Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society - PDF

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society Module 3 September 21, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  What is an Intellectual Revolution? Intellectual revolutions are periods...

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society Module 3 September 21, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  What is an Intellectual Revolution? Intellectual revolutions are periods where paradigm shifts occur. These are times in history when widely embraced scientific beliefs were challenged or opposed. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Claudius Ptolemy, an astronomer, and mathematician formulated the geocentric model. The geocentric model assumes that Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe. SLIDESMANIA.COM Geocentric model  Ptolemy’s geocentric model stood for centuries and became a standard in thought. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created Heliocentrism first before all other things. Copernicus was SLIDESMANIA.COM even persecuted as a heretic.  Darwinian Revolution SLIDESMANIA.COM  Charles Darwin An British naturalist, biologist, and geologist. In 1859 he published a book entitled “On the Origin of Species”. In the book, Darwin stated the theory of evolution by natural selection. Charles Darwin SLIDESMANIA.COM  Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Populations passed through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive SLIDESMANIA.COM  Sigmund Freud Was the founding father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. He believed that the human mind was composed of three conflicting elements: Sigmund Freud 1. Id SLIDESMANIA.COM 2. Ego 3. Superego  Id ✓ Driven by pleasure principle. ✓ Wants immediate gratification of all desires, wants and needs. ✓ If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension. ✓ It is the only component of personality that is present from birth. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Superego ✓ It operates on the moral principles. ✓ Able to differentiate between good and bad. ✓ It provides guidelines for making judgements. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Ego ✓ The Ego operates on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the Id’s desires in realistic, logically and in socially appropriate ways. ✓ Decision-making part. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Information revolution It is a period of change that might prove as significant to the lives of people. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Mesoamerica Geographical and cultural area which extends from central Mexico down through Central America. The term Meso means middle. (Middle America) Many important Ancient Civilizations developed in this area. A civilization is a culture that has developed SLIDESMANIA.COM complex systems of government, education, and religion.  ▪ 1200 B.C. – 400 B.C. ▪ First known civilization to form in Latin America ▪ 250 A.D. – 900 A.D. ▪ Developed in what is now called the Yucatan Peninsula ▪ 1345 A.D. – 1521 A.D. ▪ Built their capital on what is now Mexico City. ▪ 1438 A.D. – 1533 A.D. ▪ Developed in the Andes Mountains in what is now Peru. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Olmec civilization The earliest civilization in the America. The Olmec developed advanced cities that included plazas, housing areas, and ceremonial centers. The Olmec are known for HUGE stone sculptures of heads. Colossal Head SLIDESMANIA.COM  Maya civilization They developed a writing system and 365-day calendar, accurately tracked the stars and planets, and created a system of math. They are also known for farming and trading. Corn, beans, and squash were important crops. Maya Writing SLIDESMANIA.COM  The Mayan Calendar SLIDESMANIA.COM  The Maya Ball Game SLIDESMANIA.COM  Aztec civilization The Aztecs were fierce warriors who used military power to build a huge empire. Collecting taxes from the people they conquered was how the Aztec became so wealthy. Aztec Warriors SLIDESMANIA.COM  Aztec civilization Priests were highly respected. Most important God to the Aztecs was the Sun God. To please their gods, Aztecs offered human sacrifices. SLIDESMANIA.COM Tonatiuh the Aztec Sun God  Aztec civilization Created artificial islands in the lake called chinampa. SLIDESMANIA.COM Chinampa Chinampa SLIDESMANIA.COM  Inca civilization The Incas developed in the Andes Mountains in what is now Peru. The Incas were ruled by an emperor who had absolute power. The people had to speak the Incan language and worship the Incan gods. SLIDESMANIA.COM Manco Capac  Inca civilization The Incans built a large and elaborate system of roads. Runners used these roads to carry news to far off provinces and the capital. Inca Road System SLIDESMANIA.COM  Inca civilization Worshipped many Gods related to the forces of nature. Sun God was the most important. SLIDESMANIA.COM Inti the Incan Sun God  Hasan Ibn al-Haytham Known as the father of modern Optics. Hasan Ibn al-Haytham Muhammad ibn Musa al- Khwarizmi Known as the father of Algebra. SLIDESMANIA.COM Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi  Chinese Made a kind of paper called "bo" out of silk, but its production was very expensive due to the scarcity of materials. In the 2nd century, a cheaper kind of paper made from bark, rags, wheat stalks and other materials was made. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Chinese Invention of gunpowder. Gunpowder was originally used for making fireworks and its later adaptation revolutionized warfare across the world. