Philippine Indigenous Science & Technology PDF

STS MIDTERM REVIEWER Examples of Indigenous Technologies: INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN  Weaving THE PHILIPPINES Filipinos, especially in the early times, tried to invent tools that would help them in...

STS MIDTERM REVIEWER Examples of Indigenous Technologies: INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN  Weaving THE PHILIPPINES Filipinos, especially in the early times, tried to invent tools that would help them in everyday life. They also developed alternative ideas to explain various phenomena and the world around them. This knowledge system is called indigenous knowledge, the foundation of indigenous science.  It is deeply ingrained in the daily lives of young children, who grow up in a society where community members practice it.  Parents and elders serve as their first teachers, effectively transmitting cultural knowledge. These  Pottery lessons are deeply intertwined with their culture, environment, encompassing values, life stories, and reflections on nature.  These lessons are evident in their stories, poems, and songs, highlighting their connection to their culture and environment. Examples of Indigenous Knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:  Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals' behavior and  Stone tools celestial bodies  Using herbal medicine  preserving foods  classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties  preserving and selecting goods seeds for planting  Using indigenous technology  Building local irrigation systems  classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties  Producing wines and juices  Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and  Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard Examples of Herbal Medicine: 1. Akapulko 2. Balbas-pusa ( This is drink is called “Tuba” ) Examples of beliefs and origins: 3. Ampalaya 4. Bayabas 1. Bathala 2. Bakunawa Examples of Food Preservation:  Panag-etag  Body of stories and epics originating from, and part of, the indigenous Philippine folk religions, which include various ethnic faiths.  Attempts to explain the nature of the world through the lives and actions of deities (called anitos in the north and diwatas in the south), heroes, and mythological creatures.  Philippine Traditional Medicine and as a discipline. It helped the people in understanding the natural environment and in coping The evolution of Philippine traditional medicine is an with everyday life. UNESCO's Declaration on Science interesting study that is influenced by religion, and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999) recognized mysticism, magic, superstition, folkloric herbalism indigenous science as a historical and valuable and Western medicine. contribution to science and technology.  paghilot LAWS AND STRATEGIES IN THE PHILIPPINES  pagtatawas IN CONSERVING INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE  albularyo (OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE  faith healing PHILIPPINES) Indigenous Science  Executive Order No. 247 of 1995 – prescribing  part of the indigenous knowledge system guidelines and establishing a regulatory practiced by different groups of people and early framework for the prospecting of biological and civilizations (Gribbin, 2001; Mkapa, Sibisi, 2004). genetic resources, their by-products and  includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, derivatives, for scientific and commercial practices, and representations that guide human purposes; and for other purposes. societies in their enumerable interactions.  Republic Act No. 8371 – an act to recognize,  Indigenous science provides the basics of protect and promote the rights of indigenous astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or cultural communities/indigenous peoples, metallurgy, which were derived from traditional creating a national commission on indigenous knowledge and practices. peoples, establishing implementing mechanisms,  composed of traditional knowledge that uses appropriating funds therefor, and for other science process skills and guided by community purpose. values and culture (Pawilen, 2006).  Republic Act No. 8423 – an act creating the Philippine Institute of traditional and alternative health care (pitahc) to accelerate the development of traditional and alternative health care in the philippines, providing for a traditional and alternative health care development fund and for other purposes.  Republic Act No. 9168 – an act to provide protection to new plant varieties, establishing a national plant variety protection board and for other purposes. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND NATION (Science Process Skills) BUILDING  Observing HOW DO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  Comparing CONTRIBUTE IN NATION BUILDING?  Classifying  Measuring  Science and technology have played a crucial  Problem solving role in the development of the Philippines as a  Inferring nation. Throughout its history, the Philippines has  Communicating been influenced by different cultures and  Predicting colonial powers, each leaving its mark on the country's scientific and technological Indigenous Science is Guided by Community Culture development. and Values: PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD  The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator. Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the  The Earth is revered as "Mother Earth." It is the Philippines had great scientific and technological growth. Indigenous Filipinos had their own expertise and origin of their identity as people. All living and practices in agriculture, medicine, and navigation, nonliving things are interconnected and among other things. interdependent with each other.  Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land  AGRICULTURE – Indigenous peoples created and other natural resources. They have a their own agricultural techniques. responsibility to preserve it. Examples: The Kaingin system, which involves  Nature is a friend to human beings; it needs clearing ground for cultivation by cutting and burning respect and proper care. areas of the forest. They also created irrigation systems, such as the rice terraces in the Cordillera INDIGENOUS SCIENCE Composed of Traditional region, which enabled them to grow rice in sloped Knowledge: locations. Indigenous peoples also domesticated  ethno-biology animals for their own purposes, such as pigs,  ethno-medicine chickens, and dogs.  indigenous farming methods  folk astronomy  MEDICINE – They developed their own knowledge and practices based on local herbs Indigenous science is important in the development of and plants for medicine. They established science and technology in the Philippines. Like the traditional healing methods that were passed ancient civilizations, indigenous science gave birth to down from generation. the development of science and technology as a field  Example: Traditional healers, sometimes The Spanish colonial period, which lasted more than known as babaylan or manghihilot, were well- three centuries. respected members of their communities, offering medical care, spiritual instruction, and social  Has made significant on science and technology assistance. in the Philippines  It became complicated and multidimensional,  NAVIGATION – They evolved their own with both beneficial and bad consequences for the techniques of navigating the oceans, relying on country's growth. the stars, wind, and other natural phenomena to AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD lead them. The American occupation of the Philippines from 1898 Example: Seafaring was vital to the region's trade and to 1946 had a considerable impact on the country's commerce, and it helped to build linkages between scientific and technological progress. Among the different regions of the archipelago and other parts of significant developments during this time period are: Southeast Asia. Other developments included metallurgy, textile manufacturing, and architecture.  The Bureau of Science was formed in 1901 by the American colonial government, and it played Overall, the Philippines' pre-colonial period saw significant scientific and technological development, with an important role in fostering scientific research indigenous peoples developing their own knowledge and and development in the Philippines. practices in a variety of fields. These traditions aided in  New technologies were introduced to the the preservation of communities and the establishment of Philippines by Americans, including the links between different areas of the archipelago and the telephone, electric power, and automobile. In larger region. addition, in 1901, they founded the Philippine SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD Weather Bureau, which provided weather forecasting and monitoring services. The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, which began with Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in 1521 and  Infrastructure development – The Americans lasted until 1898, (Nag-end ung Spanish period okie) made significant investments in infrastructure had a substantial impact on the country's scientific and development, including the construction of technological progress. roads, bridges, and railways. They also built During this time, the following significant events modern port facilities, which aided in the occurred: growth of trade and business in the country.  The establishment of schools and universities  This period introduced new crops and – Americans helped to boost literacy rates and agricultural techniques such as tobacco, corn, promote education in the Philippines by and coffee, as well as new agricultural techniques establishing a public school system. They also such as plowing and irrigation. created universities, such as the University of the  Governor General Francisco de Sande built the Philippines, which played an important part in country's first experimental farm in 1573. the country's growth of science and technology.  The founding of the University of Santo Tomas –  New crops and agricultural practices – The University of Santo Tomas was founded in Americans introduced new crops such as cotton Manila in 1611 and was Asia's first university. and wheat, as well as new agricultural It made a significant impact on the Philippines. techniques such as crop rotation and fertilizer  Public works construction – During the Spanish use. colonial period, public works such as roads,  Public health promotion – Americans invested bridges, and public buildings were built. These in public health programs such as the infrastructural projects necessitated extensive development of public hospitals and the engineering and architectural skills. promotion of vaccination campaigns.  New technology was to the Philippines, notably the printing press in 1593, which played an These changes occurred during the course of the almost important role in the diffusion of knowledge and five-decade-long American colonial period. While the ideas. American occupation had a significant impact on the development of science and technology in the Philippines,  Hospitalization – The Spanish also erected it also had negative consequences such as natural hospitals in key cities throughout the resource exploitation and the suppression of Philippines, which provided medical care as well indigenous knowledge and practices. as training for native doctors and nurses. In 1577, POST COLONIAL PERIOD the first hospital, Hospital Real de Manila, was established.  Began after World War II, saw substantial  The expansion of Christianity and the changes in the country's science and technology development of churches – After the Spanish scene. introduced Christianity to the Philippines, During this time, the following significant events several churches and cathedrals were built. occurred: These constructions necessitated extensive  Establishment of Research Institutions – architectural and engineering skills and were Following the war, the Philippine government frequently constructed with local materials established several research institutions. such as coral stone. Including:  Defense: Science and technology have also played an  Philippine Atomic Energy Commission important part in national defense, resulting in more  Philippine Science High School sophisticated weaponry, surveillance, and  Philippine Council for Agriculture Forestry communication systems. As a result, nations are more  Natural Resources Research and Development secure and better prepared to defend themselves against external threats. The purpose of these institutes was to promote scientific research and development in the country. FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE  Education Expansion – The government invested substantially in the construction of Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino new schools and colleges, resulting in a growth scientists who have made significant contributions in in the number of students pursuing degrees. Philippine science. These scientists are also famous abroad in different science disciplines: agriculture,  Industry Development – In the 1950s and mathematics, physics, medicine marine science, 1960s, the Philippine government undertook an chemistry, engineering and biology. industrialization program to promote the country's economic growth.  