Micr 2010-Midterm Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

STUDY GUIDE FOR THE MICR 2010-Midterm EXAM-1 Ch.1: - Clinical scenario (Debi-MDR-TB): know (briefly) the causative agent, signs and symptoms of TB, the diagnostic tests, and the antibiotics commonly used for treatment of TB. Know the MDR-TB and how it could be managed. Causative agent: myc...

STUDY GUIDE FOR THE MICR 2010-Midterm EXAM-1 Ch.1: - Clinical scenario (Debi-MDR-TB): know (briefly) the causative agent, signs and symptoms of TB, the diagnostic tests, and the antibiotics commonly used for treatment of TB. Know the MDR-TB and how it could be managed. Causative agent: mycobacterium tuberculosis signs/symptoms: coughing / night sweats / fever / Diagnostic test: TB skin test Antibiotics: iodinalskdjf & riolaksdjfl MDR-TB = antibiotic resistant TB - Know the definition of a microbe and the classification of microbes. (remember that archaea and Algae are non-pathogenic). Microbe = something that can only be seen through a microscope Classes: ○ Eukaryotes = fungi / plants / animals / protozoa ○ Prokaryotes = archaea / bacteria - How those great scientists (Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming, Lynn Margulis, Carl Woese, Florence Nightingale and Sergei Winogradsky. Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick) contributed to developing the science of Microbiology and related fields? Hooke & Leeuewnheok: developed first microscopes Pastuer: Swan flask & disproved spontaneous thingy Koch: established scientific method to cause of disease (postulates) Jenner: used cowpox as vaccine for smallpox Fleming: created first antibiotic  Margulis: endosymbiosis theory Woese: discovered archaea & changed the 3 domains into archaea bacteria & eukaryotes Nightingale: used statistics of mortality to link disease & death Winogradsky: enrichment culture Franklin: x-ray crystallography to discover DNA Watson & Crick: discovered how DNA is held tgt - Know Louis Pasteur and his Swan-necked flask and how it disproved the spontaneous generation theory. It disproved the theory b/c it also allowed oxygen to enter w/out dust or microbes! - Understand Koch’s postulates and their purpose. 1. Only those w/ disease have it & healthy indivs dont 2. Isolate & grow in pure culture 3. Give sample of pure culture to healthy indiv 4. Healthy indiv should have same signs & symptoms of those infected - Case History 1-(Caleb- cutaneous anthrax): know the transmission, the hallmark sign (black eschar), causative pathogen (Bacillus anthracis bacteria and their spores). Transmission: dead cows who had disease spread to human Hallmark sign: black eschar Pathogen: Bacillus Anthracis & the spores it carries Ch.2: - Clinical scenario (Brandon-Syphilis): know the first sign of infection (painless Chancre), the causative agent (Treponema pallidum ), what type of bacteria and characteristic shape. the mode of transmission and the treatment of acute (primary) syphilis. signs/symptom: painless chancre Causative agent: treponema pallidum Type of bacteria: treponema pallidum Mode of transmission: sexual activity Treatment: antibiotics - What is the human microbiota? Human microbiata is all the microbes that live w/in the human body - Know the three different possible relationships between human hosts and the microbes (Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism). Mutualism: both parties benefit from each other Commensalism: one party benefits but the other is NOT affected Parasitism: parasite that uses host & steals nutrients (negative to host) - What is the difference between the primary and the opportunistic pathogen? Primary pathogen: HIGHER chance of gaining disease Opportunistic pathogen: LOWER chance of gaining disease - Know the virulence and the virulence factors and how they help the pathogens to establish the infection. Virulence: how likely someone will obtain disease & how damaging it is to them Virulence Factors: molecules that help invasiveness of disease - What do ID50 and LD50 mean? Know that the lower the LD50 value the more virulent (fatal) the pathogen (microbe). ID50: how many of organism it takes to infect half the population LD50: how many of organism it takes to kill half the population The lower the LD50 = more dangerous/fatal - Know the types (terms used to describe) of the infectious diseases (acute, chronic, subacute, and latent). Acute: short & temporary Chronic: developes slowly & is more permanent Subacute: inbetween acute & chronic / dangerous / can take months to develop Latent: develop it but does not activate unless it is under the right conditions/environment - Know the meaning of the signs, symptoms, and sequelae (complications) of the disease.  