Sukhothai and Ayutthaya PDF

The Emergence of Powerful Tai Polities in the 13th and 14th Centuries: Sukhothai and its Neighbors Sathaphum BOONMA Wednesday 3rd September 2024 Ancient Sukhothai Sukhothai – Sukha (สุข) + Udaya (อุทัย) Dawn of Happiness’ Northern part of present Thailand 1st capital city of Thailand Lo...

The Emergence of Powerful Tai Polities in the 13th and 14th Centuries: Sukhothai and its Neighbors Sathaphum BOONMA Wednesday 3rd September 2024 Ancient Sukhothai Sukhothai – Sukha (สุข) + Udaya (อุทัย) Dawn of Happiness’ Northern part of present Thailand 1st capital city of Thailand Located between the foothills of Khao Luang Hill and Mae Lum Pan river World Heritage Site in 1991 with Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet Wat Maha That, Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai Province Wat Chang Lom, Si Satchanalai Historical Park, Sukhothai Province Wat Phra Si Iriyabot, Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park, Kamphaeng Phet Province The Emergence of Sukhothai Around 13th and 14th century the central plain of Thailand, such as Lopburi, Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, etc. was under the Angkor ruling (Khom) Po Khun Nao Num Thum (1700-1724) has established Sukhothai*** After the death of Nao Num Thum, ‘Khom Sabad Khlon Lumpong’ had ruled Sukhothai Po Khun Phamuaeng of Muaeng Rad and Po Khun Bang Klang Hao of Muaeng Bang Yang had flight and expelled‘Khom Sabad Khlon Lumpong’ Si Chum inscription (2nd inscription, 1341-1367) The Emergence of Sukhothai Phamuaeng obtained an official title from the Angkor’s king as Sri Indraditya – equal to king or viceroy, a sacred sword, and the daughter Phamuaeng gave Sukhothai and all of to Bang Klang Hao – enthroned as king of Sukhothai names Po Khun Sri Indraditya*** with sword and the Angkorian king’s daughter Sri Indraditya was the Ramkhamhaeng's father Po Khun Sri Indraditya Monument, Sukhothai Province Sarn Ta Pha Daeng, Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai Province The conflict of the emergence of Sukhothai Po Khun Nao Num Thum (1102-1181) nobleman of Muaeng Chaliang (Si Satchanalai) and enthroned as King of Chaliang Po Khun Sri Indraditya (1188-1268) friend with Phamuaeng, husband of Lady Sueang, father of 5 children – 3 sons (Ban Mueang and Ramkhamhaeng) and 2 daughters Why you need to know? Alternative History VS National History (Monarchy) Historiography – writing history Prince Tisavarakumarn, the Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, the father of Thai history Why you need to know? Alternative History VS National History (Monarchy) Historiography – writing history Sukhothai was the 1st Rajathani, capital city, of Thailand Sukhothai Thonburi Ayutthaya Rattanakosin Why you need to know? Alternative History VS National History (Monarchy) Historiography – writing history Sukhothai was the 1st Rajathani, capital city, of Thailand Most of the inscriptions had written in ‘Tai alphabets’ The link between Tai-Sukhothai and Tai-Khao in northern Lao No war with the old ruler (Khmer), but with other Tai local ruler, Po Khun Ramkhamhaeng VS Khun Sam Chon, Muaeng Chod Po Khun Ramkhamhaeng Monument, Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai  The Reign of Ramkhamhaeng R. 1279 – 1299 – the 3rd or 4th Studied at Lavou (Lopburi – Khom) ‘Thai Language’ creation – Lai Sue Thai – the 1st inscription (1283 A.D.) Help Phraya Mung Rai built Chiang Mai Paternalism (พ่อปกครองลูก) Freedom of Trade – Tax Free for population Promote Buddhism – Buddhist Kingdom Phraya Ngum Muaeng Po Khun Ramkhamhaeng Phraya Mang Rai Monument of the Three Kings Building Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province Paternalism in Sukhothai The Reign of Ramkhamhaeng The Ramkhamhaeng’s northward extension. ‘All the Ma, Kao, Lao, Thai of the lands under the vault of heaven, and Thai who live along the Nam U and the Mekong come to do obeisance to King Sri Indraditya’ son, King Ramkhamhaeng.’ – พ่อขุนรามคําแหงลูกพ่อขุนศรีอินทราทิตย์เปนขุน ในเมืองศรีสัชนาไลยสุโขทัย ทังมากาวลาวไทยแลไทยเมืองใต้หล้าฟา... สุโขไทยชาวอูชาวของมาออก 1295, Hsien (Sukhothai?) had been laying The Angkorian kingdom and forced the Khmer kings to introduce universal military conscription.  King Lithai Monument, Sukhothai Province The Reign of Lithai R. 1347 – 1368 – the 6th or 7th king Grandson of Ramkhamhaeng The highest of Buddhism and Art Built Wat Maha That and casted Pra Sri Sakya Muni for Sukhothai built a pagoda and planted a Bodhi tree from Sri Lanka at Wat Phraborommathat, Kamphaeng Phet – renovated the city – Phra Ruang Rd. Founded Song Kwae (Phitsanulok) as an important organised state and built Phra Chinnaraja Wrote ‘Tribhumigata’ talking about cosmology allow Hinduism to be enshrined in Sukhothai Wat Maha That, Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai Province Phra Sri Sakya Muni from Wat Maha That, now in Wat Suthat, Bangkok The Walking Buddha, From Wat Sra Sri, Sukhothai, Now at Wat Benchamabopit, Bangkok Wat Phra Borommathat, Nakorn Chum, Kamphaeng Phet Wat Chedi Yod Thong, Phitsanulok Province Phra Buddha Chinna Raja, Phitsanulok Province Phra Buddha Chinnasi and Phra Sri Sasda, now in Wat Bovornniwet Tribhumigata and the Depiction of Thai Cosmos Maha Kasetra or Kasetra Vimanya Temple Pa Mamuang inscription and Statues founded at Maha Kasetra temple, Sukhothai Si Satchanalai It is the oldest city compared with SKT and KPP Pre-history living Relationship with Northern-Thai – Wat Chedi Ched Thaew In Sukhothai kingdom, Si Satchanalai was a crown prince state Sangkhalok ceramic ware – Ryukyu and Fukuoka Still powerful until Ayutthaya period Wat Chom Chuen Archaeological site, Si Satchanalai Historical Park, Sukhothai Wat Chedi Ched Thaew, Si Satchanalai Historical Park, Sukhothai  Wat Pa Sak, Chiang Saen Historical Park, Chiang Rai Province THS241 Thai History 1295 A.D. Sangkhalok ceramic ware Sangkhalok ceramic ware Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Si Satchanalai, Sukhothai Province Wat Chedi Ched Thaew, Si Satchanalai Historical Park, Sukhothai Wat Ratchaburana, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical Park, Phra Nakhon Si Aytthaya 1424 A.D.  Do you think will Thai History change if someone say that … THS241 Thai History  The Controversy About Authenticity Michael Vickery – ‘The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription: A Piltdown Skull of Southeast Asian History?’ (1991) Sujit Wongthes – ‘จารึกพ่อขุนรามคําแหง ใครแต่งกันแน่? “ของจริง” หรือ “ของปลอม”’ (in Thai) (1988) Chamberlain, James R. – ‘The Ram Khamhaeng controversy : collected papers’ (1991) Griswold, A.B.; Prasert na Nagara – ‘Epigraphic and Historical Studies No.9 : The Inscription of Ramkamhaeng of Sukhothai (1292 A.D.)’ (1971) THS241 Thai History  Ayutthaya: Commerce, Cosmopolis, c.1300-c.1500 Outline The Rise of Ayutthaya The Ayutthaya under the Rule of Khmer The China and the Coming of Thai Language The Appearance of Golden equipment in Wat Ratchaburana The Tribute Sending to China The Rise of Hinduism in Ayutthaya and Kamphaeng Phet The Coming of Western and Eastern Readings Kennon Breazeale, From Japan to Arabia, chapter 1 “Thai Maritime Trade” or chapter 2 “Origin of Capital and Seaport”. Charnvit Kasetsiri ‘Zheng He-Sam Po Kong: History and Myth in Thailand’ in Charnvit Kasetsiri Studies in Thai and Southeast Asian Histories. See his The Rise of Ayudhya, A History of Siam in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, 1976, Chapter 6 / 7. 