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CHAPTER 4 Global Media Culture  Oral Communication Globalization and Media: Creating the Aid globalization through allowing Global Village by Jack Lule humans to cooperate. Coordination, sharing...

CHAPTER 4 Global Media Culture  Oral Communication Globalization and Media: Creating the Aid globalization through allowing Global Village by Jack Lule humans to cooperate. Coordination, sharing of information  Globalization – vague, opaque, and about land, water, climate, weather, tools, difficult word weapons, technology.  Global economy, international trade, Stored and transmitted agricultural growing prosperity, international travel and information. communication, immigration, migration, Development of markets, trade of goods foreign films, foods, global problems. and services. Created first civilization Sumer in Middle History of Globalization East: Cradle of civilization – birthplace of Late 1900s: began few decades ago, wheel, plow, irrigation, and writing advances in media, transportation, and technology  Script Arjun Appadurai (1996): rupture within First writing – allowed humans to social communicate and share knowledge and life. Two diacritics: media and migration ideas over much larger spaces and cross Rise of modernity in the age of much longer times enlightenment Evolution: cave paintings, petroglyphs, Columbus reaching America and hieroglyphs. Beginning of humanity: First Homo Sapiens  The Printing Press set out in search for food, water, and Started the information revolution adventure Transformed market, business, nations, Nayan Chanda: Process that work silently schools, churches, governments, armies, for and more. millennia without being given a name Two consequences: (1) preserved and standardized knowledge. (2) encouraged Media the challenge of political and religious Plural form of medium authority. Channel of communication The word became popular because a word  Electronic Media is E.g. Telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and needed to talk about new social issues television. Phenomena were grouped together to Telegraph: Rail travel was more efficient, debate corporations and business were able to about “mass media” exchange information. Telephone: Transmitting speech over Evolution of Media and Globalization distance was the next breakthrough. Oral Communication Become the world’s dominant Oldest and most enduring of all media communication device. Speech has practiced 200,000 years This generation also includes radio and Script: less than 7,000 years film. Print: less than 600, years Creation of television brought together Digital Technology: less than 50 years visual and aural power of film with the accessibility of radio.  Digital Media THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: Computers have revolutionize work in Globalization of Religion every industry and trade. This open up new areas and methods of research. Religion and globalization starts with an Some of the largest companies i.e. understanding of how the exercise of Microsoft, Apple, Google, Facebook, and authority varies in religious contexts and more arose in the digital era and have been with a firm grasp of the interplay of the instrumental to globalization. erudite and institutional, and the popular, in religious life. It views religion as, among Global Imaginary and Global Village many other things, a means of boundary Consequence: Through media, the people maintenance. of the world came to know of the world. People have need to be able to truly imagine Robertson’s work (1992), and that of Peter the world – imaging themselves acting in Beyer (1994), who has continued in the world – for globalization to proceed. Robertson’s theoretical footsteps, can be Manfred Steger (2008) “global imaginary” thought of as the first stage in the evolution –the globe itself as imagined community. of our understanding of globalization’s Cosmopolitan: citizens of the world – interaction with religion. It is based on feature of modern life. People imagine assumptions drawn from the classical themselves as part of the world sociological tradition: Benedict Anderson (1991) – origin of nations and nationalism. 1. the understanding that globalization is an Questions how group of people, though extension across national boundaries of the spread across vast expanses of land, came process of Western modernization; to conceive themselves as a nation. 2. the use of ‘societies’ as basic units of Posits that these are results of imagined analysis whose boundaries coincide with communities. People will neve meet face to those of nation states; face will all the members of the country but 3. the assumption that religious revivals are they can imagine themselves as one: in the an expression of ‘traditional’ identities and minds of each lives and the image of their a reaction against modernity. communities. Globalization affects religion in  Marshall McLuhan (1960s): media many ways connected the world in ways that create a The rise of religious nationalism d global village. The return of religion into the public life The global village would bring about The proliferation of international utopia. Draws closely by media living in terrorism universal understanding and unity. The increasing personalized individual Religiosity  Lewis Manford (1970): contradicts the positive effect of media in witnessing its  The rise of religious nationalism use in capitalism, militarism, profit, and Nationalism was closely associated with a power. particular religious beliefs. Later works savaged the possibility of e.g. Some of the basis of passing laws in global village railed against its implications. specified countries follow religious This brings dystopian world affecting key inclinations. Practicing State Religions. arenas: economic, political, and cultural.  