Garcia-Lara - MBBS1 - Microbiology - Lecture 1 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens PDF

Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Infectious Diseases … & The Story of Human Kind by : LECTURE 1...

Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Infectious Diseases … & The Story of Human Kind by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 2 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 1  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara “ The Doctor ” School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS - Sir Luke Fildes,1981 Masters in Physician Associate Studies 2  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Chikungunya malaria HIV/AIDS The history of microbiology is the story of human kind Zika virus 3  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The true face of courage Mycobacterium leprae Baldwin IV The Leper King of Jerusalem (The Kingdom of Heaven, Dir. Ridley Scott, 20th Century Fox) 4 4  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The Black Death : XIVth Century the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis 'the black death', 'the plague’, 'the pest’ blood-borne & transmitted by wild black rats & their fleas coming from the East in ships fleas to humans as the rat host died it halved the population of Europe … and the British Isles it entered through Bristol & spread all over killing Archbishops and 2/3rds of the clergy peasants and farmers it led to a decay in the church power, a rise on the power of labourers and yeomen, & on their mobility it changed the history of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, of Europe it had an impact on society, religion & mentality 5 Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara 6 6  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara How many people died in the 20th century 5.2 billion 7  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Infectious diseases account for approx. 1/3rd of them 8  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Deaths in the XXth Century 9  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara We live in a very delicate balance immune system antibiotics vaccines 10  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara... the balance is tilting because of antibiotic resistance 11  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara... the balance is tilting because of antibiotic resistance year We desperately need new antibiotics, vaccines & Synthetic antibodies School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 12  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Starting to think… …In Microbiology terms by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 3 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 13  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Naturally, we’re disposed to think about diseases just from our own point of view: what can we do to save ourselves and to kill the microbes? Let’s stamp out the scoundrels, and never mind what their motives are! In life in general, though, one has to understand the enemy in order to beat him, and that’s especially true in medicine. — Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, 54 14  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara every year, ca. 50% of the world population mortality is due to infectious disease ”60% of what you may encounter in the clinic will be directly or indirectly l inked to infectious 15  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Even the non-specialists in infectious disease need to know a lot about infectious disease Physiological impact Structural impact Understanding & communication Research besides practice 16  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Our journey through the life of pathogens what are their structures and functions ? how to diagnose them ? how to identify virulence factors ? how to study them? what are the molecular, immunological & physiological mechanisms of disease ? how to treat/prevent them ? 17  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Classic or Modern Medical Microbiology Here is a clear example where you may need to take notes !!! School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 18  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Classic or Modern Medical Microbiology School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 19  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Modern Medical Microbiology in action Human immune cells Bacteria School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 20  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 What is… …Medical Microbiology by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 4 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 21  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara What is microbiology ? microbio logy microbes the study of... Colorized Electron micrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 22  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara A. van Leeuwenhoek, 1673, invented the microscope Giardia lamblia Giardia lamblia, possibly the first microbe ever seen School of Medicine (Antoine van Leeuwenhoek from his own stools) Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 23  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The fundamental components leading to the subdivision of Microbiology the organism and its niche School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 24  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara So what are the fundamental components in Medical Microbiology micro - the organism and its niche Plasmodium falciparum School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 25  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara What is Medical Microbiology ? Prevention Diagnosis (Prophylaxis) Treatment (Therapy) What is at the core of Medical Microbiology ? 26  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Life & Microbes by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 5 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 27  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara What. is this ? OUTSIDE INSIDE 28  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara What is life? An organism is a highly organized entity containing the information to lead interlocking chemical reactions that support functions that enable the maintenance of its structure while supporting growth and/or the ability to reproduce as well as the response to external stimuli enabling either a direct adaptation to its environment or indirect through evolution. OUTSIDE INSIDE 29  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara What life needs prevent osmotic shock confer rigidity confer polarity enable enable adherence replication membrane environment transport sensing defence motility energy storage from host energy 30 production  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Any resemblance ? 