Super30notes of Rise of Nationalism in Europe.pdf

Notes-Rise of Nationalism in Europe Q.1Which were the five features visualized by Frederic Sorrieu in his painting. Ans. 1.Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints in 1848 visualizing his dreams of a world made up of democratic and social Republic. 2. The first p...

Notes-Rise of Nationalism in Europe Q.1Which were the five features visualized by Frederic Sorrieu in his painting. Ans. 1.Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints in 1848 visualizing his dreams of a world made up of democratic and social Republic. 2. The first print of the series shows the people of Europe and America of the ages and social classes marching in a long train. 3.They are offering homage to the statue of liberty as they pass by it. 4. The people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identify through their flags and national costume. 5. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. Q.2 What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create the sense of collective identity among the French people ? i. Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) were emphasized. ii. The royal standard was replaced by a new tricolor French flag. iii. The Estates General was elected by active citizens and renamed as the national assembly. iv. In the name of the nation, new hymns, oaths and martyrs are commemorated. v. Uniform laws were established for the entire country by a central administrative structure. vi. Discourage local dialects and promote French as the common language of the nation. vii. internal customs duties and due were abolished and uniform system of weights and measures were adopted. Q.3 What were the main features of napoleonic code of 1804? Ans- When Napoleon Bonaparte came in the power he introduced a bunch of rules and regulations to have a better control over Europe which was called as napoleonic code or Civil Code. Following were the main features of napoleonic code 1) It abolished all privileges based on birth. 2)Feudal system was abolished. 3. Equality before the law was established. 4. Right to property was given. 5. Serfdoms and manorial dues was abolished. 5. In the town Guild restrictions were removed. 6. transport and communication system were improved. Q.4 What was the reaction of napoleonic rule? Ans-Napoleonic code started in 1804 and it produced mixed reactions from the French people. (1) Initially, there was great enthusiasm among the people. In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. (2)But later these reactions turned into hostility. Because political freedom was limited due to censorship and forced conscription into the armies. Q.5How was the habsburg Empire a Patchwork of many different regions and people in Europe explain. (1 ) the habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria Hungary included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. ( 2)It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. (3) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. (4)In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. Q.6 What were the political and economic view of liberals? Ans-The term ' liberalism ' derives fom the latin root liber, meaning free. Liberalism is a philosophy which stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law Political view of Liberals 1)They demanded for constitution with national unification 2)They wanted equality before law. 3)They Wanted government should be formed on the basis of consent. 4. They wanted end of autocracy and clerical privileges 5. they wanted a representative government through parliament 6. They demanded freedom of press and freedom of associations. Economic view of liberalism 1. Liberalism stood for the freedom of markets 2. and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. Q.7 What was zollverein? Ans In 1834, a customs union which was formed at the initiative of prussia and joined other german states. It had two objectives 1) to abolish tariff barriers. 2) to reduce the number of currencies from over 30 to 2. Q.8 What were the main features of Treaty of Vienna? Ans-After defeating napoleon Bonaparte a meeting was organised at Vienna by conservative powers and its main intention was to restore monarchy and to create a new conservative order in Europe Following were the main provisions of Treaty of Vienna : 1. Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France. 2. France lost all its territories annexed under Napolean. 3. The kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. 4. Prussia given new territories on its western frontier. 5. Austria was given Northern Italy. 6. Russia was given the part of Poland. 7. Several smaller States were created on the boundary of France so that it could not expand its power in the future Q.9 What was the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in unification of Italy? Ans-(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. ii. He formed two secret societies such as ‘Young Italy’ or ‘Young Europe’. iii. He attempted revolution in Liguria in 1831 so he was exiled from Italy. iv. He wanted unification with wider alliance of nations. v. He frightened conservatives through opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics. vi. He favoured war for unification of Italy. Note:- Duke Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order' Q.10. Can you explain the factors responsible for economic hardships faced by European people during 1830s? Ans. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to following reasons 1. During the first half of the Nineteenth Century there was an immense increase in population all over the Europe. But according to this population the food production did not cope up that's why the people of Europe started to face the food scarcity problem. 2. Problem of unemployment was faced by Europeans. 3. Small producers and manufacturers of towns face a stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made products. 4. In those regions of Europe where aristocracy still enjoyed powers, Peasants struggled under the Burdon of Feudal dues and obligations. Q.11 How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century? Ans. (1) The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion (2) Romanticism was a cultural movement which developed national sentiments with the help of art, poetry music, stories etc. (3) Romanticism artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feeling. (4) Their efforts was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common culture of past, as the basis of nation. (5) Some German Romantics believed that through folk songs, the true sprit of the nation can be popularized. German culture was to be discovered among common people. Q.12 How did the Journalist Wilhelm Wolff describe the revolt led by the Silesia weavers against contractors in 1845? Ans.1) In 1845, weavers of Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw materials. They gave them order for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments. 2) The workers were living in extreme poverty and misery and contractor taken advantage by reducing the prices of the goods they order. 3. On 4 June at 2 P.M. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages. 4. They were treated with scorn and threats alternately. 5. A group of weavers entered in to a house of a contractor. They smashed the window panes, furniture and porcelain. They entered the storehouse and tore to shreds the supplies of cloth. 6. The contractor fled away with his family to a neighboring village and came back after 24 hours with army. In the exchange that followed 11 weavers were shot. Q. 13“The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance”. Justify the statement. Ans.(1) Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. (2) In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. (3)Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (4)Polish was used for church gatherings and all religious instructions. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. (5) So we can say that the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. Q. 14 What ideas justify that the first half of nineteenth century were the years of Hunger, hardship and Revolts? OR How can we say that time period from 1830 to 1848 was a period of revolts and hunger? Ans. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship which can be seen in the following points 1. The first half of nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe. 2. In most countries of the Europe there were more job seekers than employment. 3.Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in town were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialization took earlier. 4. This was especially in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanized. 5. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 6. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread anger in towns and country. 7. In 1848 due to food shortage and unemployment the population of Paris started a revolution. Q.15Write a short note on Greek war of independence. Ans-1)Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. 2. The growth of revolutionary nationalism started in Greek in 1821. 3. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. 4. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. (4)The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. (5) Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. Q.16 ‘‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold. ‘Justify the statement? OR What was July revolution of 1830 in France? Ans-1. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed Louis Philippe as constitutional monarchy 2. The July Revolution 1830 sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 3. The July Revolution 1830 mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence 1832. Thus Metternich commented that ‘‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold. Q.17 Write a short note on failure of Frankfurt parliament. Ans-(1)Middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans assembled in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all German national assembly. (2) on 18th may 1848 ,831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament which was convened in the Church of St. Paul. (3)They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament (4)When they offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV(King of Prussia) rejected the idea which was called as failure of Frankfurt Parliament. Q.18 Write a short note on unification of Germany. Ans-(1)It started with liberal Nationalist movement of 1848 with the formation of Frankfurt Parliament however the attempts failed. (2)Then the initiative was taken by Prussia and the responsibility was handed over to the Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck. (3)Otto Von Bismarck was called as architect of German unification who used the policy of blood and iron to unify the Germany. (4)Bismarck led three wars over a period of seven years with Austria, Denmark & France that ended up with Prussian Victory. (4)Finally, Germany got unified in January 1871.The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. Q.19 Write a short note on unification of Italy. Ans(1 ) The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and king Victory Emmanuel- (II) 2. Italy was divided into 7 states in which only state Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by a Italian Princely house. 3. The northern Region was ruled by Austrian-Habsburg dynasty, The central was ruled by Popes by France and the Southern region by the Bourbon kings of Spain. 4. The unification of Italy started with the secret societies formed by Mazzini but it was failed then king Victor Emmanuel 2nd decided to unite the Italy and he gave this responsibility to his Chief Minister count cavour who was  very diplomatic person and he made diplomatic alliance with France defeated the Austria and freed the northern Italy. 6. To unite the southern Part of Italy ,Giussepe Garibaldi was invited who was also called as hero of red shirt. With the help of peasants and farmers he made a very big army and defeated the Spanish rule from the Southern part of Italy. 7. And finally in 1861, Victory Emmanuel 2nd was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy. Q.20. Who was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? Ans. 1. Marianne: In France nation was christened as Marianne, a popular Christian name which underlined the idea of a people nation. Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolor and the cockade, were erected at public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps as well. 2. Germania: In Germany Germania became the allegory of German nation. In visual representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the German oak stands for heroism. Q.21 How would you justify that the Act of union was a major setback to the Scottish Identity? Ans. 1. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘united Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant in effect that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. 2. The British Parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. 3. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. 4. Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. 5. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language or wear their national dress, and large number were forcibly driven out their homelands. Q.22 How would you explain the fate of Ireland? Ans. 1. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. 2. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over largely Catholic country. 3. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. 4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated in to United Kingdome in 1801. Q.23 How would you categories the factors which promoted the building up of the dominance of English ethnic in British Isles? Ans. Economic Prosperity: The Industrial revolution helped in the economic prosperity of the English nation. It succeeded in extending its influence over the other nations of the island with the help of trade and wealth. 1. English Parliament: The English parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 which was called as first bloodless revolution of the world. 2. The Act of Union 1707: According to this act the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed and Scotland merged in to England. British parliament became stronger. 3.Due to the Act of 1707 United Kingdom was formed and the parliament dominated by the English members. This was a major factor to uplift the identity of British. 4. Setback to Scotland’s distinctive culture and identity: catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language. Q.24 How did the Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First world War? Ans(1). Balkans was a region of geographical and ethical variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as slavs. (2). A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. By the end of 19th century the Ottoman Empire started to disintegrate and spread of the ideas of romanticism made this region very explosive. (3) The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of other. Balkans also became as area of big power rivalry. (5) At the same time European powers such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungry was keen to acquire more and more countries of Balkan and eventually the First World War broke out in 1914. Q.25 How did the united Kingdom came into existence? Ans-(1)The transformation of Great Britain into a nation state was not a sudden process. There was no one British nation before the eighteenth century. (2) People residing in the British Isles were mainly English, Welsh, Scots and Irish. These ethnic groups had distinct political and social traditions. (3) As the English nation grew in wealth and power, it began to dominate the other islands. (4)In 1688, the English Parliament seized power from the monarchy. The Parliament passed the Act of Union, 1707, by which England and Scotland were unified resulting in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. (5)The Parliament was dominated by the English, and the political and cultural identities of the Scots were systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland were brutally suppressed whenever they wanted to regain their independence. (6) Ireland was inhabited by the Protestants and the Catholics. The English supported the Protestants and established their rule with their help and support. Catholics, who constituted a majority in Ireland, revolted against the British on numerous occasions but were suppressed. (7) Ireland forcibly became a part of Britain in 1801. The English language dominated. Both Scotland and Ireland were subordinate to England.