Study Guide for Test 2 - Chapter 3 + 4 BH PDF

**Chapter 3** 1. **Culture:** The shared beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of a group of people. - **Ethnocentrism:** The belief that one\'s own culture is superior to others. - **Cultural Relativism:** The understanding that different cultures have different values and pra...

**Chapter 3** 1. **Culture:** The shared beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of a group of people. - **Ethnocentrism:** The belief that one\'s own culture is superior to others. - **Cultural Relativism:** The understanding that different cultures have different values and practices, and that none is inherently superior to another. 2. **Components of Culture** **Material Culture:** Physical objects created by a culture, such as tools, technology, art, and architecture. **Nonmaterial Culture:** Ideas, beliefs, values, norms, and language that shape a culture. - **Values:** Deeply held beliefs about what is important or desirable. - **Beliefs:** Specific ideas about what is true or false. - **Norms:** Rules that govern behavior. - **Folkways:** Informal rules for everyday behavior. - **Mores:** More serious norms that are often tied to moral or ethical principles. - **Laws:** Formal rules enforced by the government. - **Sanctions:** Rewards or punishments for adhering to or violating norms. - **Language:** A system of symbols used to communicate. 3. **Types of Norms and Sanctions** - **Folkways:** Mild sanctions, such as social disapproval. - **Mores:** More serious sanctions, such as social ostracism or legal punishment. - **Laws:** Severe sanctions, such as fines, imprisonment, or even death. 4. **Subcultures and Countercultures** - **Subculture:** A group within a larger culture that has distinct beliefs, values, and behaviors. - **Counterculture:** A subculture that opposes the dominant culture\'s values and norms. - **Relationship to Dominant Culture:** Subcultures and countercultures can coexist with the dominant culture, sometimes influencing it or being influenced by it. 5. **Cultural Change** - **Cultural Diffusion:** The spread of cultural traits from one group to another. - **Cultural Leveling:** The process by which cultures become more similar to each other.   - **Cultural Imperialism:** The imposition of one culture\'s values and practices on another. 6. **Ideal vs. Real Culture** - **Ideal Culture:** The shared values and norms that a culture claims to follow. - **Real Culture:** The actual behavior of people in a culture, which may deviate from the ideal. 7. **Hegemony:** The dominance of one group or class over another. For example, the dominance of Western culture in many parts of the world. 8. **Culture War:** A conflict between opposing cultural groups over values and beliefs. For example, debates over abortion, gun control, and religious rights in the United States. 9. **Theoretical Perspectives** - **Symbolic Interactionism:** Culture is created and maintained through social interaction. - **Conflict Theory:** Culture is shaped by power struggles between different groups. - **Structural Functionalism:** Culture serves to maintain social order and stability. **Chapter 4** 1. **Nature vs. Nurture Debate** - **Nature:** Genetic factors that influence our behavior and traits. - **Nurture:** Environmental factors, including social interactions, experiences, and culture, that shape our behavior. - **Interactionism:** The idea that nature and nurture interact to influence our development and behavior; the building blocks of socialization 2. **Socialization and Social Isolation** - **Socialization:** The process of learning to become a member of society, acquiring norms, values, and behaviors. - **Social isolation:** The complete or near-complete lack of social contact. - **Importance of socialization:** Social isolation can demonstrate the crucial role of social interaction in human development, language acquisition, and mental health. - **Resocialization:** the process by which one\'s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are re-engineered. 3. **Theories of Self-Development** - **Freud\'s Psychoanalytic Theory:** Emphasizes the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, including the id, ego, and superego. - Id -- composed of biological drives, is the source of instinctive, psychic energy. - Ego -- the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the super ego. - Superego -- composed of the conscience and the ego-ideal that represents the internalized demands of society. - **Cooley\'s Looking-Glass Self:** The idea that our self-concept is based on how we imagine others perceive us. - **Three Stages of Looking-Glass Self:** 1. We imagine how we appear to others 2. We imagine how others judge our appearance and respond to against us 3. We react to the feedback and make change - **Mead\'s Theory of the Self:** Distinguishes between the \"I\" (the spontaneous, creative self) and the \"me\" (the socialized self). - **Self:** The individual's conscious, reflective experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from others. - **Mead's Stages of Development:** 1. Imitation/Preparatory Stage -- mimic or imitate others - Young children under the age of 3 2. Play Stage -- pretending to play the role of the particular significant other, understanding limited roles in society - Age 7-8 - Particular or significant other -- the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and adopts 3. Game Stage -- takes on the perspective and role of multiple, generalized others (societal expectations) - Most young adults live in this stage - Understanding complexities of relationships - - Life is like a play - We have props and scripts - Impressionism Management -- the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics (frontstage) 4. **Agents of Socialization in American Society** - **Agency:** The ability of the individual to act freely and independently - **Family:** The primary agent of socialization, teaching basic values, norms, and behaviors. - **Schools:** Formal institutions that transmit knowledge, skills, and societal values. - **Peers:** Social groups that influence attitudes, behaviors, and self-esteem. - **Media:** Mass communication channels that shape perceptions, beliefs, and values. 5. **Status and Roles** - **Status:** Positions we hold - **Achieved status:** A status earned through personal effort or achievement - **Ascribed status:** A status assigned at birth or involuntarily - **Embodied status:** A status based on physical characteristics or abilities - **Master status:** A status that dominates other statuses in a person\'s identity - **Roles:** Expected behaviors attached to the status - **Role strain:** Overwhelm with roles in one status - **Role conflict:** Overwhelm with roles in multiple statuses - **Role exit:** Exiting the responsibilities of a status 6. **Emotions as a Social Phenomenon** - **Emotional scripts:** Socially learned rules that guide how we express and interpret emotions. - **Emotional labor:** Managing emotions to meet the demands of a job or social situation. - **Emotional contagion:** The spread of emotions from one person to another. - **Cultural variations:** Differences in emotional expression and interpretation across cultures.