STS Prelim Notes PDF

TOPIC 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: 1. Discuss how scientific and technological development affect society; 2. Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to the environment Science and Technology in Ancient times 1. Sumerian - co...

TOPIC 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: 1. Discuss how scientific and technological development affect society; 2. Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to the environment Science and Technology in Ancient times 1. Sumerian - contributed the first writing system called cuneiform - invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming for the mass production of food - rivers and seas are their main mode of transportation - first ever to develop a road 2. Babylonian civilization - emerged near Tigris and Euphrates - become known for being a great builders, engineers, and architects - one major contribution is the hanging garden of Babylon ( one of the seven wonders of the world.) 3. Egyptian - the death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza are renowned archeological artifacts of the Egyptians - their earlier contribution are water cloack or clypsedra, paper or papyrus, ink and hieroglyphics (system of writing) - invented cosmetics for aesthetic reason - wigs were worn by welthy Egyptians to protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun 4. Greeks - birth place of western philosphy - major contributions: philosophy and mathematics - coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock, and water mill 5. Roman Empire - strongest political and social entity in the west - cradle of politics and governance - they are model of codified laws and legislation - architecture and engineering ( churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseum, amphitheaters, and residential houses) - Roman Numeral System ( own number system) 6. China - oldes civilization in Asia - know for the silk trade, tea production, gun powder, and great wall of China Science and Technology in Middle Ages ( Age of Exploration) Printing Press - Johann Gutenberg - he improved the woodlock printing press with a cast type printing press developed by Chinese - Accdg to Streissguth (1997), the printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to individuals who could not even write. Microscope - Zacharias Jansen - he develop the first coumpound microscope Telescope - an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects - great help for navigators Science and Technology in Modern Times 19th Century - booming of world population - more goods be produced at faster rate - development of industries ( ex. efficient transportation) - it faces massive industrialization that resulted complicated problems like food preservation and food safety and medicine Louis Pasteur - French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist - he invented pasteurization ( the process of heating dairy products to kill the hramful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster) - he also contributed molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination Kerosene and Petroleum - widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants Telephone - invented by Alexander Graham Bell - it easily maintain connections and communication with each other in real time Modern Calculator - pave the way for easier arithmetic, calculations, and even the more complex processing maachines like computer Science and Technology in the Philippines Precolonial Science and Technology in the Philippines - The following may have linked to technology during this period: - use of fire - pottery-making - use of herbal madicines - medthods of farming in Banaue Rice Terraces ( a sophisticated products of enginnering during pre-colonoal era) - they utilized stone recording purposes, extracting iron from ore - practicing smelting and refining - building boats for coastal trade and barter system - Filipinos are highly superstitions during this period Spanish Regime - Spaniards contributed to the growth of science and technology in he archipelago - they introduced formal education - founded scientific institution - they established parish schools where religion, reading, writing, and music was taught - sanitations and more advanced methods of agriculture were imparted to the natives - they taught pharmacy, medicine, engineering - they constructed government buildings, churches, roads, bridges, and forts - they don’t give attention to agrigulture and industry becuase Spaniards were dependent to Galleon trade Fr. Federico Faura (1897) - Jesuits priest - establshed the Manila Observatory American Regime - rapid advanced of Science and Technology - granting scholarships for higher education in Science and Enegineering - free primary education, introduction of science and industry and vocational courses and public health programs in the system - they establshed science research agencies - University of the Philippines Los Banos was established for the promotion of higher education in the sciences and governement research institution and agencies performing technical functions. Post-Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines 1957 - deterioration of Science and technology - lack of government support - death of scientistis of high training and ability - low morale of scientists - lack of public awareness of science - the Congress enacted the Science Act of 1958 Science Act of 1957 - created thenational Science Development Board (NSDB) this is to formulate policies for the development of science and coordinate the work of science agencies - Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) it explored the use of atomic energy for economic development - National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) - Philippine Coconut Research Institute - to modernized coconut industry - Textile Research Institute President Ferdinan E. Marcos - he funded the applied science and science education - he created the National Grains Authority in 1972 to provide for the evelopment of the rice and corn industry -Philippine Council for Agricultural Research - to support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Adminitration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense was established to provie environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure safety of the people President Corazon Aquino - she replaced the National Science and Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology - the Presidential task Force for Science and technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) was created. Its goal is for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.  Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution Objectives a. Discuss paradigm shifts through history; b. Explain how intellectual revolution changed how human see the world; and c. Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuassive speech representing his/her theory Age of Enlightenment - The roots of revolution can be traced back to the Enlightenment - a Western intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity Industrial Revolution - began in the 18th century - Innovations such as the steam engine, mechanized textile production, and the development of the telegraph transformed the way goods were produced and information was communicated. Claudius Ptolemy - he posited that planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth known as geo-centrism ( greatest discoveries of all time for 1,400 years) Nicolaus Copernicus (19 th century ) - he challenged the geocentric model by putting the sun at the center of the solar system known as the concept of heliocentrism - he was persecuted as a heretic because of his idea Charles Darwin 19th century) - English naturalist - he studied variations n plants, animals, and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world - the theory of evoluation by natural selection - he proposed that: individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variations for a characteristics, individuals with characterisics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characterisctis that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation. This is known as the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Sigmund Freud - father of psychoanalysis - psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior Theory of Psychoanalysis ID - The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification without regard for reality or consequences. It is impulsive,  chaotic, and illogical, reflecting raw emotional impulses and desires Ego - The ego is responsible for rational thought, decision-making, and planning, and it functions primarily at the conscious level. Freud likened the ego to a rider on a horse (the id), emphasizing its role in directing and controlling the id's powerful urges Superego - The superego can induce feelings of guilt and shame when its standards are violated. It operates on the morality principle, striving for perfection and often conflicting with the id's desires. Leonardo da Vinci - made significant contributions to anatomy, engineering, and astronomy - He introduced a detailed anatomical drawings and studies of human and animal anatomy - made observational astronomical sketches that demonstrated his understanding of celestial phenomena. Galileo Galilei - improvements to the telescope - He discovered the moons of Jupiter, observed the phases of Venus, and used his observations to provide evidence for the heliocentric model of the solar system proposed by Copernicus. Johannes Kepler - He formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which describe the orbital dynamics of planets around the Sun (1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit - His works provided a theoretical foundation for understanding the motion of celestial bodies Isaac Newton - He formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation - His works provided a unified explanation for the motion of objects on Earth and in space. Newton's work laid the foundation for classical mechanics and fundamentally transformed our understanding of the physical world. René Descartes - He was a key figure in the development of modern philosophy and mathematics. - He is widely known for his famous statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), which emphasized the importance of individual consciousness and rational thinking. - Development of the Cartesian coordinate system, which provided a powerful tool for mathematical analysis and the representation of geometric shapes. Francis Bacon - father of empiricism and the scientific method. - He emphasized the importance of systematic observation, experimentation, and inductive reasoning in the pursuit of knowledge. The intellectual revolutions in science and technology in Mesoamerica, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa have each made significant contributions to the advancement of human civilization. These diverse regions have rich histories of scientific and technological innovation that have profoundly influenced the development of global knowledge and technological progress. Mesoamerica: The Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, and Olmec cultures, made remarkable advances in astronomy, mathematics, and engineering. The Maya, for example, developed a sophisticated calendrical system and accurately observed celestial phenomena, such as the movements of the planets and stars. They also constructed impressive architectural marvels, such as pyramids and observatories, that showcased their advanced understanding of mathematics and engineering principles. Asia: Asian civilizations have played a pivotal role in the intellectual revolutions in science and technology. Ancient Chinese scholars made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering. The Chinese developed innovative technologies such as papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass, which had far-reaching impacts beyond Asia. Additionally, Indian mathematicians made significant advancements in algebra, trigonometry, and the concept of zero, laying the foundation for modern mathematics. Middle East: The Middle East has a rich history of scientific and technological innovation, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age. Scholars in the Islamic world made pioneering contributions to fields such as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and optics. Notable figures like Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-Haytham, and Ibn Sina made groundbreaking advancements in algebra, optics, and medicine, which helped to shape the development of these fields in Europe and beyond. Al-Khwarizmi: Al-Khwarizmi, also known as "the father of algebra," was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who made significant contributions to mathematics during the Islamic Golden Age. Al-Khwarizmi's influential book, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing," His work laid the foundation for the development of algebra and algorithmic techniques, and his name is the origin of the term "algorithm." Ibn al-Haytham: Ibn al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen, was a pioneering polymath of the Islamic Golden Age who made significant contributions to optics, mathematics, and the philosophy of science. His most famous work, "Kitab al-Manazir" (The Book of Optics), presented a comprehensive and systematic explanation of vision, light, and optics. His work on the principles of reflection and refraction had a profound influence on subsequent developments in the field of optics and significantly impacted the scientific method. Ibn Sina: Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who made significant contributions to medicine, philosophy, and the natural sciences. His influential medical encyclopedia, "The Canon of Medicine," became a standard medical textbook in both the Islamic world and Europe for several centuries. He emphasized the importance of evidence-based diagnosis and treatment, and his contributions to pharmacology and medical theory had a lasting impact on the development of medical science. Africa: African civilizations have a long history of scientific and technological innovation that often goes underappreciated. Ancient African societies made significant advancements in areas such as metallurgy(the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification.), agriculture, and architecture. For example, the Kingdom of Kush in Nubia developed a thriving iron industry, and the ancient Egyptians pioneered techniques in architecture, engineering, and medicine, such as the construction of the pyramids and the use of herbal remedies. Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building Objectives: 1. Explain the role of Science and techology in Philippine nation building; 2. List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major contribution in shaping the Filipino nation; 3. Identify science and technology policies of the government; and 4. Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino nation Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines Pre-Colonial Period - indigenous science and technology has already existed with regards like farming animal-raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines - handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos -Filipnos developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and fighting during tribal conflicts. - they used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation both on land and waterways. Colonial Period -Spanish Colonization - modern contructions of roads, bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures - Spaniards developed health and education system - American Clonization - modernized the country - they established the Bureau of Science to initiate the developemnt in the field of science and technlogy Post - Colonial Period The Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration Filipino Scientists and their Inventions