sts-lesson-3-intellectual-revolution-pdf.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|17683286 STS Lesson 3 Intellectual Revolution pdf Science Technology and Society (Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University) Scan to open on Studocu...

lOMoARcPSD|17683286 STS Lesson 3 Intellectual Revolution pdf Science Technology and Society (Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Maualt Ceruma ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|17683286 LESSON 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIETY In the study of the history of science and technology, another important area of interest involves in the various intellectual revolutions SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION across time. In this area, interests lies in how Scientific revolution was the period of intellectual revolutions emerged as a result of the enlightenment when the developments in the interaction of science and technology and of fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, society. It covers how intellectual revolutions biology and chemistry transformed the views altered the way modern science was understood about nature. It explained the emergence or birth and approached. of modern science as a result of these In science and technology, intellectual developments from the disciplines mentioned. revolutions refer to the series of events that led to The ideas generated during this period enabled the emergence of modern science and the the people to reflect, rethink and reexamine their progress of scientific thinking across critical beliefs and their way of life. periods in history. Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science began. It is always interwoven 1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION with society. So how can science be defined?  The Copernican Revolution refers to the 1. Science as an idea 16th-century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer,  It includes ideas, theories and all available Nicolaus Copernicus. systematic explanations and observations  Copernicus formulated the heliocentric about the natural and physical word. model of the universe. At the time, the 2. Science as an intellectual activity belief was that the Earth was the center of the Solar System based on the geocentric  It encompasses a systematic and practical model of Ptolemy. study of the natural and physical world.  Copernicus introduced the heliocentric This process of study involves systematic model in a 40 page outline entitled observation and experimentation. “Commentariolus”. 3. Science as a body of knowledge  He formalized his model in the publication of his treatise “De Revolutionibus Orbium  It is a subject or discipline, a field of study, Coelestrium” (The Revolution of Celestial or a body of knowledge that deals with the Spheres) in 1543. process of learning about the natural and  In his model, Copernicus repositioned the physical world. This is what we refer to as earth from the center of the solar system school of science. and introduced the idea that the earth 4. Science as a personal and social activity. rotates on its own axis.  The contribution of the Copernican  This explains that science is both Revolution is far-reaching. It served as a knowledge and activities done by human catalyst to sway scientific thinking away beings to develop better understanding of from the age-long views about the position the world around them. It is a means to of earth relative to an enlightened improve life and to survive in life. It is understanding of the universe. This interwoven with people’s lives. marked the beginning of modern astronomy. Downloaded by Maualt Ceruma ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|17683286  The Copernican Revolution marked a 3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION turning point in the study of cosmology  Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud is and astronomy making it a truly important credited for stirring a 20th century intellectual revolution. intellectual revolution named after him the Freudian Revolution.  Psychoanalysis as a school of thought in 2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION psychology in at the center of this  The English naturalist, geologist and revolution. biologist, Charles Darwin is credited for  Freud developed psychoanalysis a stirring another important intellectual scientific method of understanding inner revolution in the mid-19th century. and unconscious conflicts embedded  His treatise on the science of evolution, within one’s personality springing from “On The Origin of Species” was published free associations, dreams and fantasies of in 1859 and began a revolution that the individual. brought humanity to a new era of  Psychoanalysis immediately shot into intellectual discovery. controversy for it emphasized the  The Darwinian Revolution benefitted from existence of the unconscious wherein earlier intellectual revolutions especially feelings, thoughts, urges and emotions those in the 16th and 17th centuries, such and memories are contained outside of that it was guided by confidence in human one’s conscious mind. reason’s ability to explain phenomena in  Freud suggest that humans are inherently the universe. pleasure-seeking individuals.  Darwin gathered evidence pointing to what is now known as natural selection, an evolutionary process by which organisms, THE CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE including humans, inherit, develop, and 1. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN adapt traits that favored survival and MESOAMERICA reproduction.  Darwin’s theory of evolution was, of  Mesoamerica includes the entire area of course, met with resistance and Central America from Southern Mexico up considered to be controversial. Critics to the boarder of South America. accused the theory of being either short in accounting for the broad and complex a. The Mayan Civilization evolutionary process or dismissive of the  The Mayan Civilization is one of the idea that the functional design of famous civilizations that lasted for organisms was a manifestation of an approximately 2000 years. omniscient God.  