Study Sheet for Exam - PDF

The temperature of the ocean contributes to climate Elevation as you go up a mountain it gets cooler, and the atmosphere is thinner for UV radiation Explanation- As you go up a mountain, elevation refers to the height above sea level. The higher the elevation, the thinner the air, leading to coole...

The temperature of the ocean contributes to climate Elevation as you go up a mountain it gets cooler, and the atmosphere is thinner for UV radiation Explanation- As you go up a mountain, elevation refers to the height above sea level. The higher the elevation, the thinner the air, leading to cooler temperatures and lower oxygen levels. Results in skin damage Microclimate- refers to the localized climate conditions in a small, specific area that may differ from the surrounding general climate fungi or microscopic organisms Explanation: Lichens What is the supernatural? Anything that can be observed or measured, cannot be used as an explanation 1. Generalization (observation) 2. General idea ( theory law) 3. prediction/ hypothesis 4. Specific observation/ experiment Fundamental principles - The environment is heterogeneous (diverse) - Resources can be finite and heterogeneous - Organisms intersect with their environment and one another - The distribution of organisms is heterogeneous (diverse) - Contingency- occurring or existing only if certain other circumstances are the case - Organism are mortal Causation (chain of causation) Everything has an ecological example sequence of events that lead to an outcome Proximate causation- closer to the thing that happened refers to the primary or direct cause of an event immediate event that follows Ultimate causation It explains why a certain trait or behavior has evolved over time The "why" behind a trait in an evolutionary sense. Climate Vs. Weather weather - temperature, humidity. Rainfall (cloudy, sunny) Climate- broader time frame, longer-term changes The intensity of sunlight is lower at higher latitudes- oblique The intensity of sunlight is higher at lower latitudes perpendicular to the sun What is the cause of this pattern? Earth’s tilt At higher latitudes (closer to the poles), sunlight strikes the Earth at a lower angle, spreading over a larger area, and is therefore less intense. Air circulation and precipitation patterns At the equator, the air rises At the equator, intense sunlight heats the surface, causing air to rise Air sinks back down at 30N and 30S Air sinks at around 30 degrees north and south because it cools as it moves away from the equator, becoming denser and descending What happens when warm air containing moisture cools down? The cooling process results in precipitation and therefore rainfall at the equator Air going down north and South is Dry Air- the Sahara desert is around 30 degrees north, and south Confection cells are driven by the intensity of solar radiation Position of landmasses If there were no oceans or land surfaces then everywhere on the equator would have the same amount of rainfall and the same temperature Movement of water in the oceans Driven by the earth rotating on its axis Wind patterns also affect movement in water Gyre- large oceanic-level movements of water Driven by the earth rotating on it’s axis Driven by land masses As it hits equator goes north, back east, south, repeats Oceanic gyres influence water temperature by redistributing heat through their warm and cold currents On mountains, a dry environment on the upward side of the mountain The moist environment on the downward side North/South side of mountain The north and south sides of a mountain can exhibit different patterns of vegetation growth due to variations in sunlight exposure, temperature, and moisture levels. In the Northern Hemisphere, the south-facing side of a mountain receives more direct sunlight throughout the day In the Southern Hemisphere, the north-facing side of a mountain receives more direct sunlight 3 different biomes Terrestrial, aquatic, and microbiomes Tropical forests centered on the equator, a lot of rainfall Savannah’s- grasslands with trees Grasslands- lacking in trees Chaparral- dried out low shrubbery, fires Tundra- dry cold, plants low to the ground Boreal forest- spruce and pine trees in colder environments Intertidal Zone- at shoreline Continental zone- typically found in shallow waters up to about 200 meters deep Photic zone- the upper layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates, allows photosynthesis Aphotic zone- complete darkness Determining factors of where a species lives Abiotic factors- temperature, humidity, environmental factors that are not living organisms Biotic factors- other species, predators, parasites, food resources Ability( mobility)- where ancestors are from Demography- how the population changes over time. The proportion of males and females over time. It involves analyzing data related to population size, density, distribution, and trends, including factors such as birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Density- # of individuals per unit area Indicates how crowded a population is in a particular area Circumpolar- polar bears circle the north penguins circle the south Type 1 survivorship curve- high survivorship in the young age Old age low survivorship Type 3- low survivorship at an early age and high survivorship at a late age Type 2- survivorship is the same in all categories Reproductive patterns- Fecundity- It is a measure of how many offspring an individual or population can produce under optimal conditions Ex. fish species might be assessed by the number of eggs laid in the spawning season Biological potential- refers to the maximum capacity of an organism or population to reproduce Sea urchins high fecundity of gazillion Potential range- all possible ranges an organism could survive in Actual range- area an organism actually survives in Dispersion- the pattern of spaces among individuals Uniform - individuals equally spaced out Clumped- grow in patterns Random dispersion- spread out everywhere reproduction rate and population size- if =1, no population growth if 1, population growing Exponential growth- Exponential growth occurs when a population increases at a constant rate per unit of time, without any limits to its growth. This model assumes that resources are unlimited and that there are no constraints on population size Logistic growth- occurs when a population grows rapidly at first but then slows down as it approaches the carrying capacity of the environment. environmental constraints and resource limitations. Per capita B/ N number of births over the total population Per capita death rate- number of deaths over total population as N approaches K, b decreases and m increases so r decreases if N