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Chinese The ancient compass was invented in ancient China in 200 BC. It was made of lodestone, a naturally magnetized stone of iron. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Human Flourishing Module 5 October 26, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  Eudaimonia It is a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous. SLIDESMANIA.COM Figure 1. Aristotle  Eudaimonia It is a Greek word which literally means “good spirited” It is a term used by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle. He mentioned it in his book, Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle describe eudaimonia as the highpoint of happiness that can be SLIDESMANIA.COM Figure 1. Aristotle attained by humans.  Eudaimonia Has often been translated into “human flourishing”, in literature humans are being compared to flowers achieving their full blooms. Aristotle’s human flourishing arises Figure 1. Aristotle as a result of different components such as phronesis or Practical wisdom is knowing practical wisdom, friendship, wealth and power. SLIDESMANIA.COM what is good, right, or best, given a particular set of circumstances  Phronesis Friendship Wealth Power Human Flourishing In Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring those qualities will surely bring the seekers happiness. SLIDESMANIA.COM  As time changes, elements that comprise human flourishing changed. Humans of today are expected to become “man of the world” Supposed to situate himself in a global neighborhood, working side by side among institutions and the government to be able to reach SLIDESMANIA.COM Figure 1. Aristotle common goal.  Before: competition is a means of survival. Now: coordination is the new trend. SLIDESMANIA.COM Figure 1. Aristotle  Eastern Conception Western conception Focus is community centric More focus on the individual Individual should sacrifice himself Human flourishing as an end for the sake of society Example: Japanese Bushido Encourage studies of literature Aims for eudaimonia as the sciences and art, not entirely for ultimate good. oneself but in service of a greater SLIDESMANIA.COM cause.  Martin Heidegger A German philosopher. “Technology is a human activity that we excel in as a result of achieving science”. The end goals of science and technology and human flourishing are related. SLIDESMANIA.COM Figure 2. Martin Heidegger  Verification Theory Versus Falsification Theory SLIDESMANIA.COM  Verification theory Falsification theory It gives premium to empiricism It does not promote ultimate and only considers those results adoption of one theory but which are measurable and instead encourages research in experiments which are order to determine which among repeatable. the theories can stand the test of falsification. Empiricism - the theory that all knowledge is derived from senses. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Based on verification theory, the crow is BLACK SLIDESMANIA.COM Figure 3. Crow or Raven  Figure 3 & 4. Crow and Albino Crow Theory 1: ALL crows are BLACK, therefore the white bird on the right is not a crow. SLIDESMANIA.COM Theory 2: Not ALL crows are black, there are some crows that are white.  Technology as a Way of Revealing Module 6 October 26, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  Introduction There are lots of changes in the society due to science and technology. There are changes in terms of culture, language, and especially on the people’s way of life. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM  It is a challenge for people in the field of science and technology to make these technology more accessible and less confusing for people who are not as young anymore. SLIDESMANIA.COM  People before the common Era are gifted with brains, more advance than other creatures. Humans are able to utilize abundant materials for their own ease and comfort. Homo erectus have been using fire to cook and stones to produce fire, and without realizing the laws of friction and heat. SLIDESMANIA.COM  People discover minerals and began forging metal work just like their jewelries which are considered to be a luxury. Sometimes they also use the bones of animals they hunt. Different Tribes, different Gods. Before the people believe in rituals, where they offer things or even humans as sacrifice to their Gods in exchange for a prosperous life. SLIDESMANIA.COM  For a long time, humans were content of their relationship with nature. Earliest case of man-made extinction occurred over 12,000 years ago, possibly brought upon by hunting and territorial disputes. The Holocene extinction is an ongoing extinction and is a result of human activity. Growing population, overhunting and overfishing are continuous therefore it can cause extinction SLIDESMANIA.COM of resources.  People began to hunt, farm and produce things with prospect of profit. People were able to create things that would make life easier and more comfortable. Advancements in medicine, technology, health and education are still continuous. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Mortality Rate Due to technology lesser women and children die during birth assuring robust population and strong workforce. Medical care for premature infants allows them to survive and develop normally, while proper maternal care ensures that mothers can fully recover and remain empowered. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Average Lifespan Science is able to prolong lives by enhancing living status and discovering different remedies to most diseases. Distribution of medicines is also made easier and faster. