Study PowerPoint: Physical, Language, & Emotional Development

Physical Development in Middle Childhood During middle childhood, children typically experience steady growth in height and weight, averaging about 2 inches in height and 5-7 pounds in weight per year. Coordination and motor skills improve significantly; children can engage...

Physical Development in Middle Childhood During middle childhood, children typically experience steady growth in height and weight, averaging about 2 inches in height and 5-7 pounds in weight per year. Coordination and motor skills improve significantly; children can engage in more complex physical activities such as sports and dance. Muscle strength and endurance increase, allowing for more sustained physical activity and play. Fine motor skills also develop, helping children to perform tasks like writing, drawing, and crafting with greater precision. Overall, physical development during this stage lays the foundation for healthy habits and physical competence in adolescence. Language Development Vocabulary Expansion Children's vocabulary increases significantly, often reaching 10,000 words. They learn new words through reading, conversations, and instruction. Understanding of synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms develops. Complex Sentence Formation Children start using more complex sentences with conjunctions. They improve grammar and punctuation skills in writing. Narratives become more detailed and structured. Emotional Development Emotional Growth in Children During middle childhood, children begin to understand and manage their emotions more effectively, leading to improved emotional regulation. Empathy develops significantly; children start to recognize and respond to the feelings of others, fostering stronger social connections. Self-regulation skills are enhanced, allowing children to control their impulses and reactions in various situations. The ability to articulate feelings increases, enabling children to communicate their emotions more clearly with peers and adults. Social experiences, such as friendships and teamwork, contribute to emotional maturity during this stage. Self-Concept and Identity Understanding Self-Concept Influence of Social Interactions During middle childhood, children begin to Social interactions with peers and adults form a clearer understanding of play a crucial role in shaping a child's self- themselves, including their abilities, traits, concept as they receive feedback and and preferences. comparisons. Development of Identity Influences of Family Dynamics Impact of Family Relationships Family relationships provide emotional support that aids children's self-esteem. Positive family interactions foster resilience and coping skills. Conflict within families can lead to behavioral issues in children.  Extracurricular Activities Extracurricular activities promote physical health through sports, helping children develop coordination and fitness. Participation in arts and music fosters creativity and self-expression, enhancing cognitive development. Engaging in team-based activities builds social skills, such as teamwork, communication, and conflict resolution. These activities provide opportunities for children to explore personal interests and develop new skills outside of the academic setting. Involvement in extracurriculars can improve self-esteem and confidence as children achieve goals and receive recognition for their efforts. Challenges in Middle Childhood Bullying Academic Pressure Social Relationships Family Changes  Role of Play in Development Physical Development Social Development Cognitive Development Play stimulates cognitive Play encourages physical Through play, children learn growth by encouraging activity, which is essential for to interact with peers, creativity, problem-solving, developing motor skills, develop friendships, and and critical thinking. Engaging strength, and coordination. understand social norms. in imaginative play helps Activities like sports and Cooperative games teach children explore concepts and playground games help teamwork and conflict develop their ability to think children improve their physical resolution, fostering abstractly. fitness. important social skills. Developing Independence During middle childhood, children start to take on more responsibilities, They begin to make decisions on their own Independence is also reflected in their ability to solve problems This stage is crucial for developing self-discipline  Cognitive Challenges learning Support Strategies Common Learning Disabilities Impact on Academic Performance Implementing individualized education During middle childhood, children may plans (IEPs) and providing additional experience learning disabilities such as support can help children overcome dyslexia, dyscalculia, and ADHD, Cognitive challenges can lead to cognitive challenges and succeed in impacting their academic performance. difficulties in reading, writing, and math, school. often resulting in lower grades and increased frustration. Supporting Diverse Learners: Diversity Collaboration and Support Differentiated Instruction Culturally Responsive Teaching Encourage collaboration among students Tailor teaching methods to and provide additional support through accommodate various learning styles resource teachers or aides for those who and abilities, ensuring all students can Incorporate students' cultural need it. engage with the material. backgrounds into lessons, promoting respect and understanding among peers. Physical Growth in Infancy Rapid Physical Changes Infants experience rapid growth during the first year, typically doubling their birth weight by five months and tripling it by their first birthday. Height increases significantly, with most infants growing about 10 inches in the first year. Brain development is remarkable; by age one, an infant's brain reaches approximately 60% of its adult size, supporting increased cognitive functions and motor skills.  