3 Kings-Leaders of the Tai/Thai around 1300 King Uthong: The Founder of Ayutthaya (1351-1369 / 1893-4 -1912) Founded the kingdom in 1351. Who is he: a Mon, a Khmer, or a Chinese. He came from Uthong/Suphanburi, Chiang Saen, Lopburi/Lavo, or Phetburi ?  King Uthong’s reigning date coincided with the time of the Black Death,1350s, When million of million people in Eurasia and North Africa died.  โรคห่า – กาฬโรค BE.1889-1896 The spread of the Black Death in Europe and the Near East (CE.1346–1353) Pestilence-Great Mortality-Plague around 1350s The Ayutthaya under the Rule of Khmer In the early foundation of Ayutthaya, the power of Angkor still influenced Ayutthaya and its neighbors Sujit Wongthes ‘In the royal court of early Ayutthaya spoke Khmer Language till the fall of Angkor Kingdom’ Many inscriptions or many temples show the style involved by Khmer  The Chronicle of Luang Prasert said ‘The Buddha image was established in 1867, which was 26 years before King U-Thong established Ayutthaya.’  Wat Phanan Cherng Phanaeng Jerng – Khmer word Phanaen = cross Jerng = foot Phanaen Jerng = crossed foot The China and the Coming of Thai Language King Nakhon In – Nagarindradhiraja Had been adopted by Chinese Emperor as a tribute by asking The First King of Ayutthaya that came fromSuphan Buri City ‘Phra Ruang who went to China’ Before ruling Ayutthaya, he was a King of Kamphaeng Phet  In 1408, Zheng He had moved a large navy of sending back the tribute from China to Ayutthaya. Asst.Prof. Suebsaeng Promboon shows Zheng He had met King Nakhon In. In 1409, There was a Coup d'état from the noblemen to King Ram Raja – King Nakhon In had been invited to be the King  Sujit Wongthes + Siripoj Laomanacharoen + Suebsaeng Promboon analyse that ‘The Chinese navy led by Zheng He was certainly involved in the coup.’ Why? Why? Wongthes says ‘China needed more the products which are from wild, in the north or northeast. Those people who had contacted with them must be Thai or Tai spoken, because they could contact each other. And Suphan Buri had an evidence show that they speak Thai/Tai language. That is why he had been adopt by Chinese Emperor’ Thai was now becoming powerful in the Royal Court of Ayutthaya. Khmer kingdom/Language was now powerless. The Appearance of Golden equipment in Wat Ratchaburana The Tribute Sending to China a relationship between powerful and less-power kingdom Not only power, but also Commercial Thai send to China in order to be accept as an authorized kingdom There were 110 tributes sent to China in Ming Dynasty  Special tax-free trade in China Sending tribute once a year or once for two years One group sending tribute in Beijing, another trade at the port city Bringing back the Chinese products and ‘monopolized’ them  The tribute sending was over in the reign of King Rama IV due to the Opium Wars – British VS China The Rise of Hinduism in Ayutthaya and Kamphaeng Phet King Narai – Name of Vishnu – allow the Hindu to be enshrined in Ayutthaya near the central of Ayutthaya city There was another ceremony hold by royal court led by the Hindu Brahmins Found a big sculpture of Shiva and many Hindu statues around the Hindu temple  There were also found statues in Kampaeng Phet Shiva statue’s inscription said ‘the creation of idols to exalt the Brahmin religion’ The Coming of Western and Eastern Many groups of foreigner moved to Ayutthaya For trade or relations Japan, France, Portugal consecrate the royal message to King Narai Creating Thai Dessert?  Q&A (if no) Let’s discussion! THS241 Thai History