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Literacy Rate Access to education provided to more individuals generally creates a more Informed public that could determine a more just society. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) It is often used to determine the value of the country's goods and services produced within the territory given a certain time period. Higher country income is brought upon by higher productivity often an indicator of presence of technology. SLIDESMANIA.COM  This is the danger presented by too much reliance on technology: "Human lose track of things that matter thus, reducing their surrounding to their economic value." SLIDESMANIA.COM  The Good Life Module 7 October 26, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  In Ancient Greece, long before the word “science” has been coined, the need to understand the world and reality was guaranteed with the need to understand the self and the good life. For Plato, the task of understanding the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting into Figure 1. Plato what will make the soul flourish. SLIDESMANIA.COM  According to Plato, there are two aspects of reality, two worlds if you wish: the world of the matter and the world of forms In the world of matter, things are changing and impermanent. In the world of forms, the entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and the forms are the only real entities. However, Plato also claims that despite the reality SLIDESMANIA.COM of change, things remain, and they retain their ultimate “whatness”.  For Aristotle, we all want to be happy. Aristotle claims that happiness is the be-all and end-all of everything that we do. We may not realize it but the end goal of everything that we do is happiness. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Sociological Philosophies that Help in the Development of Science SLIDESMANIA.COM  Materialism Most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of meaning of their existence. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Hedonism The end goal of life is acquiring pleasure. Life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited. “Eat, drink, and be merry for SLIDESMANIA.COM tomorrow we die”  Don’t pay attention to what Stoicism he’s saying. It is beyond your To generate happiness, one control. must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. For the stoics, happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy. Focus on happiness by being SLIDESMANIA.COM contented and not caring about what will happen.  Theism Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as a fulcrum of their existence. The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Humanism The freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls. Man is literally the captain of his own ship. SLIDESMANIA.COM  When Technology and Human Cross Module 8 November 9, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  The ever-growing society has made people see technology as some form of necessity. Technology comes from the Greek words techne and logos which mean art and word, respectively. Technology means a discourse on arts. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Technology first appeared in the 17th century where the concept was only used to talk about the arts, specifically applied arts. Concepts like machine and tools were also attached to the word “technology” which is the more popular sense of the concept nowadays. SLIDESMANIA.COM  TELEVISION SETS, MOBILE PHONES, COMPUTERS AND HUMANITY SLIDESMANIA.COM  A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most accessible place to anyone. People all over the world use these technologies every day to accomplish different purposes. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM  TELEVISION A product of different experiments by various people. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a German student, in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt to send images through wires with the aid of a rotating disk. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow This invention was called “electric SLIDESMANIA.COM telescope” that had 18 lines of resolution. SLIDESMANIA.COM Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Nipkow television  TELEVISION In 1907, two inventors, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton who Alan Archibald was an English scientist and Boris Campbell-Swinton Rosing who was a Russian scientist, created a new system of television by using cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system. SLIDESMANIA.COM Boris Rosing  Alan Archibald Swinton-Rosing Boris Rosing Campbell-Swinton television SLIDESMANIA.COM MOBILE PHONES SLIDESMANIA.COM  MOBILE PHONES On April 3, 1973 Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made the world’s first mobile phone call. The mobile phone used by Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms and measured 228.6 x 127 x 44.4 mm. This kind of device was capable of a 30- Martin Cooper minute talk time. However, it took 10 SLIDESMANIA.COM hours to charge.  MOBILE PHONES In 1983, Motorola made their first commercial mobile phone available to the public. It was known as the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. SLIDESMANIA.COM Motorola DynaTAC 8000X.  COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS SLIDESMANIA.COM  COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS It was Charles Babbage, a 19th century English Mathematics professor, who designed the Analytical Engine which was used as the basic framework of the computers even until the present time. Charles Babbage SLIDESMANIA.COM  Charles Babbage SLIDESMANIA.COM Analytical Engine  COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS The first true portable computer was released in April 1981. It was called the Osborne 1. SLIDESMANIA.COM Osborne 1  According to Philstar (2013), a typical household owns at least four of the following devices: Mobile phone (89%) Smartphone (53%) Tablet (14%) Desktop (39%), Laptop or netbooks (37%) Smart TV (4%) These data prove the deep- SLIDESMANIA.COM seated fascination of Filipinos to different technological devices  Roles Played by These Technological Advancements SLIDESMANIA.COM  Television ✓ Advertisements and information dissemination ✓ Recreational activity and good stress reliever ✓ Good platform for different propagandas and advocacies SLIDESMANIA.COM ✓ Good way to bond  Mobile Phones ✓ Communication ✓ Surf the internet ✓ Take pictures ✓ Other applications like music player, calendar, radio and among others. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Personal computers and laptops ✓ Surf the internet and communication ✓ Use for job ✓ Play games ✓ Watch movie etc. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Ethical Dilemma Faced by These Technological Advancements SLIDESMANIA.COM  ✓ Most parents would argue that these devices make their children lazy and unhealthy. ✓ People who develop different kinds of sickness because of too much use of technological devices. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Robotics and Humanity SLIDESMANIA.COM  Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot. Example there are so called service robots. These particular robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday tasks. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) made it their task to formulate a working definition for service robots. ✓ A robot is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving within its environment, to perform intended tasks. ✓ A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation SLIDESMANIA.COM application.  ✓ A personal service robot or a service robot for personal use is a robot used for a noncommercial task, usually by laypersons. Ex. Domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot, and pet exercising robot. ✓ A professional service robot or a service robot for professional use is a robot used for a commercial task, usually operated by a properly trained operator Ex. Cleaning robot for public places, delivery robot in offices SLIDESMANIA.COM or hospitals, fire fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals.  Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. Germany sponsored a collaborative project called DESIRE (Deutsche Servicerobotik Initiative-Germany Service Robotics Initiative) which was launched on October 1, 2005 SLIDESMANIA.COM DESIRE  Some of the expected work to be performed by DESIRE are the ff: ✓ Clear up the kitchen table ✓ Fill the dishwasher ✓ Clear up this room SLIDESMANIA.COM DESIRE  Just like people living in the society, robots also have their own set of rules and characteristics that define what a good robot is. These laws were formulated by Isaac Asimov back in the 1940’s, when he was thinking of the ethical consequences of robots. These are the following: Law One: A robot may not injure a human Isaac Asimov being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Law Two: A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The Information Age Module 9 November 9, 2022 SLIDESMANIA.COM  Introduction Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and technologically advanced – these best describe our society nowadays, as evidenced by how information could be transferred or shared quickly. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The information aged is defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible through publications and through the management of information by computers and computer networks.” The information age is also called the Digital Age and the New Media Age because it was associated with SLIDESMANIA.COM the development of computers.  JAMES R. MESSENGER He proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982. Based on this theory, “the Information age is a true new aged based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with basis. Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new age forward are convenience and user friendliness SLIDESMANIA.COM James R. Messenger which, in turn, will create user dependence.”  Timeline of the Information Age SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM  As man evolved, information and its dissemination has also evolved in many ways. Eventually, we no longer kept them to ourselves; instead, we share them and manage them in different means. Information got ahead of us. It started to grow at a rate we were unprepared to handle. Because of SLIDESMANIA.COM the abundance of information, it was difficult to collect and manage them starting in the 1960s and 1970s.  RICHARD WURMAN Called it “information anxiety.” Human cost of information overload. SLIDESMANIA.COM Richard Wurman  Robert Harris detailed some facts on the information age. Truths of the information age 1. Information must be complete. 2. Newer is equated with truer. 3. Selection is a viewpoint. 4. The media sells what the culture buys. 5. The early word gets the perm 6. You are what you eat and so is SLIDESMANIA.COM Robert Harris your brain.  