31  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Different machines for the same objective? 32  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Microbial diversity Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Microbiology Microscopic (microbes) Plants Animals Helminths Fungi Protozoa Bacteria Virus Prions multicellular unicellular 33  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The pathogen "display Trichinella spiralis window" Candida Fungi albicans Giardia lamblia (candidiasis) Staphylococcus aureus Epstein Barr Virus BSE Prion 34  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2021-2022 Microbiology [ mahy-kroh-bahy-ol-uh-jee ] Nomenclature & Communication by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 6 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 35  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Classic or Modern Medical Microbiology Pathogenesis mechanism Molecular pathogenesis the mechanism Microbial pathogenesis is mediated by a microbe Host-Pathogen interaction Disease aetiology disease cause disease cause: Microbial aetiology a microbe Microbial disease disease caused Infectious disease by microbial invasion/ multiplication Communicable disease ID that spreads through a given path/s Contagious disease ID communicable between hosts 36  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Modern expands Classic but does not replace it TAXONOMY (Greek táx – arrangement/order) Nomenclature Identification Classification School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 37 38  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Modern expands Classic but does not replace it PHYLOGENY(Greek phylum – group, genetikos - origin) 39 Nomenclature (binomial or Linnaean nomenclature) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Leishmania amazonensis Genus Species 40  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Nomenclature Domain Eukaryota Protista /Protozoa disease : Kingdom (unicellular organisms) Leishmaniasis Euglenozoa/Sarcomastigophora (are flagellated) Phylum zonensis Leishmania amazonensis Zoomastigophorea Genus (are heterotrophic) Class Kinetoplastida Species (have a kinetoplast) Order Trypanosomatidae (have one flagellum) Family Trypanosoma brucei disease : Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 41  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara A few of the usual suspects Veillonella spp. Salmonella enterica Propionibacterium acnes Fusobacterium nucleatum Staphylococcus aureus Plasmodium falciparum Bacteroides fragilis Streptococcus pyogenes Neisseria meningitidis GBS GAS Haemophilus influenza Streptococcus mutans Borrelia recurrentis Neisseria meningitidis Treponema pallidum Corynebacterium diphteriae Clostridium difficile Shigella spp. Toxoplasma gondii Escherichia coli Treponema denticola Streptococcus viridans Candida albicans CONS staphylococci Moraxella catharralis Lactobacillus spp. Klebsiella pneumonia Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus salivarius Enterococcus faecium Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium leprae Staphylococcus saprophyticus Salmonella typhi Neisseria gonorrhoea Bordetella pertussis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Coxiella burnetii Streptococcus pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Porphyromonas gingivalis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteus mirabilis Yersinia pestis Staphylococcus lungdunensis Bifidobacterium spp. Borrelia burgdorferi Streptococcus pneumoniae Campylobacter jejuni Streptococcus epidermidis Chlamydophilia pneumophila Streptococcus oralis 42 Porphyromonas gingivalis Chlamydia trachomatis  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Viral nomenclature/classification: a different ball game 1220 VIROLOGY Nomenclature based on: Size, shape, host, biochemical and genetic makeup, disease vectors, geographic location,... Examples of human viruses of clinical importance: Rabies virus (RABV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Yellow fever virus (YFV) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (YFV) Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Measles virus (MeV) Ebola virus (EBOV) FIGURE 1 Shapes and sizes of viruses of families that include animal, zoonotic, and hu pathogens. Names marked by an asteric indicate viruses only knownSchool to infectof Medicine animals. The virion drawn to scale, but artistic license has been used in representing their structure. In some, the c Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS 43 sectional structure of capsid and envelope is shown, along with a representation of the genome; Masters in Physician Associate Studies the very small virions, Only their sire and symmetry -are depicted. Viruses in families marked wi asterisk are not known to infect humans. (Reprinted from reference I2a with permission of Els  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 7 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 44  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes (Greek pro– before; karyon– nucleus) (Greek eu– true; karyon– nucle Size, structural, compositional and functional differences School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 45  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes https://www.youtube.com/ Please search for the video and watch it watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 46  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Prokaryote Eukaryote Organisms bacteria, archaea animal, plants, fungi, Cell size 0.5 – 10um (viruses are not prokaryotes) 10 – 100um Membrane no carbohydrates and lacks sterols contains sterols and carbohydrates 50S + 30S subunits - ~82 proteins 60S + 40S subunits (plus mitochondria and Ribosome non-compartmentalized chloroplasts) - ~51proteins transcription/translation Compartmentalized transcription & t ranslat ion chromosome free floating in the cellular chromosome enveloped by membrane (nuclear cytoplasm membrane) 1 chromosome various chromosomes 1chromosomal origin of replication multiple chromosomal replication origins episomes present (e.g., plasmids) * no episomes DNA non-protein wrapped chromosome protein-wrapped chromosome - e.g. histones replication by binary fission replication by mitosis and meiosis extremely compact genome not as compact genome operon/polycistronic gene expression monocistronic gene expression mostly protein encoding regions large (95%) non-coding regions no gene split gene split (intron/exon