Motor Development Milestones Reflexive Movements Walking Independently Crawling Standing with Support Around 6 to 10 months, By 9 to 12 months, Most children take their At birth, infants exhibit infants typically begin to infants usually can stand first independent steps reflexive movements crawl. This milestone while holding onto between 12 to 15 such as grasping, marks the beginning of furniture or other months. Walking is a sucking, and rooting. independent movement, supports. This stage is significant milestone These reflexes are important for building that enhances mobility allowing infants to crucial for survival and strength and balance and independence. explore their before walking. early interaction with surroundings. Standing milestones Walking milestones the environment. noted Crawling milestones documented Reflexive movements recorded Photographs of standing Videos of first steps observed Observation of support Parental reports on Parenting observations exploration Developmental walking progress Developmental Parental feedback on assessments checklists mobility Sensory and Perceptual Development Touch and Other Senses Vision Development Hearing Abilities Touch is one of the first senses to Infants are born with limited vision, develop, providing comfort and which improves rapidly over the first few exploration. Infants also exhibit months. They can focus on objects Newborns are sensitive to sounds and sensitivity to taste and smell, often about 8-12 inches away and begin can recognize their mother's voice preferring sweet flavors. tracking moving objects. shortly after birth. By six months, they can distinguish between different speech sounds and tones. Cognitive Development Theories Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage Infants learn through their senses and actions.. Language Development in Infancy Cooing (0-3 months) Babbling (4-6 months) One word stage (12- months) Two word stage (18-24 months)  Attachment Theory and Bonding Zero to Three, 2023 Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, emphasizes the importance of the emotional bond between infants and their primary caregivers. This bond is crucial for the child's social, emotional, and cognitive development. Secure attachment leads to positive outcomes such as better emotional regulation, social skills, and resilience in later life. Responsive interactions and consistent caregiving foster a strong attachment, providing infants with a sense of safety and security that encourages exploration and healthy development. Emotional Development in Toddlers Understanding Emotions Emotional Regulation Social Emotional Skills Toddlers begin to recognize and During this stage, toddlers Toddlers start to engage in social label their own emotions as well develop strategies to manage interactions, which help them as the emotions of others. They their emotions, including practice empathy and learn to express feelings such as calming techniques and seeking understand social cues, happiness, anger, and sadness. comfort from caregivers. enhancing their emotional intelligence. Sleep Patterns and Challenges Typical Sleep Patterns Common Sleep Challenges ✓ Infants typically sleep 14-17 ✕ Frequent nighttime hours a day, including naps. awakenings can disrupt sleep for both infants and ✓ Newborns have irregular caregivers. sleep patterns, often sleeping for short periods. ✕ Teething and growth spurts can lead to temporary sleep ✓ By 6 months, many infants disturbances. begin to develop a more consistent sleep routine. ✕ Nighttime fears and separation anxiety may increase in toddlers, leading to sleep challenges. Early Childhood Education and Care Importance of Early Childhood Education Impact on Child Development Improves academic performance in Promotes cognitive and language later schooling. development in young children. Reduces the likelihood of behavioral Establishes foundational skills for issues. lifelong learning. Enhances readiness for school and Encourages social and emotional transition into formal education. growth through peer interactions. Role of Play in Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Play encourages movement, Through play, children explore Play provides opportunities for helping infants and toddlers their environment, enhancing children to interact, learn sharing, develop their motor skills and their problem-solving abilities and cooperation, and social skills. coordination. creativity. Developmental Disorders and Delays Common Developmental Disorders Developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prevalent in early childhood, impacting communication and behavior. Signs of Developmental Delays Delays in milestones such as walking, talking, or social interaction can indicate potential developmental issues that require early intervention. Importance of Early Intervention Identifying and addressing developmental disorders early can significantly improve outcomes, helping children reach their full potential. Parenting Styles and Their Effects Authoritative Parenting Authoritative parents are responsive and nurturing, setting clear expectations. This style promotes independence and self-discipline in infants and toddlers. Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parents are strict and demand obedience, often using punishment. This can lead to lower self-esteem and social skills in children. Permissive Parenting Permissive parents are indulgent and lenient, allowing significant freedom. This can result in difficulties with self-regulation and authority in toddlers. Uninvolved Parenting Uninvolved parents are detached and minimize their involvement. This can negatively affect emotional and cognitive development in infants. The Role of Caregivers Caregivers provide essential emotional support, fostering a secure attachment that is crucial for healthy development. Caregivers are instrumental in building routines that help infants and toddlers feel secure and understand their environment. Developing Self-Identity Self-Recognition Infants begin to recognize themselves in mirrors around 18 months, indicating the first signs of self-awareness. Emotional Expression Toddlers express their emotions, showing preferences and dislikes, which contribute to their developing identity. Social Interactions Through interactions with caregivers and peers, toddlers learn social roles and norms that shape their sense of self. Resilience in Early Childhood Understanding Resilience Fostering Resilience Resilience is the ability to adapt in the face of Create a supportive and nurturing environment. adversity. Encourage problem-solving and autonomy in It involves emotional strength and coping skills. toddlers. Healthy attachment relationships foster resilience. Model positive coping strategies during challenges. Childbirth Approaches Natural Childbirth Natural childbirth emphasizes minimal medical intervention, relying on the body's natural processes. Parents may choose this for a more personal experience and to avoid potential side effects of medications. Medicated Childbirth Medicated childbirth involves the use of pain relief options like epidurals. Parents often opt for this approach to manage pain effectively and to feel more comfortable during labor. Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery is a surgical option used when complications arise or if the baby is in distress. Parents may choose this method for safety reasons, particularly in high-risk pregnancies. Medicated Childbirth Pros Cons + Effective pain relief during labor, allowing − Potential side effects for the mother, including mothers to relax and focus on delivery. nausea, headaches, or a drop in blood pressure. + Epidurals can help manage labor anxiety, − Epidurals can sometimes lead to prolonged labor or making the experience more comfortable. increase the need for assisted delivery methods, such as forceps or vacuum extraction. + Medicated childbirth may allow for a quicker − Risk of reduced mobility during labor, which may labor process in some cases by reducing stress limit the mother's ability to change positions for and tension. comfort or progress. + The medical team can monitor contractions − Possible impact on the newborn, such as temporary and fetal heart rate more closely with difficulty in breastfeeding or decreased alertness medication. after birth.  The Process of Delivery Stage 1: Dilation Stage 2: Birth Stage 3: Afterbirth Delivery Pain Management Techniques Breathing Exercises Hydrotherapy Massage Therapy Epidural Anesthesia Breathing techniques Using water during labor Massage can alleviate Epidurals provide help manage pain and can provide pain relief. pain and reduce stress significant pain relief by anxiety during labor. Warm baths or showers during labor. Support numbing the lower body. Controlled breathing help ease discomfort and from a partner or doula It is administered by an promotes relaxation and can enhance relaxation. can make a significant anesthesiologist and reduces tension. difference. allows for a more comfortable labor experience.  The Newborn Average newborn weighs ~7.5 lbs Average length 10.5 inches First few days of life, infant typically lose about 5% of body weight as they eliminate waste and get used to feeding Newborn assessment and identifying risks is crucial. Possible risks/concerns: Low birth weight, premature death, anoxia, and hypoxia  Postpartum Period Or postnatal period: begins immediately after childbirth as the mother’s body, including hormone levels and uterus size, returns to a non-pregnant state Vaginal birth: average days of stay in hospital is 1-2 days Caesarean section: average days of stay in hospital is 3-4 days Role of the Birthing Partner Supporting the Birthing Process The birthing partner provides emotional support, helping the laboring person feel calm and supported throughout the process. They assist with physical comfort measures such as massage, repositioning, and helping the laboring person with breathing techniques. The partner can advocate for the laboring person's wishes and preferences, communicating with medical staff when necessary. They help create a positive environment by encouraging the laboring person and maintaining a focus on the birth plan. After delivery, the partner plays a crucial role in bonding with the newborn and supporting the new mother during recovery. Postpartum Care for the Mother Essential Aspects of Postpartum Care Physical recovery includes monitoring for any complications such as excessive bleeding or infection. It's important for mothers to rest and gradually resume daily activities. Emotional well-being is crucial; many mothers experience mood swings or postpartum depression. Support from family and friends is vital during this time. Breastfeeding support can help mothers navigate challenges and establish a successful feeding routine, contributing to both mother and baby’s health. Nutrition is important for healing and energy; a balanced diet can help mothers recover and support breastfeeding. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers ensure Newborn Sleep Patterns Newborns typically sleep 14 to 17 hours a day, waking every 2 to 4 hours to feed. Sleep patterns can be irregular, with periods of active and quiet sleep. Establishing a consistent sleep environment can help promote better sleep. Swaddling, white noise, and gentle rocking can soothe newborns to sleep. Avoiding overstimulation before bedtime can aid in helping newborns settle down. Common Newborn Health Concerns Jaundice: A common condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, typically resolves within two weeks but should be monitored. Colic: Excessive crying in otherwise healthy infants; consult a pediatrician if crying lasts more than three hours a day, three days a week. Respiratory Issues: Symptoms like wheezing or difficulty breathing may indicate a problem; seek immediate care if these symptoms arise. Feeding Difficulties: If a newborn is not feeding well or shows signs of dehydration, contact a healthcare provider for guidance. Rashes and Skin Issues: Common newborn rashes usually clear up on their own, but persistent or worsening rashes should be evaluated by a doctor. Signs of Postpartum Postpartum Depression depression (PPD) is a serious mental health condition that affects many new mothers. Signs of PPD may include persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, or hopelessness, difficulty bonding with the baby, changes in sleep or appetite, and feelings of worthlessness or inadequacy. If these symptoms last more than two weeks or interfere with daily activities, it is crucial to seek help from a healthcare professional. Early intervention can significantly Father's Role in Early Childcare Active Participation Fathers are increasingly taking on active roles in childcare, from changing diapers to feeding, positively influencing their child's development. Emotional Support Research shows that engaged fathers contribute to the emotional well-being of their children, fostering secure attachments and better social skills. Role Modeling Fathers serve as important role models, teaching children values and behaviors, which shapes their identity and interpersonal relationships. Balancing Work and Parenthood Effective Time Management Techniques Communication and Support Systems Create a daily schedule that Discuss work schedules with your allocates time for work and partner to coordinate parenting family activities. duties. Prioritize tasks based on urgency Seek support from family or and importance to manage time friends to help with childcare effectively. when needed. Utilize tools like calendars and Consider flexible work reminders to stay organized. arrangements, such as remote work or adjusted hours.  Developm ent  Theories of human development take a stance on three basic issues: (1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all people, or are there many possible courses? (3) What are the roles of nature and nurture in development? From © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. What is the study of human development?  Human development explores: - How we change and grow from conception to death - How we change over period of time, and how we remain the same - How we as people are similar and at the same time unique What is the study of human development? Life span development perspective involves: Growth, maintenance and regulation of loss: three main goals of human development  Growth refers not only to physical changes, but also to other aspects of growth: economic, sociological and in every aspect of life  Maintenance refers to when you grew up enough and you are not growing any further however, you want to maintain what you already have, or what you already have learned throughout your life  Regulation of loss is related to maintenance if you are not growing any further, so you need to work to regulate your losses or in other terms maintain what you have without losing it all  The processes of development  Biological – changes in an individual physical nature (Genes inherited from parents, health, changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, puberty, aging, etc)  Cognitive – changes in our thinking, intelligence, and language (how we think, how the memorize, etc)  Socioemotional – changes in individual relationships with other people, emotions, From © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education interpersonal relations, etc Ltd. Theories of Lifespan Development Piaget's Cognitive Development Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Bioecological Model Theory This theory posits that individuals face Piaget's theory describes how children Developed by Bronfenbrenner, this eight developmental crises throughout develop cognitive abilities through four model emphasizes the interplay their lifespan, each requiring resolution stages, fundamentally impacting their between