The return of religion into the public The teachings of great religions on moral life principles and values are necessary tools for Religion goes beyond administration of the: sacraments among Catholics. Abatement of avarice; e.g. Catholic Liberation Theology Abhorrence; and Religion becomes the sole basis of the Illusions believers’ life. which are considered the root cause of e.g. Religious Fundamentalism conflict.  The proliferation of international Humanitarian Assistance and terrorism Faith-centered Interventions Extremists believe that to fulfill God’s will Humanitarian Assistance it is their duty to achieve this through The goal is to help achieve peace by violence. advancing poverty reduction and putting Extremism - the holding of extreme attention to economic equality political or religious views; fanaticism. e.g. WORLD VISION – Christian Parochialism - a limited or narrow humanitarian organization helping children, outlook, especially focused on a local area; families and communities overcome narrow- mindedness. poverty and injustice  The increasing personalized Faith-centered Interventions individual religiosity Individual need to rely on a supreme The efforts of religious organization to being mediate understanding and peace e.g. Pope Francis of the Roman Catholic GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION: religion had an important role in the US- CONFLICT Cuba deal that ended the long conflict Persons responsible for global conflicts used between the two nation- states. religious doctrines, dogmas and even sacred books’ verses to morally justify their actions. Religion and Globalization Conflicts are about: Identity and economics Discussions are based on the study of Privilege and power Roudometof (2014) on Religion and Extremists – radical measures globalization. The discussion focuses more Fundamentalists – men ought to return to closely in the field of sociology of religions, very passages of its sacred books where the dominance of the secularization paradigm comes under scrutiny. This is STAGES OF Conflict Development succeeded by the discussion of Global religious rebellion against the secular contemporary issues and research agendas state that interrogate the relationship between 1. Revolt against secularism religion and globalization. 2. Internationalization of religious rebellion 3. Invention of global enemies The research agenda of the social sciences 4. Religious dimensions of post-Arab spring has been dominated by the debate over secularization. Secularization theory had a strong following, but over time it was superseded by re-evaluations favorable to the sceptic of the secularization thesis. Two broad streams of ideas Transnational Religion and Multiple concerning Secularization Glocalizations 1. There is no notion of post-secular society, The second agenda concerns the interface original put forward by Habermas (2006). between religion and culture. Concern with Post-secularity is seen as contemporary public expressions of religiosity also brings phased in modern societies, whereby forth the relationship between religion and religion makes a return to the public sphere culture. From within the secularization from where it was cast out during the era of paradigm, Martin’s (2005) interpretation modernity. This revitalized public suggests the employment of culture in ways religiosity takes many forms. that can forestall secularization’s success. 2. Secularism is seen as an active project that CHAPTER 5 is articulated alongside western modernity The Global City of the post-1500 world. In this line of The Contemporary World thinking, secularism is a multifaceted movement that has caused the onset of Twenty-first century is a hub for a closer secularization in Western societies that is, relation of states and wider perspective in secularization no longer occurs inexorably technological development. As such, the as a result of broader cultural, economic and world became a spider web where people political changes but rather is the outcome taught that there is inter-connectivity of of social action. nations. It is in globalization that made civilizations become closer to each other. Globalization: Perspective from the field In sociology of religion the notion of According to Thomas Friedman (2005), a globalization emerged in the early 1980s in a liberalist, there are three (3) phases of the series of publications by sociologist Roland known interconnectedness of states, Robertson and his co-authors Globalization. In meta-theoretical terms overturning the Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 to materialist foundations of political economy 1800 and “shrank the world from a size offered the opportunity to present the large to a size medium”; global as the cultural alternative to the The second phase talks about the age of world systems analysis. Parsons postulated Pax Britannica where Great Britain was the the inevitable universalization of certain hegemonic power in terms of trade and institutions in the long run of human economy, it