structure) yes (lysosomes, peroxisomes, microt ubules, Organelles no endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi, vacuoles/vesicles,...) cell wall in bacteria and archaea Cell wall and (structurally/functionally complex) cell wall only in plants, plant -like prot ist s, and fungi external outer most external envelopes of (structurally/functionally simpler) envelopes proteic, carbohydrate or lipid nature no external envelopes (e.g. capsule) Metabolism aerobic, anaerobic and diverse mainly aerobic * episomes are linked to the horizontal of pathogenic components and antibiotic resistance 47  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Activity Can you explain the concepts of the preceding slide ? Submission : in class / ad hoc Contributors : individual undertaking Output : oral ( or you can also e-mail it to [email protected] ) School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 48  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Poly- and mono-cystronic gene expression DNA gene A gene B Eukaryotes DNA gene A gene B gene C Prokaryotes DNA gene A Eukaryotes 49  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Microbial diversity Organism No. of different species (estimate) Prokaryotes Bacteria 107 - 109 * Virus 108 Fungi 105 - 106 Eukaryotes Protozoa 104 - 105 Plants 105 - 106 Animals 106 - 107 * 0.36% of known bacterial species (~150,000 are pathogenic) School of Medicine i.e., some Bachelor 540 of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 50  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Ecological relations : the host-pathogen interplay Beneficial Relation Detrimental Mutualistic Parasite Commensal Pathogen Opportunistic... and the flexibility of understanding those relations. School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 51  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Ecological relations : the host-pathogen interplay Staphylococcus MeV Virus epidermidis (Measles) Mutualistic Escherichia Parasite Staphylococcus coli aureus Commensal Pseudomonas Pathogen aeruginosa Opportunistic School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 52  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Microbial diversity 57 protozoan human pathogens 208 viral/prions human pathogens 287 helminth human pathogens 317 fungal human pathogens 538 bacterial human pathogens 700 zoonotic human pathogens 1,400 human pathogens 10,000 bacterial species 1,000,000,000 bacteria School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 53  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Bacterial Structure & Function by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 8 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 54  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Form and Function Key to all aspects of life and beyond School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 55  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Top level characteristics used for bacterial taxonomy/ diagnosis Morphology (shape) Cellular and population arrangements External envelopes characteristics (Gram+ or Gram-) Biochemical properties (chemical composition, including growth on selected substrates, antibiotic resistance, oxidative stress resistance, … ) Presence or absence of certain structures and functions (e.g., toxins, hemolysins, flagella, …) Detailed genetic makeup(e.g., specific gene sequences, 16S RNA sequence, toxin type, …) School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 56  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Bacterial shapes (morphologies) and arrangements SHAPES : Bacilli (rod-shaped): Escherichia coli Cocci (spherical): Staphylococcus aureus Ovococci: Enterococcus faecalis Spirillum (curved rods): Campylobacter jejuni Spirochaetes: Treponema pallidum Vibrio (coma): Vibrio cholera ARRANGEMENTS : Chains of cocci: Streptococcus spp. Clusters of cocci: Staphylococcus spp. Pairs of cocci (diplococci): Streptococcus pneumoniae School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 57  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Streptococcus pneumoniae with capsule Neisseria meningitidis with capsule 58  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Bacterial capsule : a polysaccharide attached to the cell wall (glucose, glucuronic acid, hyaluronic acid, amino-sugars, …) for immune resistance/evasion & hygroscopic Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Treponema pallidum Klebsiella pneumoniae The capsule does not confer the shape, the shape is conferred by the underlying cell wall 59  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Shape is determined by an structure that acts as a manner of exoskeleton called the bacterial cell wall Bacillus antrhacis (anthrax) cell wall Treponema pallidum (syphilis) 60  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Form and Function Who thinks that this shape would be useful to penetrate surfaces ? Treponema pallidum (syphilis) School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 61  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara With fimbriae they stick to surfaces, but with flagella... Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) 62  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The bacterial cell wall is just a polymer made of a couple of sugars linked by a small aminoacid chain N-acetyl- N-acetyl- glucosamine muramic acid cell wall cytoplasmic membrane 63  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The bacterial cell wall ( fungi also have it ) it confers cell shape & integrity N-acetyl- glucosamine cell shape determines growth, motility, reproduction, nutrient acquisition, … restricts transit of large molecules resistance to osmotic pressure aids in immune system evasion assembly of proteins with various functions 64  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Gram-positive & Gram-negative bacteria (using a cellular stain -Gram stain- to differentiate fundamental cell wall differences under the microscope) 65  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara A couple of features present in many bacteria (but not all gram+ or gram- have them) to swim e.g., Escherichia coli flagellum / flagella more than 25 proteins 66  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara A couple of features present in many bacteria (but not all gram+ or gram- have them) fimbriae/fimbria ≈ pilae/pilus for attachment to surfaces thousands of proteins but of the same type Escherichia coli 67  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Viruses A few key notions by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 9 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 68  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The "lonely" life of a virus replicating element containing its genetic material (DNA or RNA) but it is acellular & has no metabolic capability it needs to harness the molecular machinery of the host cell for most or all of its activities it is therefore a "parasite", a non-cellular obligate parasite (needs a host) its shape is conferred by its protein capsid (encoded by the virus) which also protects the genetic materials inside during egression from the host cells some acquire an envelope that is inherited from the cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell typically highly specific for its host virion, infective form of the virus, it is an entire virus particle 69  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara e.g., HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) protein capsid tegument Nucleocapsid virion dsDNA genome v iral env elope (membrane lipid bilayer) Glycoprotein Complex I Glycoprotein Complex II Glycoprotein Complex III 70  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Viral nomenclature/classification: a different ball game Nomenclature based on: (not binomial/Linnaean, e.g., Leishmania amazonensis ) host, disease vectors, geographic location,... Classification based on: shape (e.g., icosahedral), biochemical (e.g., enveloped) and genetic makeup (DNA/RNA, single/double stranded) Examples of nomenclature of human viruses with clinical importance: Rabies virus (RABV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Yellow fever virus (YFV) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS) Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Measles virus (MeV) Ebola virus (EBOV) 71  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Classification of viruses; typically to know Family and Species suffices rotavirus papilloma hepatitis B adenov iruses smallpox herpes simplex influenza rabies v aricella-zoster cytomegalov irus Epstein-Barr Japanese encephalitis human herpes Ebola RSV yellow fev er mumps hepatitis C measles dengue MERS West Nile HIV SARS polio hepatitis A rubella rhinovirus 72  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The life cycle of a virus 73  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Fungi A few key notions Oral thrush by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 10 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 74  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara These are fungi ! 75  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara They can grow by binary fission Candida albicans (thrush) School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 76  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Look at them, they grow so fast ! Many can also grow as hyphae (mold) growth: filamentous multicellular vegetative (non-reproductive) structures that may or may not have septa (cross-walls) separating the individual cell units Fungi 77 Aspergillus nidulans  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara They can grow by binary fission and budding School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 78  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Modes of fungal growth Candida albicans Aspergillus fumigatus School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 79  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara The cell wall of fungi Chitin: b (1-4) N-acetyl-D-glucose-2-amine Cell wall: all fungi, chitin-based; N-acetylglucosamine homopolymer (b-lactam antibiotics do not work) unlike cellulose it folds on itself enabling hydrogen bonds, plus it is often bound to b 1-3 glucan that often anchors proteins confers/preserves cell morphology and resistance to stress also present on cyst walls of amoebae, egg shells and gut lining of parasitic nematodes, and exoskeleton of invertebrate arthropods 80  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Fungi Membrane: YES, but ergosterol rather than cholesterol like mammalian; bacteria do not have ergosterol amphotericin B, nystatin and azoles target ergosterol Typically comfortable growing at: pH5 (bacteria are out) low moisture (bacteria not too keen either) able to grow at high osmotic pressure (sugar, salt) Classification of fungi depends on their habitats, type of mycellia, modes of growth and reproduction School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 81  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara MICROBIOLOGY Unit: ISCM Module: UM1010 Yr. 2023-2024 Protozoa A few key notions by : LECTURE 1 Dr. GARCIA-LARA CORE SLIDES Bitesize 11 School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 82  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Protozoa / Protista / Eukaryote Trypanosoma bruceii 83 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnsydwITLYk  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Protista / Protozoa (eukaryotes) unicellular eukaryotes occupy almost every habitat can ingest complex food particles through the cytostome (mainly flagellates) 84  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Protista / Protozoa (classification principles) ”community” Unicellular eukaryotes extracellular ”accommodation” intracellular (blood mucosa) How and where cytoplasm direct cell from they eat ingestion nutrient ingestion uptake How they move don’t pseudopodia flagellated ciliated move binary division How they (asexual; most reproduce sexual division85 common)  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Protista / Protozoa (eukaryotes) Entamoeba gingivalis Acanthamoeba Leishmania mexicana or membranes (Trypanosomes) Trichomonas vaginalis Giardia lamblia Balantidium coli Plasmodium falciparum Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium 86 Trichomonas vaginalis  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Stages of protozoan growth cycle Naegleria fowleri (ameba) cyst trophozoite flagellated resistance stage stage of the temporary non- thickened cell wall, protozoa that feeding stage … (e.g., actively feeds and Acanthamoeba) multiplies not all have it (e.g., Trichomonas) 87  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara Learning outcomes M1.I.COR.MIC1 : Demonstrate knowledge of how viruses differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells M1.I.COR.MIC2 : Demonstrate knowledge of the different prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens and give examples of diseases they cause. M1.I.COR.MIC5 : Recognise the principles of microbial identification and classification School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 88  Dr Jorge Garcia-Lara School of Medicine Questions? [email protected] @GarciaLaraClan #UCLanMicrobiology School of Medicine Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Masters in Physician Associate Studies 89