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Questions and Answers
What does radical feminism primarily focus on?
What does radical feminism primarily focus on?
Which term describes the insider’s perspective on a culture?
Which term describes the insider’s perspective on a culture?
What does the term 'gender fluid' refer to?
What does the term 'gender fluid' refer to?
What does location feminism emphasize?
What does location feminism emphasize?
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Which perspective focuses on observable behavior without considering internal motivations?
Which perspective focuses on observable behavior without considering internal motivations?
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What is the kernel of truth theory regarding stereotypes?
What is the kernel of truth theory regarding stereotypes?
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What best describes individuals who are cisgender?
What best describes individuals who are cisgender?
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In social role theory, what is attributed to differences between men and women?
In social role theory, what is attributed to differences between men and women?
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Which group believes that differences between men and women are primarily rooted in biology?
Which group believes that differences between men and women are primarily rooted in biology?
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Which of the following accurately describes cross-sex typed individuals?
Which of the following accurately describes cross-sex typed individuals?
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At what age does gender consistency typically develop in children?
At what age does gender consistency typically develop in children?
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How does subjectivity affect scientific research?
How does subjectivity affect scientific research?
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What is a strength of using case studies in research?
What is a strength of using case studies in research?
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What is a primary concept of Social Learning Theory?
What is a primary concept of Social Learning Theory?
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Which term refers to individuals who have not yet medically transitioned but live as their chosen gender?
Which term refers to individuals who have not yet medically transitioned but live as their chosen gender?
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How do video games often portray female characters?
How do video games often portray female characters?
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What concept explains the idea that children learn gendered behavior through observation rather than direct experience?
What concept explains the idea that children learn gendered behavior through observation rather than direct experience?
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What condition is characterized by an extra X sex chromosome in males?
What condition is characterized by an extra X sex chromosome in males?
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During which of Freud’s psychosexual stages do children primarily focus on same-gender friendships?
During which of Freud’s psychosexual stages do children primarily focus on same-gender friendships?
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Which of the following is a basic emotion that is universally recognized?
Which of the following is a basic emotion that is universally recognized?
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Which hormone is primarily associated with aggressive and impulsive behaviors?
Which hormone is primarily associated with aggressive and impulsive behaviors?
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What is the term used to describe the understanding that gender is a permanent attribute tied to biological characteristics?
What is the term used to describe the understanding that gender is a permanent attribute tied to biological characteristics?
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What is the primary sex chromosome configuration for a female?
What is the primary sex chromosome configuration for a female?
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Which syndrome results in females having ambiguous genitalia at birth due to increased androgens?
Which syndrome results in females having ambiguous genitalia at birth due to increased androgens?
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What gender-related term refers to the jealousy that men may feel towards women’s reproductive abilities?
What gender-related term refers to the jealousy that men may feel towards women’s reproductive abilities?
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Which parenting style is characterized by parents who successfully navigate their own identities while raising a gender non-conforming child?
Which parenting style is characterized by parents who successfully navigate their own identities while raising a gender non-conforming child?
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What term describes individuals with sexual anatomy that is ambiguous or does not match internal organs?
What term describes individuals with sexual anatomy that is ambiguous or does not match internal organs?
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Which of the following statements is true about brain structure differences between sexes?
Which of the following statements is true about brain structure differences between sexes?
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In Freud's concept of the phallic stage, what psychological processes do children experience?
In Freud's concept of the phallic stage, what psychological processes do children experience?
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What critique is often directed at Freud's theories regarding women?
What critique is often directed at Freud's theories regarding women?
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The presence of both Mullerian and Wolffian ducts in an embryo indicates what?
The presence of both Mullerian and Wolffian ducts in an embryo indicates what?
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What is one of the primary characteristics of Turner syndrome?
What is one of the primary characteristics of Turner syndrome?
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What is the main reason for the change from 'gender identity disorder' to 'gender dysphoria'?
What is the main reason for the change from 'gender identity disorder' to 'gender dysphoria'?
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Which concept refers to the stress an individual feels when adhering to their gender's societal roles?
Which concept refers to the stress an individual feels when adhering to their gender's societal roles?