is known as Globalization 2.0. history Globalization 3.0 occurred during the second half of the 20th century and this is Transnational Religion and Multiple also the age of Pax Americana where the Glocalizations United States of America was the The discussion is focused on the two of hegemonic power in terms of security, trade the many research agendas of the social- and economy. scientific study of religion. The first is located in the interdisciplinary Soft Power and the Global City transnational studies. Transnational studies Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the emerged gradually since the 1990s in present State does not use the tactics of force connection to the post-World War II new as a primary strategy in maintaining its immigrant or trans-immigrants who moved influence to another State rather it uses soft from third world to first world nations. power to retain her own dominance in the region. According to Joseph Nye (2004) who According to Sassen (1991), global cities actually coined this idea, Soft Power uses a are characterized by occupational and different type of tool to establish income polarization, with the highly paid cooperation – an attraction to shared values professional class on one end and providers and the “justness” and “duty of of low-paid services on the other. contributing” to the achievement of those Global Cities thusly represent cities values. around the world that are exemplifying these characteristics of a city better than The Role of Global Corporations other cities. in the Multipolar World Global Cities are also perceived as sources Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a of economic growth and are also economic substantial part in the global economy and powerhouses themselves, coupled with do enjoy a multitude of privileges such as being industry leaders and regional hubs. unquestionable access to vast amounts of However, everyday life in a global city is wealth they draw from their income. likely to include at least some downsides: MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise high housing costs, long working hours, politically separated and clouted world competitive and precarious labor market, under an all-encompassing banner of long commuting times, urban anonymity commerce and economy. and a relative social isolation, a fear of Thus, MNCs in a sense have the capacity strangers and crime, and the challenge of to erase and transcend the borders of the practicing neighborliness and world. multiculturalism in close propinquity to “diverse” neighbors. Global Cities: What they are and How are they conceived? Conclusion: With the emergence of multinational As the development of global condition, corporations and the irrefutable continuity cultural diversity of markets among of nation-states both as key actors of the countries arise and the world as we know it global community each to their own respect, is currently in the state where people are the world at least figuratively seems to diverse however connected. be smaller and more connected. The 21st century era brought the countries The result of this constant interaction together into global competition and the between a wide array of cultures is a connections of the people are being closely conglomeration of cultures in a particular sinking and sinking. geographical setting which has been labelled as the Global City. To be able to imagine, observe, and define DEMOGRAY AND POPULATION global city, one first needs to be able to STUDIES: AN INTRODUCTION imagine the world, the globe, as one entity. According to Sassen (1991), global cities What is DEMOGRAPHY? are characterized by occupational and income polarization, with the highly paid 1. the size and composition of professional class on one end and providers populations according to diverse criteria: of low-paid services on the other. age, ethnicity, sex, union (marital or To be able to imagine, observe, and define cohabiting) status, educational global city, one first needs to be able to attainment, spatial distribution, and so imagine the world, the globe, as one entity. forth; 2. dynamic life-course processes that change this composition: birth, death, unions, migration, etc.; and 3. relationships between population Sources of Demographic Data composition 1. Census: a population count where the and change, and the broader social and demographic, economic, and Physical environment in which they exist. social data of every individual of a given time are collected, tabulated, What is POPULATION? compiled, and published. 1. defined as a group of individuals of the same species living and UN encouraged countries to enumerate interbreeding within a given area their populations in a census, often 2. rely on the same resources, are providing financial as well as technical aid. subject to similar environmental constraints, and depend on the The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) availability of other members to under Philippine Statistical Act of 2013. persist over time 2.Vital Statistics Report (VSR): a yearly ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY report of events that deal with an  Birthrate (Crude birthrate): number of individual’s life from birth to death and live births per 1000 population a given those in between, e.g. marriage, annulments, year adoptions, separations, and other events  Total Fertility Rate (FTR): average and changes in his/her status. number of children born alive to any  Death rate (crude death rate): Number and percent distribution of these number of deaths per 1000 population in events - by month of occurrence, a given year. age, sex, and region, province or city.  