Truths of the information age 7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited. 8. Ideas are seen as controversial. 9. Undead information walks ever on. 10. Media presence creates the story. 11. The medium selects the message. SLIDESMANIA.COM Robert Harris COMPUTER SLIDESMANIA.COM  A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs on a program that contains the exact, step – by - step directions to solve a problem. SLIDESMANIA.COM  TYPES OF COMPUTER SLIDESMANIA.COM  1. PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) It is a single-user instrument, PCs were first known as microcomputers since they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the enormous system operated by most businesses. SLIDESMANIA.COM  2. DESKTOP COMPUTER It is described as a PC that is not designed for portability. The assumption with a desktop is that it will be set up in a permanent spot. SLIDESMANIA.COM  3. LAPTOP These are portable computers that integrate the essentials of a desktop computer in a battery – powered package, which are somewhat larger than a typical hardcover book. SLIDESMANIA.COM  4. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDAs) These are tightly integrated computers that usually have no keyboards but rely on a touch screen for user input. PDAs are typically smaller than a paperback, lightweight, and battery- powered. SLIDESMANIA.COM  5. SERVER It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide network services to other computers. Servers usually boast powerful processors, tons of memory, and large drives. SLIDESMANIA.COM  6. MAINFRAMES These are huge computer systems that can fill an entire room. They are used especially by large firms to describe the large, expensive machines that process millions of transactions every day. The term “mainframe” has been replaced by enterprise server. SLIDESMANIA.COM  7. WEARABLE COMPUTERS They involve materials that are usually integrated into cell phones, watches and other small objects or places. They perform common computer applications such as databases, email, multimedia, and schedulers. SLIDESMANIA.COM  THE WORLD WIDE WEB (Internet) SLIDESMANIA.COM  Several historians trace the origin of the internet to Claude F. Shannon, an American Mathematicians who was considered as the “Father of Information Theory”. Claude F. Shannon SLIDESMANIA.COM  The internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data transmission among innumerable computers. It was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. In case of an attack, military advisers suggested the advantage of being able to operate on one computer from another terminal. SLIDESMANIA.COM  In the early days, the Internet was used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists. The Internet remained under government control until 1984. SLIDESMANIA.COM  One early problem faced by internet users was speed. Phone lines could only transmit information at a limited rate. The development of fiber optic cables allowed for billions of bits of information to be received every minute. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Sergey Brin and Larry Page, directors of a Stanford research project, built a research engine that listed results to reflect page popularity when they determined that the most popular results to frequently be the most usable. Google is now the world’s most popular search engine, accepting more than 200 million queries daily. SLIDESMANIA.COM Larry Page and Sergey Brin  Back then, new forms of communication were also introduced. Electronic mail, or email, was a suitable way to send a message to fellow workers, business partners, or friends. Message could be sent and received at the convenience of the individual. A letter that took several days to arrive could be read in minutes. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Consequently, companies whose businesses are built on digitized information have become valuable and powerful in Bill Gates relatively short period of time; the current Information Age has spawned its own breed of wealthy influential brokers from Steve Jobs Microsoft’s Bill Gates to Apple’s Steve Jobs to Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg. SLIDESMANIA.COM Mark Zuckerberg  Nowadays, crimes in various forms are rampant because of the use of social media. Cyber bullying is an issue that poses alarm worldwide. SLIDESMANIA.COM  APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH SLIDESMANIA.COM  One of the significant applications of computers for science and research is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the application if information technology to store, organize, and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the forms of sequences and structures of proteins. SLIDESMANIA.COM  HOW TO CHECK THE RELIABILITY OF WEB SOURCES SLIDESMANIA.COM  The internet contains a vast collection of highly valuable information, but it may also contain unreliable, biased information that mislead people. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The following guidelines can help us check the reliability of web sources that we gather. 1. Who is the author of the article/site? 2. Who published the site? 3. What is the main purpose of the site? 4. Who is the intended audience? 5. What is the quality of information provided on the website? SLIDESMANIA.COM  One can also visit the university library and seek help from librarians as they are knowledgeable. Therefore, we need to carefully check our motives before disseminating information and we also need to verify information before believing and using and sharing them. SLIDESMANIA.COM