English Grammar PDF

3) N V prep N (The teacher looked at him). 4) N is N (He is an architect). 5) N is A (The girl is pretty). 6) N is prep N (The paper is of importance). 7) N is D (The man is here). Two more basic structures were also introduced: 8) N V N N (The teacher gave him his pen) — for the V of the “give” typ...

3) N V prep N (The teacher looked at him). 4) N is N (He is an architect). 5) N is A (The girl is pretty). 6) N is prep N (The paper is of importance). 7) N is D (The man is here). Two more basic structures were also introduced: 8) N V N N (The teacher gave him his pen) — for the V of the “give” type. 9) N V N D (He threw his coat on the sofa) — for the V of the “put” type. Transformational-Generative Grammar developed by N. Chomsky (“Three Models for the Description of Language”, 1956), is a more specific type of T-Grammar. It holds that some grammatical rules are transformational, i. e. they change one structure into another according to such prescribed conventions as moving, inserting, deleting, and replacing items. It stipulates two levels of syntactic structure: deep structure (an abstract underlying structure that holds all the syntactic information required for the interpretation of a given sentence) and surface structure (a structure that includes all the syntactic features of a sentence required to convert the sentence into a spoken or written version). Working bibliography Iofik L. L. Readings in the Theory of English Grammar / L. L. Iofik [et al.]. Leningrad, 1981. P. 32–39. Irteneva N. F. A Theoretical English Grammar : Syntax / N. F. Irteneva [et al.]. Moscow, 1969. P. 27– 49. 3. General Linguistic Notions Language is the system, phonological, lexical, and grammatical, which lies at the base of all speaking. Speech, on the other hand, is the manifestation of language, or its use by various speakers and writers of the given language. Text is the result of the process of speech. Language is social by nature; it grows and develops with the development of 14 society. It exists in individual minds, but serves the purposes of social intercourse through speech (originally oral, nowadays to a greater extent written). The three constituent parts of language are the phonological system, the lexical system, the grammatical system. The unity of these three elements forms a language. The system of language includes the body of material units: sounds (phonemes), morphemes, words (lexemes), word-groups, sentences, supra-phrasal unities. According to them we distinguish between 6 levels of linguistic analysis. Phoneme is a linguistic unit, but not a linguistic sign. It has no meaning; it has a meaning differential function instead. It differentiates morphemes and words as material bodies. Units of all the other levels are meaningful. They are bilateral, possessing both form and meaning. The morphemes express abstract, “significative” meanings which are used as constituents for the formation of more concrete, “nominative” meanings. Words and all the higher units: phrases (word combinations, word-groups), sentences and supra-phrasal unities (sentence-groups, textual unities, or just text) are used to express referential meanings. Three main branches of linguistics dealing with the main linguistic units are phonetics (phonology), lexicology and grammar. Grammar is the study of the grammatical structure of language. It includes morphology and syntax. Morphology is the part of grammar which treats of the forms of words. Syntax is the part of grammar which treats of phrases and sentences. The border-line between the two is conventional, and there are cases of overlapping. While free phrases fall under syntax, the formations like have been found, has been raining are referred to as analytical word-forms and fall under morphology. Set phrases make the subject of phraseology as a branch of lexicology. Morphology deals with the paradigmatic relations of morphemes and words, while syntax deals with the syntagmatic relations in phrases and sentences. Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string). Syntagmatically connected are words and word-groups in the sentence, morphemes within words, phonemes within morphemes and words. Syntax as a part of grammar studies syntagmatic relations of words in phrases and sentences. 15 There are four main types of notional syntagmas identified in the sentence The small lady listened to me attentively: 1) predicative syntagma — The lady listened; 2) objective syntagma — listened to me; 3) attributive syntagma — The small lady; 4) adverbial syntagma — listened attentively. Paradigmatic relations exist between elements of the system of language outside the strings where they occur. Each linguistic unit is included in a set of connections based on different properties. This is evident in classical grammatical paradigms which express various grammatical categories (e. g. number, person, case, tense, aspect, mood). Morphology is a part of grammar which deals with the paradigmatic relations of word-forms. The major English verb paradigm includes 5 forms: 1) The Base Form (work). 2) The S-Form (works). 3) The ED-Form of the Past Simple (worked). 4) The ED-Form of the Past Participle (worked). 5) The ING-Form (working). Working bibliography Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow, 2004. P. 6–17. Ilyish B. A. The Structure of Modern English / B. A. Ilyish. Leningrad, 1971. P. 12–15.