Signs = visual cues Symptomes = what the host feels Sequelae = the after-effects of the disease - What is the syndrome? Signs & symptoms - Know the stages of the acute infectious diseases (slide 19) 1. Incubation phase 2. Prodromal phase 3. Illness phase 4. Decline phase 5. Convalescence phase 6. Long term affects - Know the morbidity vs mortality of the disease. Mortality = death rate of disease Morbidity = infection rate of disease - Know the case history (RMSF): the causative agent and how it’s transmitted. Causative agent: ricky ricky something Transmission: tick bite - Know the modes of transmission of the acute infectious diseases. (Direct and Indirect (slides 26 and 27) Direct: ○ Hand shakes / sexual activity / touching Indirect: ○ Coughing / sneezing / touching inanimate objects - Know the reservoir versus vector. Reservoir: HARBORS pathogen (animals/environment) Vector: usually insect like TICK / MOSQUITO (living) - know the reservoir, vector and the causative agent of bubonic plague (clinical history-The third pandemic) Reservoir: rats carrying the fleas Vector: fleas Causative Agent: Yersinia pestis - Define the endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and zoonotic disease. Endemic: w/in community but not dangerous Epidemic: w/in community but spread @ fast rate Pandemic: worldwide & spreads everywhere - Know the Portals (routes) of exit/entry of infection. 1. Skin 2. Oral / fecal 3. Eye 4. Respiratory 5. Pararental 6. Urogenital - Know the factors affecting host ‘s susceptibility to infection. Age Genetics Hygiene Prior diseases Occupation Immunity strength exercise/nutrition - Working with pathogens in clinical/research labs requires to know the different biosafety levels based on risk of infection/disease following exposure. What are the precautions that must be taken and examples of the pathogens for each biosafety level. 1. Lvl 1. a. Standard PPE / not dangerous 2. Lvl 2. a. Standard PPE / already has vaccine & way to prevent spread 3. Lvl 3.  a. More dangerous & already has vaccine & way to prevent spread b. Work under a hood to prevent spread 4. Lvl 4. a. Most dangerous & no vaccine b. Work in a suit w/ different oxygen supply & @ facility Ch.3: - Know the botulism (clinical scenario 3- pathogen in a can) as a life-threatening food poising caused by a neurotoxin secreted by the bacterium “Clostridium botulinum”. Causative agent: clostridium botulinum Can cause paralysis Food poisoning - Know the different types of microscopes and the main principle and application of each type (slides 10, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37 and the notes below). Light-Field microscope: ○ Highlights the surrounding area in light ○ Subject is dark Dark-Field microscope: ○ Subject surrounded by dark background ○ Subject is brighter PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE Fluorescence Microscope: ○ Uses stain to highlight subject SEM: ○ Highlights the exterior & shows clear 3D image of subject TEM: ○ Highlights the interior of subject - How the light can interact with objects and how the different interactions can be applied to the observation with microscopes? (slide 15 and notes). Change in quality & what we can see of the subject - Define the resolution. What are the factors affecting the resolution of a microscope? Closest that an object can be seen w/ microscope btw two points @ clearest image - What are the stains used to visualize the bacterial organisms? Gram Negative = pink & single layers Gram Positive = purple/blue & multiple layers Acid-Fast = uses heat to remove waxy layer of bacteria & stains it - Clinical history (Blood Slide Reveals a Parasite-Malaria): causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, symptoms, and complications. How a stained blood smear can help the diagnosis? Causative agent: Plasmodium falciparum Transmission: mosquitoes Signs/symptoms: CYCLIC fever / vomit Complications: Blood smear can help show the ring stage of the bacteria that is IN the blood - Case History (Infection from a Whirlpool Spa – 1): the causative agent and how the fluorescent microscope can help the diagnosis? Causative agent: Legionella pneumophila Can help show the causative agent within the body by highlighting the specific part of the bacteria with the fluorescence Ch 4: - Know the clinical scenario about