These people are known for their works in  The Darwinian Revolution can be likened astronomy. They incorporated their to the Copernican Revolution in its advanced understanding of astronomy demonstration of the power of the laws of into their temples and other religious nature in explaining biological structures. This allows them to use their phenomena of survival and reproduction. temple for astronomical observation.  Through the Darwinian Revolution, the  Mayan knowledge and understanding development of organisms and the origin about celestial bodies was advanced for of unique forms of life and humanity could their time, as evidenced by their be rationalized by a lawful system or an knowledge of predicting eclipse and orderly process of change underpinned using astrological cycles in planting and by laws of nature. harvesting.  The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops Downloaded by Maualt Ceruma ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|17683286 and building elaborate cities using 2. Chocolates – The Aztec in Mexico ordinary machineries and tools. developed chocolates during their time. In  They built hydraulics system with the Mayan culture, they used it as sophisticate waterways to supply water to currency. The Aztec valued cacao beans different communities. highly and made it as part of their tribute  They are also believed to be one of the to their gods. first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its 3. Antispasmodic medication – They used patent in 1844. a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax b. Inca Civilization muscles, which could help during surgery.  The Incans made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old 4. Chinampas – It is a form of Aztec civilizations. The following were scientific technology for agricultural farming in ideas and tools that they developed to which the land was divided into help them in everyday life. rectangular areas surrounded by canals. 1. roads paved with stones 5. Aztec calendar – This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting 2. stone buildings that surround season. earthquakes and other disasters. 3. irrigation system and technique for 6. Invention of the canoe – A light narrow storing water for their crops to grow in all boat used for traveling in the water types of land systems. 4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for 2. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA planting seasons a. India 5. the first suspension bridge  They are known for manufacturing iron 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to and metallurgical works. keep records that only experts can  Their iron steel is considered to be the interpret. best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the  India is famous in medicine, Aryuveda a specially prized artistic achievements. system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC. c. Aztec Civilization  They discovered medicinal properties of  The Azter civilization has also made plants that led them to develop medicines substantial contributions to science and to cure various illnesses. technology and to the society as a whole.  Susruta Samhita decribes different Some of their contributions are the surgical and other medical procedures following. famous in Ancient India.  Ancient India is also notable in the field of 1. Mandatory education – The Aztec put astronomy. They developed theories on value on education; that is why their the configuration of the universe, the children are mandated to get education spherical self-supporting earth and the regardless of their social class, gender or year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 age. It is an early form of universal or days each. inclusive education. Downloaded by Maualt Ceruma ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|17683286  Ancient India is also known for their c. Middle East Countries mathematics. The earliest traces of  The Middle East countries are dominantly mathematical knowledge in the Indian occupied by Muslims. subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. These people standardize the  The common language of Arabic, access length to a high degree of accuracy and to Greek texts from the intellectualization designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler. of the Muslims and provided their scholars to create innovations and develop new  Indian astronomer Aryabhata (476-550) ideas. introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, as well  A Muslim scientist named Ibnal-Haytham as algorithms of algebra. is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the  Brahmagupta also suggested that gravity intromission theory of light. was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a  Jabir Ibn Hayyan is considered to be the placeholder and a decimal digit, along the Father of Chemistry by some scholars. Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used  Ibn Sina pioneered the science of universally throughout the world. experimental medicine and was the first  Madhava of Sangamagrama is also physician to conduct clinical trials. His two considered the founder of mathematical notable works in medicine, the Book of analysis. Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world in Europe during the b. China 17th century. Among his many contributions are the discovery of the  Chinese are known for traditional contagious nature of infectious diseases medicines, a product of centuries of and the introduction of clinical experiences and discovery of the Chinese pharmacology. people.  They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. Example is the practice of acupuncture.  Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools that become known in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages.  They invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller, among others.  They developed a design of different bridges, invented the first seismological detector and developed a dry dock facility.  Chinese also made a significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world. Downloaded by Maualt Ceruma ([email protected])