individual development and to develop a healthy personality. understanding of the world. environmental contexts across multiple systems. Main debates: Continuity and Discontinuity Does development smoothly progress or shift abruptly? Development takes place in Development as a gradual unique stages and that it occurs change at specific times or ages (change (ex. growth of a child) is more sudden) Main debates: Stability and Change Can early traits and characteristics persist or change over time? - If a child is very shy during the childhood, do you think the child will From Democrat and remain the same during the adolescent years and in adulthood? Chronicle Biology and Environment: Resilience Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development Factors in resilience: Personal characteristics Warm parental relationship Social support outside family © iofoto/Shutterstock Community resources and opportunities Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Periods of Development The interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes give rise to the developmental periods (timeframe) of the human life span - Prenatal period – from conception to birth -Infancy – from birth to 18/24 months Childhood – up to around 11 years - Early childhood – up to age 5/6 years - Middle and Late Childhood – (5/6 – 10/12 years) - Adolescents – from 10/12 to 18/22 years - Early adulthood – early 20ties to early 30ties - Middle adulthood – 40-60 years - Late adulthood – 60 years to death Conceptions of Age  ). Four types of age: - Chronological - (years since birth). - Biological – biological health. They younger the person’s biological age, the longer the person is expected to live, regardless of chronological age. - Psychological – individual adaptive capacities. Older adults who are flexible motivated, think clearly tend to be younger psychologically - Social age – refers to the connectedness with others. People with stronger social relations are happier and tend to live longer than individuals who are lonely (Antonucc et al, 2016). THREE PATTERNS OF AGING 1. Normal 2. Successful 3. Pathological © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education 1 Ltd. 0  Heredity and Chromosomes Gametes: involved in reproduction: the male gametes, or sperm, and female gametes, or ova.  Male gametes are produced in testes, process called spermatogenesis  Female gametes are produced ovaries present when born but immature; process called Oogenesis.  Genotype and phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genetic makeup of that Refers to the individual’s individual. inherited physical characteristics. What determines a Sex of a Child? Sperm = Y chromosomes Ova= X chromones If a child receives XY= genetically male If a child receives XX= genetically female Technology and ability to determine sex of a child  Genetic Mutations Definition of Genetic Mutations Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence or gene that can occur due to errors during DNA replication or external factors such as radiation and chemicals. Potential Effects of Mutations Mutations can lead to various outcomes, including genetic disorders, cancer, or may have no effect at all, depending on where they occur in the genome.  The Germinal Stage: Weeks 0-2 The germinal stage is the first phase of prenatal development, lasting about two weeks after conception.  The Embryonic Stage: Weeks 3-8 Key Developments Organ Formation Major organs begin to develop during this stage, including the lungs, liver, and kidneys, laying the foundation for future growth.  The Fetal Stage: Weeks 9-Birth The fetal stage, which spans from approximately the ninth week of pregnancy until birth, is characterized by rapid growth and maturation of the fetus. During this period, the organs and systems develop and refine their functions, with significant growth in size and weight. By the end of this stage, the fetus is typically about 20 inches long and weighs around 7 to 8 pounds. This stage is crucial for the development of body systems, including the nervous, respiratory, and digestive systems, as well A fetus at 10 weeks of development as the formation of facial features and limbs. Environmental factors during this stage, such as nutrition  Prenatal testing Aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible Prenatal Testing Prenatal Diagnosis Finding problems among a large Pursuing additional detailed population with affordable and information once a particular noninvasive methods. problem has been found and can sometimes be more invasive.  Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that uses sound waves to create images of the fetus. It helps assess fetal growth, detect structural anomalies, and monitor heart activity. Blood Tests Maternal blood tests can identify certain genetic conditions by measuring specific substances in the blood, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or cell-free fetal DNA (cfDNA). Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) CVS is an invasive procedure where a sample of the placenta is taken to test for genetic disorders. It is typically performed between the 10th and 13th weeks of pregnancy. Amniocentesis Amniocentesis involves extracting amniotic fluid to analyze fetal cells for genetic conditions. It is usually performed between the 15th and 20th weeks and carries some risk. Genetic Disorders and Prenatal Development Genetic disorders can arise from mutations in genes, chromosomal abnormalities, or complex interactions between genes and the environment. These disorders can affect prenatal development by causing congenital malformations, growth restrictions, or functional abnormalities in the fetus. Examples of genetic disorders that impact prenatal development include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and spina bifida, which can lead to significant health issues at birth. Early detection through prenatal screening can help manage genetic disorders, allowing for informed decision-making and  Teratogens and Their Effects Effects on Prenatal Development Definition of Teratogens Types of Teratogens Exposure to teratogens can lead to Teratogens are substances or factors serious birth defects, developmental that can cause malformation and delays, and other health issues, developmental abnormalities in a fetus Common teratogens include certain depending on the timing and level of during pregnancy. medications, alcohol, drugs, infections, exposure. and environmental toxins that can adversely affect fetal development.  Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Stress and Mental Nutrition Health Drugs, Tabacco, and Alcohol High levels of stress can negatively Adequate nutrition is crucial during(Teratogen) affect prenatal development, leading to pregnancy as it supports fetal growth complications such as preterm birth. and development. Poor nutrition can Exposure to drugs and alcohol can have Managing stress through support and lead to low birth weight and severe consequences on fetal relaxation techniques is essential. developmental delays. development, including birth defects and cognitive impairments. Pregnant individuals should avoid these substances. Parental Age and Genetic Risk Parental age is a significant factor in prenatal genetic risk. Advanced maternal age, typically defined as 35 years or older, increases the likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome. Similarly, older paternal age has been associated with a higher risk of new genetic mutations and conditions like autism spectrum disorders. This is attributed to factors such as the accumulation of genetic mutations in sperm and eggs over time.  Advancements in Non-Invasive Testing Emerging technologies like cell-free DNA testing are revolutionizing prenatal genetic testing by allowing for safer, non-invasive methods to assess fetal The Future of Prenatal genetic conditions. Genetic Testing Integration of Artificial Intelligence AI is being utilized to analyze genetic data more efficiently, improving the accuracy of predictions regarding genetic disorders in fetuses. Personalized Medicine Approaches The future of prenatal genetic testing aims to provide personalized insights, enabling tailored care plans based on the unique genetic profile of both the parent and fetus. The Role of Counselling in Prenatal Genetics Genetic counseling plays a crucial role for expecting parents as it provides them with essential information about genetic conditions that may affect their child. Counselors help parents understand the risks of inherited disorders, interpret genetic test results, and discuss the implications of these findings. This support empowers parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy, helps them prepare for potential challenges, and offers emotional support throughout the process. Factors influencing prenatal risks The timing of the exposure: Structures in the body are vulnerable to the most severe damage when they are forming. If a substance is introduced during a particular structure’s critical period (time of development), the damage to that structure may be greater. For example, the ears and arms reach their critical periods at about 6 weeks after conception. If a mother exposes the embryo to certain substances during this period, the arms and ears may be malformed. The amount of exposure: Some substances are not harmful unless the amounts reach a certain level. The critical level depends in part on the size and metabolism of the mother. Genetics: Genetic make-up also plays a role in the impact a particular teratogen might have on the child. This is suggested by fraternal twin studies who are exposed to the same prenatal environment, yet do not experience the same teratogenic effects. The genetic make-up of the mother can also have an effect; some mothers may be more resistant to teratogenic effects than others. Gender: Being male or female: Males are more likely to experience damage due to teratogens than are females. It is believed that the Y chromosome, which contains fewer genes than the X, may have an impact.  Prenatal Major complications Gestational diabetes Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) Preeclampsia Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Infections Peripartum Cardiomyopathy  Why do women die in Pregnancy and childbirth Severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth) Severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth) High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) Complications from delivery Other complications: Miscarriage Stillbirth Gender Differences in Development Physical Development Differences Boys often exhibit greater physical strength and larger body sizes. Girls typically develop fine motor skills, like writing and drawing, earlier. Differences in growth patterns may influence play preferences and activities. Cognitive and Language Skills Girls generally outperform boys in verbal skills during early childhood. Boys may excel in spatial skills, influencing their interest in building activities. Social interaction can enhance language development in girls more than boys. Physical Growth Milestones Typical Physical Growth Milestones By age 2, children typically weigh about 26-28 pounds and stand around 34 inches tall. Between ages 3-5, children experience steady growth, gaining about 4- 5 pounds and 2-3 inches in height each year. By age 4, most children can hop on one foot, catch a bounced ball, and begin to use utensils effectively. By age 5, children often show improved coordination, can skip, and may start riding a bike with training wheels. Overall, physical growth during early childhood is characterized by rapid changes in height, weight, and motor skills development. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (Textbook p. 250-252) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.  Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years: world experienced through senses and actions.  Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7: use words and images to represent things but lack logical reasoning  Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11: understand concrete events and logical analogies; performs arithmetical operations  Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up: Utilize abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking  Theory of Mind The understanding that the mind holds people’s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. The mind can be tricked or not always accurate  Developing a Concept of Self: Who am I? Early childhood is a time of forming an initial sense of self. Self-concept: idea ow who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel as a social process that involves taking into consideration how others view us. In order to develop a sense of self, children must have interaction with others. Gender Identity: Male or Female, interest in finding out the differences between boys and girls (physical and acceptable actitivites).  Childhood Stress and Development Huge impact of stress on childhood development Impact depends on number of stressors, duration of stress, and child’s ability to cope. Changing school, loss, expose to family violence etc Types of stress: Positive, Tolerable, and Toxic Toxic Stress: chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a child’s ability to cope, especially in the absence of supportive caregiving from adults Consequences: memory issues, reduced immunity, anxiety. Breakout discussion: What are possible coping skills on how children can manager stress?  Trauma and Childhood Childhood Trauma = Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Examples: neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, parent or sibling treated violently, separation/divorce, incarceration of parents, parents with mental illness. Importance of early intervention Early Childhood Education Impact of Early Childhood Education Programs Early childhood education programs enhance cognitive skills, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. These programs foster social skills, helping children learn to interact with peers and develop emotional intelligence. Research shows that children who attend quality early education are more likely to succeed academically in later years. Access to early childhood education is linked to long-term benefits, including higher graduation rates and improved career outcomes. Investing in early childhood education leads to better health and economic stability for families and communities. Successful Early Childhood Program Overview of the Program: ABC Early Learning Centre The ABC Early Learning Centre implemented a comprehensive early childhood development program focusing on holistic growth. The program emphasizes play-based learning, fostering cognitive, social, and emotional skills in children aged 3-5. Staff includes trained educators who work closely with families to ensure a supportive learning environment. Regular assessments track children's progress and adapt teaching strategies to meet individual needs. The center collaborates with local health services to provide integrated support for physical and mental well-being. Impact of Socioeconomic Status Access to Resources Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds often have better access to educational resources, healthcare, and nutritious food, which supports their development. Stress and Environment Low socioeconomic status can lead to increased family stress, which negatively impacts children's emotional and cognitive development due to an unstable home environment. Educational Opportunities Socioeconomic status influences the quality of educational opportunities available, affecting children's readiness for school and long-term academic success.  Attachment and Bonding Attachment and bonding are crucial concepts in early childhood development that refer to the emotional ties formed between a child and their caregivers. These bonds are essential for a child's emotional security and development, as they influence the child's sense of safety and the ability to explore their environment. A strong attachment fosters healthy emotional and social development, helping children form relationships with others. Understanding these concepts can inform practices that support positive caregiver-child interactions, ultimately enhancing the child's overall development and well-being.