Study Guide PDF

1. What is the typical weight and height gain during Early Childhood? Answer: Children typically gain about 2 to 3 inches in height and 5 to 7 pounds in weight annually during early childhood. Explanation: These numbers represent normal growth patterns in children between the ages of 2 and 6. 2. Wh...

1. What is the typical weight and height gain during Early Childhood? Answer: Children typically gain about 2 to 3 inches in height and 5 to 7 pounds in weight annually during early childhood. Explanation: These numbers represent normal growth patterns in children between the ages of 2 and 6. 2. What are factors contributing to slow growth in early childhood? Answer: Malnutrition, chronic illness, and lack of physical activity. Explanation: These factors can hinder a child’s normal physical development. 3. How does the brain change during early childhood? Answer: Increased myelination improves brain function by speeding up the transmission of neural signals. Explanation: Myelination continues into childhood, contributing to cognitive and motor skill development. 4. Is Brendan's behavior of not sitting still during dinner normal for a 3-year-old? Answer: Yes, it is normal. Explanation: Young children, especially toddlers, are naturally energetic and have difficulty sitting still for extended periods. 5. What percentage of an early child's calories should come from fat? Answer: 30-35%. Explanation: Fat is essential for brain development in young children, making up a significant portion of their diet. 6. What is the leading cause of death in young children in the United States? Answer: Accidents (unintentional injuries). Explanation: These include car accidents, drowning, and falls, which are the most common threats to children’s safety. 7. Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought lasts from age _______ to _______. Answer: Age 2 to age 7. Explanation: During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols. 8. What is animism in Piaget’s “Cognitive Fallacies”? Answer: Animism is the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions. Explanation: Children in the preoperational stage often attribute life-like qualities to objects. 9. What is Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)? Answer: It is the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance. Explanation: Vygotsky emphasized that learning is a social process and occurs through interaction with more knowledgeable others. 10. How would a 4-year-old most likely describe themselves? Answer: A 4-year-old would describe themselves in concrete terms, such as "I have brown hair" or "I like to play with toys." Explanation: Young children use physical characteristics and observable behaviors to describe themselves. 11. At what age do children generally begin to form their own "gender identity"? Answer: Around 3 to 4 years old. Explanation: Children begin to recognize and label their gender during early childhood. 12. What are Baumrind’s four parenting styles? Answer: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Neglectful. Explanation: These styles describe different approaches to parenting based on responsiveness and demandingness. 13. What problems are associated with physical punishment? Answer: Aggression, antisocial behavior, and emotional issues. Explanation: Studies show that physical punishment can have long-term negative effects on children’s behavior and mental health. 14. What overall effect does television have on children's development? Answer: Excessive television can contribute to reduced physical activity, poor academic performance, and aggression. Explanation: While some educational programs can be beneficial, too much screen time can lead to developmental issues. 15. Are physical changes in middle and late childhood faster or slower compared to preschool and adolescent years? Answer: Slower. Explanation: Physical growth during middle childhood occurs at a more gradual pace compared to the rapid growth seen in infancy, early childhood, and adolescence. 16. What are the three requirements to be diagnosed with a Learning Disability? Answer: Difficulty with specific academic skills, significant difference between academic performance and intelligence, and not due to other factors like sensory issues. Explanation: These criteria help differentiate learning disabilities from other challenges. 17. What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) require for students with disabilities? Answer: Free and appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment. Explanation: IDEA ensures that students with disabilities have access to education tailored to their individual needs. 18. What is Piaget’s concept of Seriation? Answer: The ability to arrange objects in order according to size, shape, or any other characteristic. Explanation: Seriation is part of logical thinking developed in middle childhood. 19. How do you calculate IQ using a child’s mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA)? Answer: IQ = (MA/CA) × 100. Explanation: This formula is used to measure intellectual performance compared to age norms. 20. What is the difference between Self-Esteem and Self-Concept? Answer: Self-esteem is a person’s overall evaluation of their worth, while self-concept is how they see themselves. Explanation: Self-concept is more descriptive, while self-esteem involves an emotional judgment. 21. How would an eight-year-old most likely describe themselves? Answer: An eight-year-old would describe themselves with a mix of physical traits and psychological traits, such as "I’m good at soccer" or "I’m smart." Explanation: Children around this age begin to incorporate more complex, internal characteristics. 22. What is Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority stage? Answer: It is a stage where children develop a sense of competence and achievement, or feel inferior if they fail to meet expectations. Explanation: This stage occurs between ages 5 and 12. 23. What is Kohlberg’s first stage of moral development? Answer: The Preconventional level, where moral decisions are based on rewards and punishments. Explanation: This stage focuses on self-interest and avoiding punishment. 24. What is Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s theory? Answer: Gilligan argued that Kohlberg’s theory was biased towards a male perspective and did not adequately represent female moral reasoning, which emphasizes care and relationships. Explanation: She believed moral development is more about connection than justice in women. 25. What is Sandra Bem’s concept of Androgyny? Answer: It refers to the combination of both masculine and feminine traits in an individual. Explanation: Bem argued that gender roles can be flexible and individuals can possess traits of both genders.