Historical Antecedents in the Philippines PDF

Historical Antecedents in the Philippines  Discuss the historical antecedents in science and Discuss technology that leads to current scientific knowledge and advance technological innovations in the Philippines. Objectives Discuss Di...

Historical Antecedents in the Philippines  Discuss the historical antecedents in science and Discuss technology that leads to current scientific knowledge and advance technological innovations in the Philippines. Objectives Discuss Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment in our country. Exhibit the historical antecedents that revolutionized Exhibit science and technology in the Philippines.  Periods in the Progress of Science Pre-Colonial Science and Technology Stone Ages in the Philippines Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines Spanish Colonization American Colonization and World War II Pre-Colonial Science and Technology  Pre-Colonial Science and Technology ❖ Indigenous means of raising animals, farming, and utilizing plants and herbs for medical purposes. ❖ Invented tools and built structures, and observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons and weather. ❖ Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing and fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. ❖ The use of technology is very evident in the handicrafts, pottery, weaving and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday life. Pre-Colonial Science and Technology The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are considered indigenous science or folk science which is one of the foundations of modern science. The growth of science and its development as a field in the Philippines is a hybrid of indigenous and foreign ideas. Spain and the United States of America, being former colonizers, played an important role in building the foundation of science in the country Stone Ages in the Philippines  Stone Ages in the Philippines Archaeological findings indicate that around 50,000 years ago, modern men or Homo sapiens from the Asian mainland first came over land and across narrow channels to live in Palawan and Batangas. For about 40,000 years, they made simple tools or weapons of stone flakes, but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hand stones. This very long period, considered as the Philippine Stone Age, was when the Tabon Man (c. 67,000 BC) and the Callao Man (c. 24,000-22,000 BCE) were supposed to have lived.  The Tabon Man and the Callao Man The Tabon Man is the oldest confirmed modern human to have been found in the Philippines. His bones, which provide evidence of the existence of Home sapiens between 37,000 and 47,000 years ago, were discovered in the Tabon Caves in Quezon, Palawan Island in 1962. In 2007, archaeologists unearthed human bones in the Philippines that proved early man had lived on the archipelago almost 70,000 years ago. Before the discovery of the bone, scientists believed that humans had not occupied the Philippines before 47,000 years ago based on the discovery of the Tabon Man.  The Tabon Man and the Callao Man The discovery of Callao Man took place in the Callao Caves near Peneblanca (210 miles from Manila) where archaeologists from the University of the Philippines and the French National Museum of Natural History were taking part in a four-year excavation project in the extensive cave network. While digging in the area, they discovered a foot bone that turned out to be a metatarsal bone from the right foot. After analysing the 2.4 inch bone using a method called uranium series dating, it was revealed that it was significantly older than Tabon Man - dated to 67,000 years ago - making it the oldest human remains ever found in the Philippines. Stone Ages in the Philippines The Austronesians around 5,000-2,000 BC, ancestors of most present-day Filipinos, arrived in the islands. It is still unsure as to their exact direction of movement to what is today the Philippines, and southern Mainland China is considered their most plausible point of origin. These ancestors not only brought most languages spoken by Filipinos today; they were also said to have brought more sophisticated and organized agricultural technologies and methods. This is where rice cultivation also flourished with the 2,000-year-old Banaue Rice Terraces of the Ifugao people as prominent evidence. Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines  Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines There is no distinct Bronze Age in the Philippines. As early as 3,000 BC people were producing a range of materials from seashell ornaments to pottery of various designs. The production of pottery subsequently became well developed and flourished for about 2,000 years until it came into competition with imported Chinese ceramics.  Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines Fermentation in food processing could have been present earlier than this period. Various types of alcohol were produced from coconuts (tuba, lambanog, bahalina) and rice (pangasi). This method was later adopted to sugarcane (basi) when Arab traders presumably brought the crop to Mindanao and then spread northwards.  Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines Usage and small-scale production of iron is estimated to have occurred around 500 to 200 BCE as iron manufacturing overlapped with the arrival of limited bronze manufacturing. People during this age engaged in the actual iron extraction, smelting and refining. Crude metalwork processes were already adopted through the hardening of metal through heat-induced carbon absorption or carburization. Most materials found were imported, which shows the existence of an extensive trading network across Southeast Asia, China and the Indian subcontinent as early as this period. By 1st century CE, cotton cultivation, textiles, mining, and jewelry making were already practiced. Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines This period saw the appearance of various clay and copper-based materials produced by the Sa Huynh Culture which existed around 1000 BCE to 200 CE. Found to be concentrated in southern Vietnam, this society is presumed to have had presence around Central Philippines, and possibly all the way to Mindanao. Some notable archeological findings from this time are the Sa Huyun-Kalanay Pottery Complex of Masbate (c. 400 BCE-1500 CE), and the Manunggul Jar of Palawan (c. 890-710 BCE), which is depicted in the old design of the ₱1,000 bill.  Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines As descendants of seafaring people who subsequently settled near the sea, social structures in ancient Philippines were also tied to seafaring. An example would be ancient barangay societies, which would later expand as flourishing, powerful localities trading with nearby states and territories up until the 16th century. These social organizations were derived from the concept of the balangay, ancient boats used by their predecessors to travel across the Philippines and nearby islands. The oldest to be discovered is called the Butuan Boat One presumed to be used around 300 CE. Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines There is also the karakoa, or large outrigger ships used for both trade and warfare mostly in the Visayas. The lanong is a variant within the Sulu area. These larger vessels were said to be attached with at least one bronze cannon called a lantaka. Today this cannon technology has evolved into the typical bamboo cannons used as noisemakers during fiestas and New Year’s Eve. Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines The early form of medicine or pananambal is associated with ancient systems of Animist beliefs characterized by the anito, which comprise of various nature spirits, diwatas, and ancestors. In line with religion, early societies’ agricultural activities were presumed to have been guided by a Hindu-Buddhist influenced lunar calendar.  Bronze and Iron Ages in the Philippines Among the oldest writing systems (Baybayin) found in the Philippines with variations from Pampanga down to the Visayas. This is presumed to have evolved from the Kawi Script originally developed somewhere in Java, Indonesia, and spread all over what are now Malaysia and the Philippines. Its most renowned evidence in the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, dated around 900 CE, which is an Old Malay writing mixed with either Old Javanese or Old Tagalog. Kawi itself evolved from an older writing system originating in Southern India. Many Baybayin writings did not survive since most were carved on leaves and bamboo, except for a very few when the Spaniards brought the printing press to the islands.  Spanish Colonization  Spanish Colonization is the beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines While the Spaniards practiced some aspects of science (e.g. agriculture, botany, medicine, meteorology), Filipinos rarely had the opportunity to develop a serious competence to these, due to racism and wealth inequality within the colonies. Filipino farmers during Spanish Regime  Small group of Filipinos particularly men who are wealthy and landed (Ilustrados) were eventually allowed to engage in advanced studies in local schools or abroad. The aspects of scholarship that were developed ethnography, humanities theology, science and technology were generally neglected.  University of Santo Tomas Access to adequate training, was limited to the University of Santo Tomas (La Pontificia y Real Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino Universidad Católica de Filipinas). The University of Santo Tomás Main Building during the pre-war years. © Old Manila Nostalgia via Ram Roy  Higher institutions of learning were established among which were: Colegio de Cebu (1597), now the Formal education University of San Carlos in science and technology Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario was introduced by the (1611), now the University of Santo Tomas Spaniards through scientific Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1706) institutions. Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1859) Escuela Nautica (1820) Manila School of Agriculture (1887)  Science subjects were taught as parts of the curriculum for college programs being offered. ASTRONOMY PHYSICS CHEMISTRY NATURAL MATHEMATICS HISTORY Important Institutions and Development in the Spanish Era Observatorio Meteorológico or the Manila Observatory (1865) at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila helped in studying typhoons and climatology within the colony and across Asia.  Important Institutions and Development in the Spanish Era Hospitals were established like San Lazaro Hospital (1578), the oldest in East Asia, the Hospital de Los Baños (1590), and the Hospital de Cebu (1850).  Important Institutions and Development in the Spanish Era Philippine National Railway (PNR) in June 1875. The wood-burning steam locomotive ran through the first line from Tutuban in Manila to Dagupan and San Fernando, La Union.  Important Institutions and Development in the Spanish Era The tranvia owned by the Compania de las Tranvias de Manila of 1888 consisting of German-made light electric locomotives which ran from Manila to Malabon.  