Life expectancy: the median number Marriage statistics also include nationality of years a person can be expected to of the bride and groom and type of live under current mortality conditions. wedding ceremony.  Growth rate: the difference between Births, cover birth order and birth weight, birth rates and deaths, plus the attendance at birth, among others. difference between immigrants and Lists down causes of all deaths, including emigrants. infant, fetal, and maternal deaths as well as attendant at death. It also includes Demography some tables on deaths of children 10 Coined Achille Guillardin 1855 (Éléments years old and over, 15 years old and over, de Statistique Humaine and late fetal deaths. ou Démographie Comparée) Data are presented in table format and in John Graunt’s Natural and Political charts and graphs. A list of unpublished Observations Mentioned in a Following tables is likewise included. Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality, published in 1662 in London 3. Sample Surveys: conducted by private Demos (people) and publicinstitutions to obtain data and Graphein (to write about a particular information on matters not subject, in this instance, population). covered by the census or the vital statistics “the mathematical knowledge of system. populations, their general movements, and their physical, civil, Purpose: May provide the social, intellectual and moral psychological, economic, and even the state” (Guillard 1855:xxvi). physical date necessary to an understanding of why things are as they are. Composition of a Population Period: Redistribution through Migration (European Characteristics of individuals being studied Expansion) like age, sex, civil status, race or ethnicity migration from Latin America and Asia to and education when measured as a group. the United States, from Asia to Canada, from Africa and Asia to Europe, and within 1. Age Composition: comparative Europe from the east to the west. percentage of individuals at different age ▪ European Expansion since 14th century levels influencing the economic and social structures of society. Period: Redistribution through 2. Sex Composition: differences which is Migration (“South to North” determined by sex (proportion of males migration) over females per 100 population) and is European Expansion declined in 1930s affected by births, deaths and migration ▪ “South” (less developed areas) to “North” incidences. (developed areas) migration ▪ Urban Revolution marked in the Population Pyramid or Age-Sex Pyramid industrialized nations (Tree of Ages): presents the age and sex Example: 2000 Census show that non- characteristics of a population which can be Hispanic whites (the European origin used as prediction of its growth and decline. population) are no longer the majority in the state of California, and it is projected that Brief History of the World Population the Hispanic-origin population will represent the majority of Californians by the Period: Hunter-gatherers middle of this century (State of California ✓ Human race was increasing very slightly Department of Finance 2004), a projection ✓ Population was about 8 million around amply bolstered by the fact that the majority 8000 BC of all births in California (as in all ✓ Death rates were very high southwestern states) are now to Hispanic ✓ Life expectancies were rarely more than mothers. 30 years Period: Urban Revolution Period: Agricultural Revolution ▪ Large cities were few and far between. ▪ Population growth began to accelerate Example, Rome’s population of 650,000 in slightly A.D. 100 (now 4.2 M) was probably the ▪ From 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1, population was largest in the ancient world (Chandler and growing at a rate the doubled population Fox 1974). size every 1,530 years. ▪ It is estimated that as recently as 1800, less ▪ Death rates lowered than 1 percent of the world’s population ▪ Sedentary life thought to have improved lived in cities of 100,000 or more. More than living conditions one-third of all humans now live in cities of ▪ Fertility rates rose as new diets improved that size. the ability to conceive and bear children ▪ Factors: commercial response to industrialization in Europe, America, and Period: Industrial Revolution (1750s) Japan ✓ Death rates have decreased sooner than ▪ Less developed areas were associated with fertility rates due to economic development commercial response (buying and selling) and a rising standard of living ▪ Second half of the 20th century, the world ✓ Improvements in medical technology esp. began to urbanize in earnest, the vaccination underlying cause was the rapid growth of ✓ Migration have grown the rural population ✓ Population explosion was coined Is population a major factor in  Huntington’s Eight (8) Global a country’s development? Civilizations Connectedness of nations, ethnicities, and Global Migration states are the new trends in international arena. Civilizations became Global Three Worlds Civilizations. During the Cold War, leaders all over the. In the book of Samuel Huntington (1996) globe agreed to classify the world into three The Clash of the Civilization, global (3)categories: civilizations are determined into eight  The First World; (8) categories.  