Study Guide - SAR Pt1 Stramenopila and Alveolata

**Study Guide- SAR: Stramenopila and Alveolata** **Phylum Stramenopila (Note: This was a very general overview of this phylum)** 1. What are features that define this phylum? a. Phylum Stramenopila (includes Diatoms, water mold, brown algae and others i. Cell membrane may...

**Study Guide- SAR: Stramenopila and Alveolata** **Phylum Stramenopila (Note: This was a very general overview of this phylum)** 1. What are features that define this phylum? a. Phylum Stramenopila (includes Diatoms, water mold, brown algae and others i. Cell membrane may be supported by silica ii. Unique tubular hairs on flagella (Somewhere in life cycle) iii. 2 flagella (if they have them) (One facing forward, one backwards) iv. Photosynthetic individuals chloroplast has 4 membranes -- one is shared with the nucleus (tertiary incorporation) 2. Describe the variation in structure 3. Locomotion: What is unique about the anterior flagellum in this phylum? 4. Feeding: Describe the variation in feeding in this phylum **Alveolata** 5. What is the defining characteristic of this clade? b. Alveola -- Vessicle-like pockets under plasma membrane -- filled with stuff, provide structure **Phylum Dinoflagellata** 6. What are features that define this phylum? c. Pellicle -- Alveola d. 2 flagella v. Transverse -- around them, has cellular "hairs" vi. Longitudinal -- no "hairs" e. Some are photosynthetic -- plastids with 3 membranes f. Heterotrophs -- Structures called extrosomes 7. Describe the pellicle and general shape g. Role of Alveola h. Thecate vs. Athecate vii. Thecate -- Alveola filled with cellulose and other polysaccharides (not flexible) viii. Athecate -- filled protein (flexible) i. Parts of typical dinoflagellate 8. Locomotion: j. Describe the position and role of two flagella. ix. Transverse flagella -- cause the individual to rotate, provides some forward motion and stability x. Longitudinal Flagellum -- provides propulsion 9. Feeding: k. Autotrophs xi. Only about half of species are autotroph xii. Plastids -- Peridinin plastids (pigment) xiii. Most are thecate l. Heterotrophs: Describe the three feeding types we discussed xiv. Phagocytosis -- food vacuole created at cytostome xv. Peduncle -- pierce a cell and pull out cytoplasm into a food vacuole xvi. Pallium -- Pseudopods come out and surround prey, digestion happens in that pocket, used to feed on larger prey 10. Extrusomes: Describe the three types we discussed in class and their function. m. Mucocysts -- produce mucus n. Trichocyst -- have crystalline rods o. Nematocyst -- pocket with a thread in them, inverted and invert out to pierce prey 11. Eye Spots p. Photo reception xvii. Eye spot -- detect light xviii. One group with ocellio with a lense microtubule that focus lens vision? 12. Bioluminescence: What structures are used and what are the cues? q. Some have bioluminescence xix. Scintillans -- Contain luciferase, enzyme involved xx. 100 million per L 13. Red tide r. Neurotoxin -- Gastrointestinal s. Neurotoxin - Paralysis 14. Reproduction: Describe the typical life cycle **Phylum Apicomplexa** 15. What are features that define this phylum? t. All parasites u. Apical complex v. Pellicle -- Alveola and microtubules w. Move with a gliding motion 16. What are the major groups and where is each group found (type of host and location in the host)? x. Gregarines -- Parasites of invertebrates y. Coccidia -- Parasites of epithelial tissue of vertebrates, Coccidiosis -- found in rabbits, cats, dogs, Toxoplasma -- humans z. Hematozoa -- Blood parasites of vertebrates, plasmodium (malaria) 17. Describe the pellicle and general shape 18. Describe the structure of the apical complex and basically how it functions. Include structures and secretory organelles a. Apical complex -- used for attachment organ into cells b. Polar rings, conoid, and microtubules (support) c. Structure of Apical Complex xxi. Maintained by polar rings, microtubules, conoid xxii. Secretary organelles 1. Rhoptry, dense organelles, microneme d. Gregarines -- Apical complex allows for attachment e. Coccidia and Hematozoa -- Intracellular secretary organelle cause host cell to create a vacuole to house the parasite f. Structure of the rest of the cell -- Maintained by alveola -- contain proteins and microtubules 19. Locomotion: g. Glide along and use secretion, contractions of microtubules in the pellicle 20. Feeding: h. Structures involved in feeding i. Eat small stuff j. Micropores near anterior end site of phagocytosis 21. Reproduction k. Life Cycles l. Describe the life cycle of a typical apicomplexan xxiii. *Gregarine* 2. *Growth phase -- Growing from tiny spores into big gametes, grow up to be a gamont* 3. *Sporogamy -- Cyst, Meiosis happens and eventually ends of with haploid spores* 4. *Zygote -- Zygote formed via syngamy of gametes* 5. *Gamogamy -- Gamonts produces gametes, asexual mitosis* xxiv. *Plasmodium* 6. Mammal -- All haploid a. Asexual reproduction b. Gets into the liver, hepatocyte, reproduction in the liver, c. Get released into the blood i. Enter red blood cells d. Asexual reproduction ii. Could cycle through or produce gametes 7. Mosquito e. Sexual Reproduction f. Meiosis to produce the sporozoites **Phylum Ciliata** 22. What are features that define this phylum? m. Cilia with kinetosomes n. Pellicle and alveola -- Epiplasm o. Micronucleus and macronuclus p. Cytostome or cytoproct -- ciliated feeding area 23. Describe the pellicle and general shape 24. Locomotion: q. Describe the structure of the infraciliature xxv. Alveola filled with protein xxvi. Cilium r. Describe how the cilia move xxvii. 2 types of cilia 8. Somatic cilia -- found around cell, locomotion 9. Oral cilia -- Feeding area xxviii. Cilia move in metachronal wave 10. Each set (kenities) cues in on previous xxix. Cilia have power stroke 11. Stretched out xxx. Recovery stroke 12. Curled in s. Metachronal waves 25. Feeding: t. Role of cilia u. Hunting vs. Filter feeder xxxi. Cytostome -- feeding pocket (ex. Paramecium) xxxii. Cytoproct -- Area lined with oral cilia (vorticella) xxxiii. Oral Cilia drive water and food into feeding area -- food taken in via phagocytosis xxxiv. Extrusomes -- Many trichocytes 26. Reproduction v. Macronucleus and micronucleus xxxv. 2 nuclei 13. Macronucleus -- large, responsible for somatic functions, hyperploidy 14. Micronucleus -- only involved in reproduction (2N) w. Asexual Reproduction x. Conjugation **Terms** 27. Heterokont 28. Alveola 29. Extrusomes 30. Cingulum 31. Sulcus 32. Episome 33. Hyposome 34. Thecate 35. Athercate 36. Kleptoplastids 37. Trichocyst 38. Mucocyst 39. Nematocysts 40. Eye Spot 41. Scintillons 42. Red Tide 43. Apical Complex 44. Conoid 45. Polar Rings 46. Rhoptries 47. Micronemes 48. Dense Granules 49. Microspore 50. Sporogamy 51. Growth Phase 52. Gamogamy 53. Gamont 54. Epiplasm 55. Infraciliature 56. Kinity 57. Cytopharynx 58. Cytoproct 59. Macronucleus 60. Micronucleus 61. Metachronal Wave 62. Conjugation **Questions to consider** 63. Compare and contrast the function of the alveola in the three phyla of Alveolata. 64. Compare and contrast the pellicles of the three phyla of Alveolata.