Science and Technology Policies – In the 1970s, 1. Dr. Ramon Cabanos the Philippine government established the Barba Science and Technology for National - Was named a National Development Program (STNDP), with the goal Scientist of the Philippines of promoting the incorporation of science and in 2014 technology into the country's development - Induce flowering in objectives. This program resulted in the mango trees regardless of establishment of the Department of Science and season, boosting the local mango industry. Technology, which was tasked with promoting and coordinating the country's scientific research and development. 2. Dr. Josefino Cacas  International Cooperation – The Philippine Comiso. government also collaborated with other - NASA's Filipino countries in science and technology. The country physicist he has studied many joined the following: polar processes and was - The International Atomic Energy among the first researchers to report dramatic changes in the Agency Arctic sea ice cover and - The United Nations Educational accelerated warming at high Scientific latitudes in the Northern - Cultural Organization Hemisphere. - Other international organizations devoted to scientific research and - He is a recipient of the development NASA Exceptional Achievement in Science Overall, the Philippines made great progress in science Medal (one of the most and technology throughout the post-colonial period, prestigious award given to a with the founding of research institutes, the expansion of NASA scientist) education, the development of industries, the application of scientific and technology policies, and international 3. Dr. Jose Bejar Cruz cooperation. - Known internationally GENERAL CONCLUSION in the field of engineering and HOW DOES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY for outstanding contributions CONTRIBUTE IN NATION BUILDING? to the field of automatic control in research. teaching,  Economic Development: Innovation is driven by and service. science and technology, resulting in the creation of new industries, products, and service.  Healthcare: Medical technological advancements have improved healthcare results, resulting in longer 4. Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz life expectancies and a higher quality of life. - Is lauded for her  Education: transformed by technology, which has research on Conus made learning more accessible and engaging. geographus, a marine snail Education has become more inclusive and cost- found in the Philippines. effective as a result of online learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and e-learning technologies. - Working alongside  Infrastructure: created by science and technology, fellow experts, she studied the by making transportation, communication, and properties of the snail's energy systems more efficient and sustainable. venom, which were largely Scientific developments have enabled smart cities, unknown at the time. green energy, and efficient transportation systems. 5. Dr. Fabian Millar Dayrit 11. Dr. Caesar A. Saloma - known for his phytochemical work for the - Received the Galileo Galilei development of lagundi as part Award from the of the National Integrated International Commission Research Program on for Optics in recognition of his Medicinal Plants. significant contributions in the - Worked on other field of optics that were important natural products, accomplished under including: medicinal plants, comparatively unfavorable coconut oil, and carrageenan. conditions. - He is currently focused - He is the first scientist from on the development of an ASEAN member country to standardization and profiling receive the Galileo Award. methods for medicinal plants. 12. Dr. Edgardo D. Gomez - known for his 6. Dr. Rafael D. Guerrero pioneering works and invaluable contributions to - Recognized because of marine biology. his scientific and technical - Gomez led the world's contributions to the growth of first national-scale Sex Reversal and Hatchery assessment of damage to Techniques that help the coral reefs, work which led to commercial fabrication of high him being conferred the title yielding market-size tilapia in of National Scientist of the the Philippines and other Philippines. nations. 13. Dr. William G. Padolina 7. Dr. Enrique Mapua Ostrea - Professor and Jr. academician, is the current president of the National - Pioneered the use of Academy of Science and meconium in the testing the Technology (NAST). mother's abuse of drugs during - His professional career the course of pregnancy. is truly a rich convergence of - Filipino medical doctor his roles as scientist, teacher, known for his researches in researcher, administrator, and pediatrics. policy maker. 8. Dr. Lilian F. Patena -Significant contributions in the field of natural products - Develops tissue culture chemistry, coconut for garlic production. chemistry, biotechnology and in management of - Discovered a breed of research and development. calamansi, seedless pomelo and discovered micropropagation which established the banana 14. Dr. Angel Alcala industry in the Philippines. - Is a world-renowned Filipino ecologist and biologist with more than 30 9. Dr. Mari-Jo Ruiz years of contributions to the field of conservation biology. - known locally and - He was the first scientist internationally as an expert in to comprehensively study the graph theory and operations reptiles and amphibians of research, and her expertise is the Philippines, and his valued not only in the academe research led to the but in different industries and identification of more than sectors as well. 50 new species. - He was named a 10. Dr. Gregory L. Tangonan National Scientist of the - Innovation & technology; Philippines in 2014 for his Intellectual property strategies research into Philippine for innovators, Internation amphibians and reptiles, as projects in solutions and well as the conservation of sustainable environment and marine protected areas. environmental monitoring, 15. Dr. Emil Javier High Technology Competitiveness Analysis and - Filipino plant geneticist and agronomist Leap-frog Strategies for -tropical agricultural research and crop developing countries. production