Important Institutions and Development in the Spanish Era Telegraph was introduced in the Philippines in 1876 with the first line between Manila and Corregidor. The first foreign- owned overseas submarine telegraph cable was put up in 1881. It linked Bolinao in Pangasinan and Hong Kong. Manila was also linked to Iloilo, Cebu and Bacolod. There were 65 telegraph stations operating in the islands (49 in Luzon, 16 in the Visayas during the height of Philippine revolution.  American Colonization and WWII  How did the American Colonization start? On April 21, 1898, the United states declared war against Spain. It was the first overseas conflict fought by the U.S. it involved major campaigns in both Cuba and the Philippine islands.  How did the American Colonization start? America's involvement in the Philippines started when the Spanish-American War ended in December 1898, Spain sold the entire Philippine archipelago to the United States for $20 million. The Philippines had acquired a new colonial ruler. Education in the Philippines During the American Rule During the United States colonial period of the Philippines (1898-1946), the United States government oversaw providing education in the Philippines. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Progress in Education The greatest contribution of the United States to the Philippine civilization is the system of public education. Directly opposed to the Spanish system which emphasized, on the other hand, the study of Catholic religion, and on the other, the employment of Philippine languages rather than the Spanish as pedagogical aid, the American educational system emphasized democratic traditions and the practical applications of laws and principles. Hierarchy of Educative Process that gone through the American System of Education PRIMARY EDUCATION SECONDARY EDUCATION TERTIARY EDUCATION  Education became a very important issue for the United States colonial government, since it allowed it to spread their cultural values, particularly the English language, to the Filipino people. Instruction in English language, and American history, lead to forming of a national identity and Filipino Public System nationalism. of Education Every child from age 7 was required to register in schools located in their own town or province. The students were given free school materials. There were three levels of education during the American period. The "elementary" level consisted of four primary years and 3 intermediate years. The "secondary" or high school level consisted of four years; and the third was the "college" or tertiary level. Religion was not part of the curriculum of the schools. as it had been during the Spanish period. Public System of Education Public Education System Many elementary and secondary schools from the Spanish era were recycled and new ones were opened in cities and provinces, among which there were normal, vocational, agricultural, and business schools. Among the most important colleges during United States rule were: Philippine Normal School in 1901 ( Philippine Normal University) and other normal schools throughout the country such as Silliman University (1901), Central Philippine University (1905), Negros Oriental High School (1902. Examples of vocational schools are the Philippine Nautical School, Philippine School of Arts and Trades (1901, now Technological University of the Philippines) and the Central Luzon Agriculture School. The University of the Philippines was also founded in 1908. and Schools were also built- in remote areas like Sulu, Mindanao, and the Mountain Provinces, where attention was given to vocational and health practice. Public Education System In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it became a single, formal subject area. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Public Education System The teaching of science in higher education has also greatly improved and modernized. Publication of scientific journals and organization of scientific societies were brought. Among these local scientific publications focused on agriculture and plant industries, water resources, pharmaceuticals, and general natural and applied sciences. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Transportation and Communication New developments in transportation and communications were also brought during the American period. Other than acquiring ownership of PNR and extending its railroad lines, the Commonwealth government also built other steam locomotive railways in other parts of the country. These are the Panay Railway, which ran from Iloilo City to the town of Capiz (now Roxas City), and the Cebu Railway, which ran from Danao through Cebu City until Argao.  Transportation and Communication A shorter line was built in Negros, but this primarily served sugar plantations and mills, not commuters. The first automobile in the Philippines arrived in Manila in 1900. By 1916 the ordinary car became a common feature of traffic. As per aviation, the first airplane to land in the Philippines is the Avierto Gallarsa in 1924. However, locally- owned commercial air travel only became possible by 1941. This was when Philippine Air Lines (now ‘Airlines’), the first Asian commercial aviation company, was incorporated for domestic and international flights.  Transportation and Communication The Americans expanded the telegraph and telephone capacity and became available to This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA the Filipino public with the establishment of the Bureau of Post. Before World War II, they were able to operate 108 radio stations and 495 telegraph offices interconnected by 14,607 kilometers of wires and 328 nautical miles of submarine cables throughout the archipelago. In 1922, the first radio broadcasts took place in Manila and Pasay. