of an idea, practice, or technology.
- Interest: Attracted to the technology; searches for detailed information.
- Evaluation: Evaluation and trial stages, potentially interchanged.
- Trial: Testing on a small scale.
- Adoption: Continuous use of the technology.
Diffusion Process: The spread of technology/information among individuals, groups, agencies, generations. The aim is for user adoption.
Diffusion Models:
- Innovation-decision process
- Diffusion-adoption process

Definition and Terms

Adoption: The full use of a new idea or practice.
Over adoption: Adoption even when experts deem it inappropriate.
Symbolic Adoption: Accepting an idea without immediate implementation.
Sequential Adoption: Initial adoption of a technology package's part with the subsequent phased inclusion of components over time.
Diffusion: The acceptance of an item (idea or practice) over time by an individual or a group related to a special communications channel in a social structure and a system of values and culture.

Characteristics and Types of Adopters

Innovators (2.5%): First to adopt new ideas; high resources, risk-tolerant, venturesome.
Early Adopters (13.5%): Respectful; value new practices; quick to adopt when there is a potential for success.
Early Majority (34%): Deliberate adopters; consider the value of a new practice before adopting it.
Late Majority (34%): Sceptical; adopt new practices only after widespread adoption.
Laggards (16%): Traditional; conservative; cautious.
Adoption rates are illustrated graphically.

References

The document includes references to agricultural extension publications and the theoretical guide to social preparation of special area for agricultural development (SAAD).

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Description

Explore the principles of technology diffusion and adaptation in agriculture as presented by Zynur Cris P. Toraja. This quiz covers key concepts and categories of technologies that enhance production and address human needs in the agricultural sector. Test your understanding of component technologies and their applications.