Integrated Review: The Teaching Profession PDF

9/21/2024 INTEGRATED REVIEW: THE TEACHING PROFESSION Philosophical Foundation of Education College of Education 1 Eastern Philosophies 2...

9/21/2024 INTEGRATED REVIEW: THE TEACHING PROFESSION Philosophical Foundation of Education College of Education 1 Eastern Philosophies 2 1  9/21/2024 INDIAN PHILOSOPHIES HINDUISM Believes that one should be able to control and regulate his desires, not to devote life to sensual pleasure or worldly success. Emphasizes a commitment to an ideal way of life called Dharma, characterized by honesty, courage, service, faith, self-control, purity and non-violence. God is truth and the best way to seek the truth is practicing non-violence (ahimsa). 3 INDIAN PHILOSOPHIES BUDDHISM Believes that personal gratification is the root of sufferings in the world. The teaching of Buddha focuses on four noble truths. Stressed non-attachment, concern for humanity, desire to become Buddha-like and to live in harmony with the natural flow of the universe. 4 2  9/21/2024 CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES CONFUCIANISM Teaches moral life through devotion to the family, loyalty to elders, love of learning, brotherhood, civil service, and universal love and justice. Education should build moral character instead of merely teaching skills or information. Every person should strive for the continual development of self until excellence is achieved. 5 CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES TAOISM Advocates simplicity, frugality, and the joys of being close to nature and being in harmony with the whole universe. Simplicity is the key to knowledge as patience is to understanding. 6 3  9/21/2024 JAPANESE PHILOSOPHY ZEN BUDDHISM Has no savior/s, paradise, faith in God, no scriptures. Emphasizes a dependence on oneself rather than an outside source for answer and wisdom. Emphasizes silent meditation, aiming to awaken the mind in each person. Enlightenment comes through an immediate and intuitive understanding of reality that awakens out Buddha’s nature (through rational thinking). 7 MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY ISLAM Emphasizes a total commitment in faith, obedience, and trust to one and only God. No intermediate between God and humans. Any person, no matter how sinful, can bring a plea before God. Each person will be tried on the last judgment when Allah will judge all souls. 8 4  9/21/2024 CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY Believe that: God is the creator of all things There life after death The soul is immortal The Old Testament and the New Testament are the guides to ideal Christian life 9 Western Philosophies 10 5  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES IDEALISM Philosophy It holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience. Universe is made up of infinite mind or spirit. Goals It claims that education must provide for the development of the mind of every pupil. Methods The students are passive. Provision for thinking and application of criteria for moral evaluation. 11 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES IDEALISM Role of Teachers The teachers are role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetics and vocational excellence to their students. They should teach by example. Role of School Promote the intellectual, moral, and aesthetic development of the students. 12 6  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PRAGMATISM Philosophy It is derived from the Greek word pragma meaning “a thing done, a fact that is practiced.” Reality is determined by individual’s sense of experience. The proponents of Pragmatism are credited to John Dewey, Charles Pierce and William James Topo. 13 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PRAGMATISM Educational philosophies of John Dewey as pioneer thinker of education: Education is life. Education is growth. Education is a social process. Education is a continuous reconstruction of experience. 14 7  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PRAGMATISM Goals The total development of the child through experiencing or though self-activity or the “learning by doing”. Belief that learner must be made the center of all educative processes as postulated by John Dewey. Methods Experimental method Learning is an individual matter. Role of Teachers The teacher is tasked to plan with the class in order to solve individual or group problems. 15 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PRAGMATISM Role of School Being specialized institution designed to represent society to the child in a simplified form. The school is in a position to exercise value judgments in representing society. Responsible for giving the child a balanced and genuinely representative acquaintance with society. 16 8  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PERENNIALISM Philosophy The philosophy of Perennialism was derived from the word perennial which means everlasting. In other words, the ideas that have lasted over the centuries are relevant today and those ideas should be the focus of education. The roots of perennialism lie in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, and St. Thomas Aquinas. 17 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PERENNIALISM Educational philosophies as pioneer thinkers of education: Plato Each person should devote his life to that which he is best fit to do. The function of education is to determine what each individual is by nature fitted to do. Social justice (give what is due to whom it is due) Intellectual aristocracy (rule of the intellectual elite) 18 9  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PERENNIALISM Educational philosophers as pioneer thinkers of education: Aristotle Virtue is not possession of knowledge but state of the will. The end of education is not knowledge alone, but the union of the intellectual and the will, or knowledge expressed in action. Reality, not ideas, but the performance, is the highest function. Adaptation of education to the form of government. Objective and scientific, not introspective method of education. 19 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PERENNIALISM Goals Seek to help students discover those ideas most insightful and timeless in understanding the human condition. Develop all student's intellectual powers and moral qualities. Methods Socratic dialogue or question-and-answer method. Perennialists recommend that students learn directly from reading and analyzing the Great Books. 20 10  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES PERENNIALISM Role of Teachers Teacher-Centered. Role of School Schools for perennialists exist primarily to reveal reason by teaching eternal truth. 21 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES EXISTENTIALISM Philosophy It is a doctrine which emphasizes the freedom of human beings to make choices. Man has no fixed nature and he shapes his beings as he lives. This doctrine is primarily attributed to Soren Kierkegaard (1813 – 1855) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1811 – 1900). Goals The individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is true or false, right or wrong; each of us has the freewill to develop as we see fit. To train the individual for significant and meaningful existence. 22 11  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES EXISTENTIALISM Methods Subject-matter takes second place to enable man to make choices for his life. The classroom should be a market of free ideas that would guarantee complete freedom. Role of Teachers The role of the teacher is to teach how the student thinks but not what to think.” The teacher should only act as facilitator of learning. Role of School The school assists students in knowing themselves and learning their place in the society. 23 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES ESSENTIALISM Philosophy The basic idea is that there are certain essentials that all men ought to know. Individuals should be able to distinguish between the essentials and non-essentials in one’s existence. Goals To promote the intellectual growth of the individual learners. Methods Deductive method. Recitation 24 12  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES ESSENTIALISM Role of Teachers Disciplinarian Provide stimulating activities for learning. Role of School The school inculcates into the minds and hearts of the students the values that are hailed and are considered important by society. 25 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES RECONSTRUCTIONISM Philosophy Believes that man to a significant degree, plans and controls his society; that in a democratic society, this should be done in the public interest. Goals Quest for better society Conscious of students' role in nation- building 26 13  9/21/2024 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES RECONSTRUCTIONISM Methods Focus/conference Problem-solving method Role of Teachers Teacher serves as an agent of change and reform in order to help the students become aware of problems confronting mankind. Role of School School adapts approaches that seek a variety of methods to make education more responsive to human/social needs. 27 WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES BEHAVIORISM Philosophy Believes that human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. If you alter a person’s environment, you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Methods The system is based on rewards and punishments. If teachers provide positive reinforcement, or rewards, whenever students perform a desired behavior, they will learn to perform the behavior on their own. The same concept applies to punishments. 28 14  9/21/2024 29 15