STS Activity 3 PDF

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS WHAT IS 'INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION'? - can be defined as the historical changes in the thoughts, beliefs and social institutions due to new ideas and principles. - When these changes focus on science and technology, it's...

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS WHAT IS 'INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION'? - can be defined as the historical changes in the thoughts, beliefs and social institutions due to new ideas and principles. - When these changes focus on science and technology, it's called a "Scientific Revolution." This term can also refer to the time in the Middle Ages when science started to become more important. In human history, there were three intellectuals who significantly changed the views about the world and humanity. They were Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud NICHOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543) Polish astronomer and mathematician Proposed the heliocentric model: The Sun is the center of the universe, and Earth is one of the planets revolving around it Opposed the geocentric model: Earth is the center, supported by Ptolemy, Aristotle, and the Church Importance of Copernicus' Work: ○ Shift from Astrology to Astronomy: Astrology was more important than astronomy back then Astrology placed Earth at the center of the universe Copernicus' model showed Earth is just another planet, leading people to question astrology and focus more on astronomy ○ Influence on Future Scientists: Inspired scientists like Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei Helped them explain how the universe works using math Galileo's use of the telescope made science more popular and accessible, starting the trend of popular science and science fiction Impact: ○ Changed how people viewed astronomy ○ Made science more widely accepted and interesting CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) English scientist Major works: "Origin of Species" and "Descent of Man" discussed his ideas on the evolution of species and mankind. Controversy Surrounding Darwin's Theories - Reactions from creationists and religious groups - Challenges to the belief in humans as supernatural creations Key Propositions of Darwin’s Works -. Humans are subject to natural laws - Natural selection as the mechanism for human evolution - Humans evolved from pre-existing organisms, not created by God - Equality of all species (humans, crabs, dogs, trees, worms, etc.) From this new thinking, Charles Darwin changed how society was viewed. Even though Darwin's works were controversial, his supporters increased across the world, even among religious personalities.  Legacy and Ongoing Research - Subsequent studies supporting or revising Darwin’s theories - Darwin recognized as a pioneer in evolutionary biology SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist whose works in psychology are considered revolutionary. Key Contribution Psychoanalysis - is a scientific method to understand the mind. Psychosexual development The id, ego, and superego. Dream Interpretation - dreams are connected to one's experiences. They are somehow products of the unconscious mind that are based on unfulfilled wishes. Freud rejected the idea from 'Enlightenment' that humans are rational and can control their emotions and drives through reasoning. Freud suggested otherwise, saying that humans have a subconscious and unconscious mind that may control emotions, drives, and behavior. Intellectual Revolution in Meso-America Meso-America covers most of the present-day Central America. 1. Maya Civilization - is known for its early studies in astronomy, and engineering. They have know-how on paper making and have their own writing system, the Maya hieroglyphics. 2. Inca Civilization - is known for its paved roads, irrigation systems, and quipo, a record system using knotted ropes. 3. Aztec civilization - is known for the mandatory education of their children. They are also known for their chinampas, a way of farming in canals. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION IN ASIA 1. Indian civilization - is known for steel works. They are also known for their system of traditional medicine known as Ayurveda. 2. Indonesians - learned to construct Candis in the 8th century. Candis are religious structures with both Buddhist and Hindu heritage, mostly built from the 8th to 15th centuries. 3. Japanese - One of the techniques in Kampo. The Japanese developed the traditional kampo medicine which had Chinese origins. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 1. Ibn al-Haytham - considered the 'Father of Optics' due to his studies on light.  2. Jabir ibn Hayyan - is known for his early works in alchemy and metallurgy. 3. Ibn Sina - is known for his work in Medicine, especially in the area of infectious diseases and pharmacology. In Africa, Egyptian civilization was the most advanced. The city of Alexandria was an intellectual and scientific center during the Middle Ages. In the rest of Africa, metallurgy was well-developed. This is mainly due to the region's rich deposits of minerals like gold, copper, and iron. INFORMATION REVOLUTION 1. Overview of the Information Revolution Definition: Transformation in the social, economic, and political roles of information. Significance: Influenced modern science, individual lives, local and global economies, and governments. 2. Historical Intellectual Revolutions Language - Marked the beginning of humanity and facilitated communication and information exchange. Writing - Essential for the rise of civilizations; enabled documentation and preservation of information. Printing - Crucial for modern civilization; enabled the distribution of significant texts like Copernicus' work and the Bible. 3. Technological Advances in the Information Revolution Computers - Process and calculate digital information. Storage Devices - Store and share information. Optical Communication - Establish communication networks and support Internet technology. 4. Impact/Changes on Society Economies - Facilitated global and local e-commerce; enhanced economic development. Governments - Increased transparency, enabled online campaigning, and automated elections. Work Environment - Enabled telecommuting which refers to working from home, using the internet, telephone, or email. Allowing remote work and flexibility in work schedules. 5. Benefits and Challenges Benefits: ○ Access: Easier access to information and improved communication. ○ Work-Life Balance: Flexibility for workers and the ability to stay connected with families. Challenges: ○ Misinformation: Risk of spreading irrelevant or incorrect information, which can be dangerous for society.