Morpheme Study Guide Exam 1 PDF

Morphemes: Lexical morphemes: contain conceptual meaning. ○ Free: Roots (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) ○ Bound: Roots: Noun (priv-acy, re-fer-ence), Verb (re-ceive,re-duce), Adjective (in-cred-ible, syn-onym-ous) Aff...

Morphemes: Lexical morphemes: contain conceptual meaning. ○ Free: Roots (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) ○ Bound: Roots: Noun (priv-acy, re-fer-ence), Verb (re-ceive,re-duce), Adjective (in-cred-ible, syn-onym-ous) Affixes: Prefix, Infix, Suffix Grammatical morphemes: represent grammatical features added to the conceptual meaning. ○ Free: Function words (pronoun, preposition, auxiliary, conjunction, article) ○ Bound Inflections (number, gender, tense, aspect, case, comparison comparative and superlative) MORPHEME = ➔ smallest meaningful unit of language (cannot be broken down further into smaller meaningful parts). ex: item-s can be broken down into 2 morphemes. FREE MORPHEME = ➔ can stand alone as an independent word (ex: 'item'). BOUND MORPHEME = ➔ cannot stand alone as an independent word. ➔ must be with another morpheme/word such as affixes (-s) or roots (kep- of kept). BASE (aka STEM)= ➔ an element (free or bound, root morpheme or complex word) to which additional morphemes are added. ➔ can consist of a single root morpheme, like 'kind' of 'kindness'. ➔ a base can also be a word that itself contains more than one morpheme. ex: we can use the word 'kindness' as a base to form the word 'kindnesses'; to make 'kindnesses', we add the plural morpheme, spelled '-es' in this case, to the base 'kindness'. ROOT = ➔ a (usually free) morpheme where words can be created by adding affixes. Ex: kind > kindly, kindness, kinder, kindest ➔ is the item you have left when you strip all the morphemes off of a complex word. ➔ Ex: In the word dehumanizing, if you strip off all the affixes (-ing, -ize, and de-), human is what you have left (root). AFFIX = ➔ a bound morpheme which attaches to a base (root or stem). ➔ PREFIXES attach to the front of a base. ➔ SUFFIXES to the end of a base. Ex: '-al' of 'critical'. ➔ INFIXES are inserted inside of a root and it has meaning. Ex: 're-' of 'rewrite' ➔ INTERFIXES inserted inside a root but lacks meaning. Ex: -ad" in "pan-ad-ero" and speed-o-meter. INFLECTION = ➔ process by which affixes combine with roots to indicate grammatical categories such as tense or plurality. ex: in 'cat-s', 'talk-ed', '-s' and -ed' are inflectional suffixes. ➔ process of adding very general meanings to existing words, not as the creation of new words.  DERIVATION = ➔ process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words. ➔ ex: in 'modern-ize', 'read-er', '-ize' and '-er' are derivational suffixes. ➔ viewed as using existing words to make new words. CONTENT MORPHEME: ➔ relatively more-specific meaning than a function morpheme. ➔ it names a concept/idea in our record of experience of the world. ➔ fall into the classes of noun, verb, adjective, adverb. FUNCTION MORPHEME: ➔ relatively less-specific meaning than a content morpheme. ➔ signals relationships between other morphemes. ➔ generally fall into classes such as articles ('a', 'the'), prepositions ('of', 'at'), auxiliary verbs ('was eating', 'have slept'), etc. SIMPLE WORD = ➔ a single morpheme ➔ can’t be analyzed into smaller meaningful parts, ex: 'item', 'five', 'chunk', 'the'. COMPLEX WORD = ➔ a root plus one or more affixes (ex: 'items', 'walked', 'dirty'). COMPOUND WORD = ➔ two or more simple or complex words (ex: landlord, red-hot, window cleaner) MORPHOPHONEMICS/ALLOMORPHY = ➔ study of when morphemes change their pronunciation in certain situations. ALLOMORPHS = ➔ the different forms (pronunciations) of a single morpheme. Ex: the plural morpheme in English is {-z}. Its allomorphs are / s /, / z /, /əz /.** Also, the morpheme 'leaf' has two allomorphs: 'leaf' in words built from it (e.g.'leafy') and 'leav-', found only in the plural: 'leaves'. Type of irregularity Noun plurals Verbs:past tense Verbs: past participle Unusual suffix oxen, syllabi, taken, seen, fallen, antennae eaten Change of stem vowel foot/feet, run/ran, swim/swum, sing/sung mouse/mice come/came, flee/fled, meet/met, fly/flew, stick/stuck, get/got, break/broke Change of stem vowel brother/brethren feel/felt, kneel/knelt write/written, do/done, with unusual suffix break/broken, fly/flown Change of base/stem send/sent, send/sent, bend/bent, form (sometimes with bend/bent, think/thought, unusual suffix) think/thought, teach/taught, teach/taught, buy/bought  buy/bought Zero-marking (no deer, sheep, moose, hit, hit, come suffix or stem change) fish More ways infection can be irregular: ➔ Suppletion: instead of a suffix, the whole word changes: be – am – are – Is was – were – been go – went – gone good – better – best bad – worse – worst some – more – most ➔ Syntactic marking: added meanings are indicated by a separate word rather than marking with a suffix or change to the base: ◆ Future of verbs: will go, will eat, will fight, etc. ◆ Comparative/superlative of adjectives: more intelligent, more expensive, etc.; most intelligent, most expensive, etc. Word formation processes: Ways of creating new words in English 1. Affixation: adding a derivational affix to a word. Examples: abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook. 2. Compounding: joining two or more words into one new word. Examples: skateboard, whitewash, cat lover, self-help, redhot, etc. 3. Zero derivation: (also called conversion or functional shift): Adding no affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category. Examples: Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter, referee, proposition. 4. Stress shift: no affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other. With the stress shift comes a change in category. Noun (cómbine, ímplant, réwrite, tránsport), Verb (combíne, implánt, rewríte, transpórt), Noun (cóncrete, ábstract), Adjective (concréte, abstráct) 5. Clipping: shortening of a polysyllabic word. Examples: bro (< brother), pro (< professional), prof (< professor), math (