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Transportation and Communication The radio stations were initially owned by Americans but were soon purchased by Filipino businessmen who extended their media investments from newspapers to radio, and later to television. The radio quickly became a staple so that even before World War II, news programs were regularly broadcast. After the war, the number of radio stations increased rapidly, and broadcasts soon became available throughout the country. The radio became the main source of entertainment and news for millions of Filipinos until the 1970’s when it was supplemented by the television.  Scientific Development The Americans likewise continued science development from the Spanish regime. Government departments, bureaus, and boards were established to help the new colonial administration, and among these were the Bureau of Agriculture and the Board of Health, which later became the Bureau of Health. American efforts at the beginning were geared towards the promotion of public health. In 1901, the Philippine Commission created the Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Department of Interior. This bureau was established for the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects effectively replacing the Laboratorio Municipal.  “No people ever accepted the blessings of education more enthusiasm than the Filipinos” - Governor-General Frank Murphy, 1935  ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES & INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM  Issues Since the aftermath of World War II and independence, the Philippines had struggled to maintain and expand its science and technology capacity. Institutions and possibly many physical documents of scientific and technological knowledge were turned to ashes; many lives were destroyed. While reparation funds from Japan were meant for rebuilding much were focused on basic infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, and transportation systems. Resources are limited in improving science. Issues The Philippine government has explored the use of Overseas Development Allocations (ODA) from different countries to help in improving its scientific productivity and technological capability. Human resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, technologists, doctors, and other professionals. However, these are not enough for the Philippines to provide quality science education to the population, and much more catch up with developed nations in terms of capacity and innovation. Issues The brief account of the acceptance of modern technology in the Philippines indicates its ready absorption into national and local life. With the arrival of the steamboat in 1849, the telegraph in 1876, the railway in 1888, the telephone in 1890, the automobile in 1900, and the electric tranvia in 1905, the launching of modern communications and transportation technologies in the country became apparent. Most of these technologies were only recently invented in the West, but their effects were quickly felt in the societies that accepted them. Issues Unfortunately, the Philippines failed to take advantage of these opportunities as most of their benefits were confined to the national capital region and were unable to stimulate the development of the overall economy. In effect, they often confirmed, widened, or solidified social divisions between rich and poor, urban and rural. The aforementioned technologies as they evolved in the contemporary period in the form of smartphones and tablets, overseas travel, car ownership, or affording car services like Grab, became hallmarks of privilege rather than necessities of modern living. Indigenous Knowledge System Indigenous Knowledge System Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge in their minds. The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment. These lessons comprised of good values and life stories of people on their daily life struggles. Their views about nature and their reflections on their experiences in daily life are evident in their stories, poems, and songs. Indigenous Knowledge System Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous peoples are: Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies; Using herbal medicine; Preserving foods Indigenous Knowledge System 1. Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties; 2. Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting; 3. Using Indigenous technology in daily lives; 4. Building local irrigation systems; 5. Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties; 6. Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard. Indigenous Science  1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting. 2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following: The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator. Simple The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their framework for identity as people. All living and non-living things are interconnected and understanding interdependent with each other. indigenous Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other resources. They have a responsibility to preserve it. science Nature is a friend to human beings - it needs respect and proper care. 3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods and folk astronomy.  Indigenous Science Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the Philippines. Like the ancient civilizations, indigenous science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding the natural environment and in coping with everyday life. UNESCO’s Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999) recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and technology.