Unit-4-Childhood.pdf

EARLY EARLYCHILDHOOD CHILDHOOD Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood The average child grows 2½ inches in height and gains between 5 and 7 pounds a year during early childhood. Gross motor skills increase dramatically during earl...

EARLY EARLYCHILDHOOD CHILDHOOD Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood The average child grows 2½ inches in height and gains between 5 and 7 pounds a year during early childhood. Gross motor skills increase dramatically during early childhood. Fine motor skills also improve substantially during early childhood. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Experts recommend that young children get 11 to 13 hours of sleep each night. Other nutritional concerns include malnutrition in early childhood and the inadequate diets of many children living in poverty.  Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood (Piaget) Preoperational Stage Symbolic Function Imagination Intuitive Thought Questions Centration Lack of Conservation Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood  Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood (Vygotsky) Construct knowledge through social interaction Language helps them solve problems Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Scaffolding Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood  Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood Attention improves Executive attention Sustained attention  Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood Improves in short-term memory Long-term memory improves but could be false memories Language Development in Early Childhood Phonology = sensitive to the sounds of spoken language. Syntax = Preschool children learn and apply rules of syntax Semantics = vocabulary development Language Development in Early Childhood Conversational skills improve Increased sensitivity Change speech to suit the situation Supportive environment Active participant listening talking writing reading emotional and personality development Initiative vs. Guilt Self-representation body parts material possessions physical activities trait-like self-descriptions self-understanding understanding of others emotional and personality development emotional and personality development Express emotions Understand emotions Regulate emotions Range of emotions pride shame guilt emotional and personality development describe emotions learn the causes and consequences of feelings reflect on emotions  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with others  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Freud psychoanalytic theory = superego Positive emotions contribute to moral development Piaget heteronomous morality autonomous morality MORAL DEVELOPMENT  GENDER Gender refers to the social and psychological dimensions of being male or female. Gender identity = 2 1/2 years of age Gender role Gender typing PARENTING MIDDLE MIDDLEAND ANDLATE LATE CHILDHOOD CHILDHOOD  Physical Changes and Health Slow, consistent growth. Children grow an average of 2 to 3 inches a year. Muscle mass and strength gradually increase. Decreases in head circumference Decreases in waist circumference  The Brain Advances in functioning in the prefrontal cortex Improved attention Reasoning Cognitive control  Motor Development much smoother more coordinated greater control over their bodies can sit and attend for longer periods of time. activity-oriented  Children with Disabilities Learning Disability Dyslexia Dysgraphia Dyscalculia Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder  Cognitive Changes Concrete operational thought (7 to 11 years of age) Seriation Transitivity Decentering Conservation Reversibility Classifiction Seriation Transitivity Decentering Conservation Classification  Information Processing Long-term memory increases Fuzzy trace theory Critical thinking Mindfulness Creative thinking (Guilford) convergent thinking divergent thinking Intelligence Intelligence  Intelligence Intellectual disability involves low IQ and problems in adapting to everyday life. Giftedness is likely a consequence of both heredity and environment.  Language Development Analytical Logical Grammar = comparatives, subjectives Reading Writing Bilingualism emotional and personality development Self-understanding Social comparison Self-concept Self-esteem emotional and personality development Self-efficacy (Bandura) Schunk argues that self-efficacy influences a student’s choice of tasks, while low-efficacy students avoid many learning tasks.  EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Complex emotions Pride Shame Detecting more than one emotion Circumstances = reactions Suppress and conceal negative emotions Self-initiated strategies to redirect feelings EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT MORAL DEVELOPMENT  GENDER Gender stereotypes  FAMILIES Parents less time with children supporting academic achievement discipline control  PEERS Bullying Significant numbers of children are bullied, and this can result in short-term and long-term negative effects for both the victims and bullies.  PEERS Friends companionship stimulation physical support ego support social comparison intimacy/affection.