Cholera: Know the pathogen (Vibrio cholera) and its characteristics (curved, comma-shaped bacilli, stained Gram-negative). Know the pathogenicity (how it causes the disease by disturbing the cells chemistry) causing severe watery diarrhea (rice-water stool) and dehydration. What is the proper management? Causative agent: vibrio cholera Characteristic: curved / comma shaped / gram NEGATIVE Signs / symptoms: watery diarrhea & dehydration Treatment: IV & rehydration method & antibiotics - Know the three types of chemical bonds (Ionic, covalent, and Hydrogen bonds)  Ionic: give electrons to atoms Covalent: share electrons btw two atoms Hydrogen bonds: hydrogen bonding w/ carbon, oxygen, etc - Know the acidic, alkaline, and neutral PH. Acidic: pH below 7 Alkaline/Basic: pH above 7 Neutral: pH 7 - What are the organic molecules and the biomolecules? Oxygen / hydrogen / carbon / phosphorus / nitrogen / sulfur - What are the major biomolecules that make the living cells and the monomers (units or building blocks) of each of them? 1. Carbohydrates: a. Monosaccharides 2. Proteins: a. Amino acids 3. Lipids: a. Fatty acids 4. Nucleic acids: nucleotides - The different structures of proteins (the levels of protein folding). 1. Primary structure = linear amino acid strain 2. Secondary structure = alpha & beta sheets held tgt by hydrogen bonds 3. Tertiary Structure = 3D structure 4. Quaternary Structure = protein that interacts w/ other proteins - The structure and types of nucleic acids. Phosphate group Nucleotide Sugar base Guanine / Cytosine / Adenine / Thymine / Uracil - What is the entropy? Release of unusable energy into universe - What is the role of enzymes in the chemical processes?  Decrease activation energy & makes chemical process faster - Know the structure of the cell membrane and the transport of substances across it. Made of phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins & other membranes scattered across Allows passage using membrane transport channels & through diffusion - Know the clinical case of bloody diarrhea (Chicken Surprise) (what is the causative pathogen and the main symptoms) causative pathogen: Salmonella Symptoms: abdominal cramps / bloody diarrhea / dehydration Ch 5: - Study the clinical scenario (An Upscale Tick Bite-Lyme disease): know the causative pathogen, the reservoir, mode of transmission, the main symptoms, signs and complications. causative agent: Borrelia Burgdorferi Reservoir: ticks Transmission: tick bite Symptoms / signs: red bullseye on body part / joint pain Complications: can cause arthritis & neurological effects in future - Know the prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic Cells: ○ No nucleus ○ Bacteria & archaea Eukaryotic Cells: ○ Nucleus ○ Fungi / plants / animals / protozoa - Know the structure, functions of the bacterial cell membrane and the different mechanisms of transport materials across it. Made of phospholipid bilayer / proteins & channels scattered across Passive transport = no use of ATP & only allows nonpolar & small molecules to pass freely Active transport = use of ATP & only affects polar & large molecules Couple Transport ○ Asymport = molecule goes in cell memb & another goes out @ same time ○ Symport = molecule brings another one at the same time - Know the function and structure of the bacterial cell wall. Made of single layer peptidoglycan & connected using 2 sugars ( - How the cell wall structure differs in the major types of bacteria (gram-positive, gram-negative and acid-fast bacteria). Gram-positive = many layers of peptidoglycan Gram-negative = single layer of peptidoglycan & has outer membrane (cell envelope) Acid-fast = few layers of peptidoglycan & has waxy protection using mycolic acid - Know the Leprosy is a disease caused by an acid-fast bacterium (Mycobacterium leprae). Pathogen: mycobacterium leprae - Know the bacterial septation and division (Binary fission). 1. DNA replication 2. Cells elongates 3. Septum formes & divides into 2 - Know the specialized bacterial structures and their functions (pili, flagella, axial filament, capsule and S-layer) Pili: ○ Attachment pili = allows to attach to surfaces ○ Congestive pili = transfer of DNA btw cells  Flagella: ○ Rotor like flagella that spins Axial filament capsule: S-layer: ○ In both gram +/- bacteria ○ Only in some bacteria ○ protection - Know briefly the eukaryotic structures/organelles. Nucleus ○ Nuclear envelope ○ nucleolus SER RER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Mitochondria / chloroplasts