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In which situation is proactive aggression typically seen?
In which situation is proactive aggression typically seen?
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Which type of aggression is characterized as a defensive response to provocation?
Which type of aggression is characterized as a defensive response to provocation?
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What are the components of gender identity?
What are the components of gender identity?
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Which gender is reportedly more at risk of intimate partner violence (IPV)?
Which gender is reportedly more at risk of intimate partner violence (IPV)?
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What type of aggression is more common among girls during childhood?
What type of aggression is more common among girls during childhood?
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What do submissive emotions primarily include?
What do submissive emotions primarily include?
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Study Notes
Schools of Thought
- Functionalism: Focuses on individual differences and functions of the mind, interested in evolutionary explanations of behavior
- Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior without interest in sex differences
- Psychoanalysis: Examines sex and gender differences within personality development
- Social Learning Theory: Suggests people learn through observation
- Cognitive Development Theory: Emphasizes the development of cognition, crucial for understanding gender
Sex vs. Gender
- Sex is biological and physiological characteristics defining a person as male or female
- Gender is a social construction and categorization of how one defines themselves as male or female
Interpretations of Gender Differences
- Minimalists: Believe men and women are fundamentally the same
- Maximalists: Acknowledge fundamental differences but debate whether they are innate or learned
- Essentialists: Attribute differences to biological explanations
Gender Identities
- Cisgender: Gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth
- Transgender: Gender identity doesn't align with sex assigned at birth
- Intersex: Individuals with ambiguous genitalia at birth, not considered male or female
- Transexual: Transgender individuals who haven't transitioned medically but appear as their chosen sex
- Gender fluid: Not adhering to or identifying as male or female
- Gender normative: Adhering to societal standards of masculinity/femininity
- Gender consistency: Understanding gender remains constant regardless of external factors (develops between ages 6 and 7)
Video Games and Gender Stereotypes
- Video games exaggerate gender stereotypes, portraying female characters as hyperfeminine and sexualized, and males as powerful, aggressive, and athletic
- This can lead to cognitive biases against women and behavioral consequences in men towards women
Types of Feminism
- Liberal feminism: Seeks to end gender discrimination based on sex
- Radical feminism: Believes history is characterized by male dominance and female oppression
- Cultural feminism: Celebrates traditional characteristics associated with women
- Locational feminism: Recognizes the interconnectedness of privileges based on race, ethnicity, gender, and social status
Emic and Etic Perspectives
- Emic: Understanding a culture from an insider's perspective
- Etic: Understanding a culture from an analytical distance approach
Case Studies
- Provide extensive information about one individual but have limitations due to their focus on a single subject
Statistical Significance
- The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis, determining whether findings are due to the independent variable or not
File Drawer Dilemma
- Studies with non-significant findings are less likely to be published, potentially skewing research conclusions
Correlation Between Variables
- Indicates the relationship between two variables, with a correlation of 1 signifying a strong positive relationship
Scientists' Subjectivity
- Personal biases can influence how researchers collect and analyze data, potentially impacting study results
Stereotypes
- Overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about people within a recognized category
- Stereotypes associated with women often include emotional, submissive, subjective, collaborative, gentle, pious, tactful, and reserved traits
Sex Stereotypes and Exaggeration
- Stereotypes are based on real differences between men and women but are exaggerated and oversimplified
- The "kernel of truth" theory suggests these stereotypes are based on reality but exaggerated
Gender Typing
- Cross-sex typed: Individual's gender doesn't match their sex
- Undifferentiated: Individuals who don't conform to gendered expectations (similar to androgynous)
- Sex-typed: Individual's gender matches their sex
Division of Labor Theory
- Social role theory: Differences between men and women contribute to the division of labor and social roles
Measures of Masculinity/Femininity
- Masculine-feminine construct: Sex differences and item responses are influenced by factors like education, age, and social class
- Bem-sex role inventory: Assesses individuals' levels of masculinity and femininity
Gender Role Conflict