Second World; and After the Cold War, United States  Third World becoming the sole superpower declined its hegemony. Through the rising global As the world ended its bipolarity of civilizations the world turned into hegemonic powers, American era was multipolar power. established. After a decade, American era ended its hegemonic supremacy. The eight (8) global civilization are the: The Westerns; According to Fareed Zakaria (2008), this The Latin Americans; was known as the Post-American World Islamic civilization; and it is defined as the diffusion of power The Sinic or the Chinese civilization; from states to other actors. The Hindus; Orthodox; The Post-American World Japanese; and The Africans. In the idea of Huntington (1996), he claimed that Asian civilizations are At present, people from these global expanding its economic, political, and civilizations tried to move from one place to military strength. another just to have an economic stability, This era was the period where states and good life, and democratic freedom that non-state actors are rising, an era where the his/her country don’t have. balancing of power is unstable. The three (3) classifications turned into so-called Some globalists suggest that there is the Developed and Developing states. factor of socio-morality that undermine the movement of people from one place to  Developed and the Developing another. World Developed countries are the westerners Cosmopolitanism and the Role of and those countries that are part of the Migration northwestern hemisphere. According to Heywood (2011) Developing countries are the states which cosmopolitanism literally means the has low income rate. The latter are the adherence or belief in the ‘world state’. This countries from the region of Africa and Asia. idea began its journey when globalization These classifications emerge because of came into power in the 1950s. economic inequalities of states and in the societal level of analysis people who are Believing that the world can be governed facing low income salary tried to move from by one state is different from the known one place to another promising for a new Cosmopolitanism. life.  Three (3) Elements of Cosmopolitanism Voluntary Economic Migration According to the analysis of Pogge (2008), A person’s choice to relocate to an there three (3) main elements of opportunity instead of an encroaching fear Cosmopolitanism, and these are the for safety. following: Refugees Individualism; These are the people residing outside their Universality; country of nationality, who are unable or Generality unwilling to return because of e “well- founded” fear of persecution on account Defining Migration race, religion, nationality, membership in a Migration is defined as the form of social particular social group, or political opinion. behavior that both shapes and is shaped by Refugee Organizations, especially the broader social and economic structure and United nations High Commission for processes of transformation (International Refugees (UNCHR), seek to distinguish Migration Institute, 2011). clearly between refugees and migrants, but In the definition of Boswell (2002) however they do share to social needs and cultural migration is not just economic gain but impacts in their place of settlement rather it is more political. (UNCHR, 1997) Factors Why People Migrate CHAPTER 6 Social Inequality; THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: Economic Depression; The SustainableDevelopment Freedom Deprivation The twenty-first century witnessed the ✓These oppressions occur at present and strong impression that the global economy since Cosmopolitanism adhere to the had become a sphere of extreme uncertainty equality and moral integrity among men, it and risk. This includes dimensions of crisis has role on why people are moving. on collapsing financial markets, unemployment, deeper inequalities, a People are moving in and out of the shrinking middle class, extreme countries. According to Henry Nau (2009), indebtedness, and inability of governments the present world has its transnational to force through reforms, relations because countries trade with one increasing challenges of climate change and another, and populations move across state availability of resources. boundaries. To better understand the concept of global These areas are necessary to develop new migration, there are three (3) categories of technologies and keep economy growing. this trend – forced displacement, voluntary And these tendencies of societies are what economic migration, and refugees. constitutes to what the German Sociologist Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens called Forced Migration the Risk Society (Beck, 1986). Risk Society In a broader sense, this includes not only refers to the manner or means of a modern refugees and asylum-seekers (people who society to organize itself in response to the move across borders in search of protection) risks. but also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects (such as factories, roads or dams). Stability According to Ross (2009), Sustainable Firmness in position, permanence and development is defined, by the Brundtland resistance to change, especially in disruptive Report as “development that meets the way. needs of the present without compromising In an economic sense this association was the ability of future generations to meet more specific. The IMF