Teamwork and Collaboration.pdf

Teamwork and Collaboration 01 February 2024 10:00 Main Ideas Notes Notes Notes Summaries of Studies on Collaboration from "Teamwork and Collaboration" Definition and Evolution of Collaboration Collaboration = Coordinated actions of individuals leading to mutual benefits. Evolutionary Perspective: ○...

Teamwork and Collaboration 01 February 2024 10:00 Main Ideas Notes Notes Notes Summaries of Studies on Collaboration from "Teamwork and Collaboration" Definition and Evolution of Collaboration Collaboration = Coordinated actions of individuals leading to mutual benefits. Evolutionary Perspective: ○ Ancestral link to chimpanzees and bonobos, indicating evolutionary roots in collaboration. ○ Chimpanzees exhibit behaviors like alliances, coalitionary support, group hunting, and meat sharing. Ingredients for Effective Collaboration Socio-cognitive Skills = Essential for collaboration, including joint attention, shared goals, communication skills, and planning, leading to effective coordination. Motivation and Non-Cognitive Factors = Influence the willingness to collaborate. Resource Distribution Mechanisms = Ensure fair sharing of benefits and resources. Categories of Collaborative Behavior Proximate Mechanisms: ○ Independent decision-making influenced by external events (By-product collaboration). ○ Socially influenced and actively coordinated collaboration. Advanced Collaboration = Based on shared intentionality, including understanding of partner's role and mutual awareness of goals. Strategies and Constraints in Collaboration Strategies for Facilitation = Includes waiting for/recruiting partners, helping partners, communication, and sharing spoils. Chimpanzee Studies: ○ Preference for competent partners. ○ Instrumental help provided in specific tasks. Constraints = Tolerance levels (i.e., tendency to share with others) impact collaborative capability. Human-Chimpanzee Comparison Children's Collaboration: ○ Tendency to share more equally post-collaboration. ○ Development of turn-taking strategies from ages 3.5 to 5 years. Chimpanzees: ○ Capable of cooperation but struggle with turn-taking. ○ Collaboration influenced by reward benefits. Conclusions Collaboration in Chimpanzees and Humans: Both species exhibit collaborative behaviors, but humans show more advanced sharing and turn -taking abilities. Importance of Collaboration: Essential for evolutionary survival and societal functioning. 1. Bullinger, Melis & Tomasello (2011); Warneken, Lohse, Melis, & Tomasello (2011); ○ Study Focus: Equal sharing in chimpanzees and humans. ○ Findings: ▪ Chimpanzees showed a preference for working alone, but chose to collaborate for higher benefits. ▪ Human children tended to share more equally (2:2) in clumped conditions. 2. Melis, Altrichter, & Tomasello (2013) ○ Study Focus: Allocation of resources to collaborators and free-riders in 3-year-olds. ○ Findings: Young children shared the spoils more equitably after collaboration. 3. Melis, Hare, & Tomasello (2006b); Melis & Tomasello (2013) ○ Study Focus: Instrumental help in collaboration among chimpanzees. ○ Findings: ▪ In a grape raking task, most subjects passed the correct tool to their partners, indicating understanding of the partner's role in collaboration. 4. Hamann, Warneken, Greenberg, & Tomasello (2011); Melis, Grocke, Kalbitz, & Tomasello (2016) ○ Study Focus: Equal sharing in children and chimpanzees; turn-taking skills in humans. ○ Findings: ▪ Children, but not chimpanzees, encouraged equal sharing after collaboration. ▪ Humans exhibited unique turn-taking skills not found in chimpanzees. 5. Rekers, Haun, & Tomasello (2011); Melis, Hare, & Tomasello (2006a) ○ Study Focus: Preference for collaboration in children and chimpanzees. ○ Findings: ▪ Children showed a higher preference for collaboration compared to chimpanzees. ▪ Study on engineering cooperation in chimpanzees highlighted tolerance constraints on cooperation. 6. Melis, Schneider, & Tomasello (2011); Melis, Altrichter, & Tomasello (2013) ○ Study Focus: Sharing after collaboration. ○ Findings: ▪ Sharing was more fair post-collaboration. ▪ Proximity, but not collaboration, influenced sharing behavior. 7. Melis & Tomasello (2013) ○ Study Focus: Chimpanzees' tool transfer in a collaborative task. ○ Findings: ▪ Most subjects correctly chose the tool needed by their partner. ▪ The study indicates understanding of the partner's role in the task. 8. Melis, Hare, & Tomasello (2006b); Hare, Melis, Woods, Hastings, & Wrangham (2007) ○ Study Focus: Tolerance constraints in chimpanzees' collaboration. ○ Findings: ▪ Collaboration was hampered by low tolerance levels, particularly in situations with food. 9. Melis & Tomasello (2019) ○ Study Focus: Chimpanzees' communication in collaborative problem-solving. ○ Findings: ▪ Chimpanzees displayed the ability to wait for and recruit competent partners. ▪ They communicated effectively, indicating an understanding of the partner's instrumental role. 10. Melis, Grocke, Kalbitz, & Tomasello (2016) ○ Study Focus: Turn-taking in collaboration. ○ Findings: ▪ The study examined when children start using turn-taking as a strategy to share resources. ▪ It showed that successful cooperation was present but decreased over sessions; turn-taking did not emerge significantly. Summary PSYC0010 Social Psychology Page 1 Hypotheses: Co-Production vs. Collaboration: Differentiates between simple joint activities and complex collaborations. Proximate Mechanisms of Collaboration: Classifies collaboration based on coordination and shared intentionality. Cognition in Collaboration: How cognitive abilities support collaboration, including partner recruitment and communication. Tolerance Constraints: The role of tolerance in successful collaboration, especially around food. Sharing after Collaboration: How collaboration influences resource sharing, focusing on equity and turn-taking. Sharing-under-pressure Hypothesis: Suggests that sharing is influenced by social pressure, where more harassment leads to more sharing, mainly in the context of food sharing. PSYC0010 Social Psychology Page 2 Notes PSYC0010 Social Psychology Page 3 Notes Notes PSYC0010 Social Psychology Page 4 PSYC0010 Social Psychology Page 5