- Stress arises when individuals experience pressure to conform to gender role expectations that conflict with their personal identities, leading to negative consequences
Purpose of Hormones
- Control and regulate physiological responses such as growth
Aggressive Behavior and Testosterone
- Research suggests testosterone is associated with aggressive and impulsive tendencies
Female vs Male Gonads
- Ovaries (female) and testes (male) are reproductive organs producing steroid hormones necessary for development and function
Chromosomal Disorders
- Klinefelter syndrome: Extra X chromosome in males (more body hair, sex drive, increased risk of social difficulties)
- Triple X syndrome: Three X chromosomes in females (usually no symptoms, but taller stature)
- Turner syndrome: Partial or complete absence of the second sex chromosome (rare, characterized by short stature)
- 47, XYY: Extra Y chromosome in males (most are taller)
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
- Individuals are genetically male but unable to respond to male sex hormones, leading to female external characteristics and internal male genitalia
- AIS is considered intersex
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- Disordered adrenal cortex resulting in increased androgen production, causing ambiguous genitalia in females
Sex Determination
- Two X chromosomes: Female development
- X and Y chromosome: Male development
- Embryos possess both Mullerian and Wolffian ducts until hormone production begins
Sex Differences in the Brain
- Males tend to have larger brains, but considering body size, this difference is less significant
- Women have thicker cortical areas and greater cortical activity connections
- The corpus callosum, connecting the two hemispheres, is larger in women
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
- Oral (birth-18 months): Gratification through eating, biting, and speech
- Anal (18-3 years): Pleasure from retaining and releasing bowel movements, demonstrating independence
- Phallic (3-6 years): Attraction to the opposite-sex parent, resolved by identification with the same-sex parent
- Latency (6 years-adolescence): Focus on same-gender friendships
- Genital (adolescence-adulthood): Puberty, sexual desires, and genitalia-seeking gratification
Critiques of Freud
- Androcentric: Based on a male model, potentially minimizing female experiences
- Acknowledges relying on what we know about boys to understand girls, potentially perpetuating bias
Social Learning Theory
- Suggests children can learn gendered behavior through observation without needing direct reinforcement or punishment
Shaping Gendered Behavior
- Begins before birth with parents buying gender-appropriate items
- Parents may have different expectations for boys and girls
Womb Envy
- Freud's concept of men's envy of women's ability to reproduce, driving them to seek success
Gender Constancy
- Understanding gender is a permanent attribute tied to biological characteristics
Basic Emotions
- Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness
Transformer Family
- Parents who have worked through their own gender identities and are able to support a gender non-conforming child
Gender Dysphoria
- Distress associated with misalignment between assigned sex and gender identity
- The term "gender dysphoria" replaced "gender identity disorder" to de-emphasize the concept of disorder
Gender Intensification
- Increased pressure to conform to traditional gender role expectations during adolescence
Treatment of Non-Conforming Individuals
- Bullying and societal pressure can negatively impact non-conforming individuals
Gender Role Stress
- Amount of stress an individual experiences when adhering to gender role expectations
Types of Aggression
- Physical aggression: More common in boys (punching, play fighting)
- Relational aggression: More common in girls (covert behaviors, social exclusion, setting social rules)
Emergence of Sex Differences in Aggression
- First appears in early childhood, like preschool
Proactive Aggression
- Goal-directed aggression, lacking emotional arousal
Reactive Aggression
- Defensive response to provocation
Gender Role Ideologies
- Beliefs about appropriate behaviors for men and women, potentially influencing acceptance of violence
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
- Physical or psychological mistreatment to gain control in an intimate relationship
- Gender roles contribute to higher risk for women compared to men
Traditional Gender Ideologies and IPV
- Those with traditional gender ideologies may be more accepting of IPV
Components of Gender Identity
- Typicality: Feeling like a typical member of one's gender category
- Contentedness: Feeling comfortable with one's biological sex and gender category
- Conformity: Experiencing pressure to adhere to gender norms
- Intergroup bias: Favoring one's own gender group
Types of Emotions
- Submissive emotions: Sadness and anxiety, seeking comfort
- Disharmonious emotions: Anger and pleasure derived from superiority over others
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Description
Explore the various schools of thought regarding sex and gender differences in psychology. This quiz covers functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, social learning theory, and cognitive development theory. Understand the distinctions between sex as a biological concept and gender as a social construct.