describes it as their own needs”. However considered avoiding large swings in economic activity, unclear by some in terms of definition, high inflation and excessive volatility in sustainable development is somehow exchange rates and financial markets. both the means and ends of governments Economy is stable means that the system the world over, slogan and policy, strategy is in one calm phase of business cycle and goal. neither heading towards boom nor depression. MODELS OF SUSTAINABLE Stable environments somehow lack the DEVELOPMENT element of resiliency that sustainable United Nations’ Agenda 21 of 1992 environments possess because it is far easier for a stable environment to become unstable Agenda 21 advocates education to again in comparison to an already disseminate information regarding sustainable environment which finds it sustainable development (Jickling, 1994). difficult to become “unsustainable”. Countries all over the world have since then integrated this action plan of the United Sustainability Nations in their respective governments. Should be seen as different from stability. After the UN’s Agenda 21 of 1992 It considers the long-term capacities of a had been disseminated, governments system to exist. around the world push forth resolutions to Development that meets the needs of the address the present without compromising the ability of issues. future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Dimensions of Sustainable Development Development, 1987). It is about responsible  Social use of resources.  Environment Sustainability leads to stability, however  Economy stability alone may not necessarily lead to sustainability. Prism of Sustainable Development A sustainable environment is resilient by Spangenberg and Valentin 1999 enough to withstand man-made and natural  Institutional Dimension (social capital ) challenges, and can also recover from such  Economic Dimension (man-made if need be. capital)  Social Dimension (human capital) Sustainable Development  Environmental Dimension (nature The term “sustainable development” has capital) acquired much popularity among scholars, politicians, public servants, and the civil population alike since the Brundtland Report by the World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987. 17 Sustainable Development Goals from  Clean water and Sanitation United Nations Development Program Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent (UNDP) of people around the world, and that number is projected to go even higher as a  No Poverty result of climate change. by In 2000, the world committed to halving the 2050 at least one in four people are likely to number of people living be affected by recurring water shortages. in extreme poverty by the year 2015 and we But more international cooperation, met this goal. However, protecting wetlands and rivers, sharing more than 800 million people around the water-treatment technologies-that leads to world still live on less than accomplishing this Goal. $1.25 a day.  Affordable and Clean Energy  Zero Hunger The number of people with access to In the past 20 years, hunger has dropped by electricity increased by 1.7 billion. almost half. Many countries that used to That’s progress to be proud of. And yet as suffer from famine and hunger can now the world’s population continues meet the nutritional needs of their most to rise, still more people will need cheap vulnerable people. That means doing things energy to light their homes and such as promoting sustainable agriculture streets, use phones and computers, and do and supporting small farmers. their everyday business.  Good health and well being  Decent Work and Economic Growth Our health affects everything from how An important part of economic growth is much we enjoy life to what that people have jobs that pay work we can perform. That’s why there’s a enough to support themselves and their Goal to make sure families. The good news is that the everyone has health coverage and access to middle class is growing worldwide—almost safe and effective tripling in size in developing medicines and vaccines. countries in the last 25 years  Quality Education  Industry Innovation and Since 2000, there has been enormous Infrastructure progress on the goal to provide Technological progress helps us address big primary education to all children global challenges such as creating worldwide: the total enrolment rate in jobs and becoming more energy efficient. developing regions has reached 91%. For example, the world is becoming ever more interconnected and  Gender Equality prosperous thanks to the internet. There are still gross inequalities in work and wages, lots of unpaid “women’s work” such  Reduced Inequalities as child care and domestic work, and The divide has never been starker. We can discrimination in public decision making. and must adopt policies that But there are grounds for hope. More girls create opportunity for everyone. Income are in school now compared to in 2000. inequality is a global problem that Most regions have reached gender parity in requires global solutions. That means primary education. improving the regulation of financial markets and institutions, sending development aid where it is most needed and helping people migrate safely so they can pursue opportunities.  Sustainable Cities and Communities and insecurity. In 1990 there were ten “mega-cities” with 10 million inhabitants or more. In  Partnerships for the Goals 2014, there were 28 mega-cities, home to 453 Strengthen the means of implementation million people. A lot of people and revitalize the global love cities; they’re centers of culture and partnership for sustainable development business and life. There’s a growing consensus about the need to work together to stop climate  Responsible Consumption and change. And the Sustainable Development Production Goals are no small matter either. We can have a world where everybody gets 193 countries agreed on these goals. what they need to survive and thrive. And we can consume in a way that TUN E SA PPT AND CHAPTER 6 preserves our natural resources so LESSON KAY DAGHAN PICTURES that our children can enjoy them, and their children and their children after that. CHAPTER 7 Towards a Sustainable  Climate Action World: GlobalCitizenship Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts After the advent of globalization and a We can reduce the loss of life and property multitude of technological advances, the by helping more vulnerable nations and the many citizens of the world regions—such as land-locked countries and have gotten closer more than they have island states—become before. more resilient. Communication has been made easier with relatively new and efficient ways of  Life Below Water reaching. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, This constant state of being seas and marine resources for interconnected brings about the notion of a sustainable development “global village”. Every citizen in the world is part of such  Life on Land classification making citizens not only Protect, restore and promote sustainable use members of their respective home countries of terrestrial ecosystems, but also a global citizen. sustainably mange forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land Self as a Global Citizen degradation and halt biodiversity loss According to Douglas (2001), there are  Peace Justice and Strong Institutions characteristics to exemplified by a global Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for citizen. Individuals must be aware of the sustainable development, following: provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive 1. Wider World; institutions at all levels 2. Respect and Value Diversity; The goal of peace and justice is one for all 3. Understanding of how the world works countries to strive towards. The economically, politically, socially, culturally, Sustainable Development Goals aim to technologically, and environmentally; reduce all forms of violence and 4.Outraged by Social Injustice; propose that governments and communities 5. Must participate in and contribute to the find lasting solutions to conflict community at all levels from local to global; 6. Willingness to act to make the world a In essence, global education must be more equitable and sustainable place; & holistic and requires the effort of not only 7. Take responsibility for his/her actions. the educators but of parents, peers, and even policy makers (Pae, 2003). These characteristics which are said to be In a sense, not only does this form of exemplified by a global citizen can all be education focus on giving learners life skills acquired through education, particularly but also teaching them the importance of one that focuses on the global and values which will help the people gain a multicultural aspects. wider and clearer perspective of a global community and enable them to effectively Global Citizenship in a Global interact with other cultures. Civil Society There is no agreement on a simple definition of civil society. The major question whether it encompasses economic activity, both Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil Conclusion society as the sphere defined by the market Engaging with other people with different economy and its resulting individualism nationalities with these attributes can prove and socially divisive effects. beneficial for the rest of mankind in the long run since one is not only confined in the But most theorist of civil society focuses pursuit of personal interest but is also instead on religious, educational, cultural conscious about the lives, desire, and needs and leisure institutions, professional bodies, of other individuals hailing from other interest groups and charities, and cultures. campaigning groups. Civil Society also Being able to peacefully coexist with one suggests very informal links such as the another with a global perspective in mind primary groups that covers your can enable individuals to efficiently family and friends. distribute and consume resources without the need for coercion. Education as a Key Aspect In this era of interconnectivity between and among human beings, a global Education in this regard helps the learner perspective is a necessity. enhance his/her own perception with the Global citizens know that mankind must impact of one’s own actions to other acquire a symbiotic relationship among one cultures and the effects of actions of other another for the entire human species and people from other cultures with one’s own human culture to (Pae, 2003). survive. Global education opens learners’ minds to the multitude of customs and ways of life from across all walks of life, lessening one’s prejudices and biases. Microsystems Role in Global Citizenship The role of Microsystems such as families and local communities is of great importance in solidifying a global perspective.