Structural Engineering & Construction Terms PDF

Definition of Terms Structural Engineering and Construction Statics - branch of mechanics which studies the Orthotropic material - has material properties at a effects and distribution of forces of rigid bodies particular point, which differ along three mutually- which are and re...

Definition of Terms Structural Engineering and Construction Statics - branch of mechanics which studies the Orthotropic material - has material properties at a effects and distribution of forces of rigid bodies particular point, which differ along three mutually- which are and remain at rest orthogonal axes. Friction - a contact resistance by one body when the Prismatic -all cross sections are the same throughout second body moves or tends to move past the first its length. body Creep - When a material has to support a load for a Strain energy - energy stored in a material due to its very long period of time, it may continue to deform deformation. until a sudden fracture occurs or its usefulness is impaired. This time dependent permanent deformation Modulus of toughness - it indicates the maximum is known as creep. amount of strain-energy the material can absorb just before it fractures (ability to absorb energy in plastic Fatigue - When a material is subjected to repeated range). cycles of stress or strain, it causes its structure to breakdown, ultimately leading to fracture. This Modulus of Resilience - represents the largest amount behavior is called fatigue. of internal strain energy per unit volume the material Buckling - lateral deflection that occurs when long can absorb without causing any permanent damage to slender members are subjected to an axial the material (ability to absorb energy in the elastic compressive force. range). Yielding -A slight increase in stress above the elastic Elasticity - refers to the property of a material which limit will result in a breakdown of the material and makes it return to its original dimension when the load causes it to deform permanently. This behavior is is removed. called yielding and the deformation that occurs is Ductility -refers to the ability of a material to deform called plastic deformation. in the plastic range without breaking. Strain Hardening: - When yielding has ended, an Stiffness - ability to resist a deformation within the increase in load can be supported by the specimen, linear range. Inverse of stiffness is flexibility. until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress. Toughness - material’s resistance to fracture. Necking-Just after the ultimate stress, the cross- Hardness - material’s resistance to indentation. sectional area will begin to decrease in a localized Ductile Materials - Any material that can be region of the specimen, until the specimen breaks at subjected to large strains before it fractures is called the fracture stress. a ductile material. Concrete - a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, Brittle Materials - Materials that exhibit little or no crushed rock, or other aggregates yielding before failure are referred to as brittle Aggregates - used in cocrte may be fine aggregates materials. and coarse. Homogeneous material - has the same physical and Fine aggregates - those that pass through no. 4 sieve mechanical properties throughout its volume or material has the same composition at any point. Water - used in mixing concrete shall be clean free dram injurious amounts of oils, acid, alkalis, salts, Isotropic material - has same physical and mechanical organic materials or other substance that may be properties in all directions. deleterious to concrete or reinforcement Engineereya’s Vlog  Focus - The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which cause shaking of Actual displacement - it is measured by seismometer ground due to earthquake. Center of rigidity – it is the point through which the Fatigue – the structure is subjected to a cycle of resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force stresses and ______, it causes the beam to have acts sudden ultimate structure Center of gravity: - is the point where the object Focal depth – besides the epicenter, it describes the “suffers” no torque by the effect of the gravitational location of the earthquake force acted upon it. Homogenous – the material has the same composition Center of mass – it is the point through which the at every point but the elastic may not be the same in applied seismic force acts all direction Center of stiffness: - The point through which the Hooke’s Law – stress is proportional to the strain resultant of the restoring forces of a system acts. within the elastic region Column – structural member ha the ratio of its -The principle used in equations related to the unsupported height to its least lateral dimension of not deformation of axially loaded material. less than 3 and is used primarily support axial load Isotropic - The material has the same elastic Corbel – a short edge beam projecting from a column properties in all direction to support a weight Kinetic Friction – retarding force acting opposite in Creep – the structure is subjected to a load for a long motion period of time, it will continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs “Liquefaction” is best described as....- A sudden drop in the shear strength of a soil. Damping - The addition of energy – absorbing components into a structural building frame to reduce - is a state in saturated cohesionless soil wherein the lateral deflections and lessen the stresses imparted effective shear strength is reduced to negligible value. into the frame when subjected to high wind or seismic - condition when soil tends to behave like a fluid mass. forces. Magnitude of earthquake – it is measured by the Design seismic base shear - It is the total design Ritcher scale lateral force at the base of a structure. Orthotropic – The composite material exhibits elastic Ductility – it refers to the ability of a material to properties in one direction different from that in the deform in the plastic range without braking perpendicular direction - Property of a material enables it to under large Poisson's Ratio – the deformation of axially loaded permanent strains before failure. members, the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal Elasticity – it refers to the property of a material strain is constant which makes it return to its original dimension when Post tensioning – stressing high strength steel after the load is removed the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient Eccentricity – it is the distance between the center strength of rigidity and center of mass Pre tensioning – stressing high strength steel wires Epicenter -The geographical point on the surface of before concrete hardens earth vertically above the focus of the earthquake. Proportional Limit - It is the term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain. Engineereya’s Vlog Elastic limit Static it refers to the force generated by a body at rest - The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a permanent elongation remaining Story Drift – it is the displacement of one level upon complete unloading of the specimen relative to the level above or below Modulus of elasticity Story - It is the space between two adjacent floors - Slope of the straight line portion of the curve or the Story displacement: - is the lateral displacement of ratio of stress over the strain the story relative to the base Plasticity – A condition that when there is already a Out-of-plane offsets: - Discontinuities in a lateral permanent deformation, it continues to deform when a force path minimal load is applied beyond the elastic Diaphragms - rigid horizontal planes used to transfer Reciprocal of deflection – it refers to the rigidity of lateral forces to vertical resisting elements. a structure Shear wall - wall designed to resist lateral forces Reciprocal of stiffness – it refers to flexibility of a acting in its own plane, typically wind and seismic loads. structure - stiffened walls and are capable of transferring Relaxation –Loss of stress that takes place with the lateral forces from floors and roofs to the foundation. passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain Torsional Shear Stress – occurs when the center of Resilience – it refers to the ability of a material to mass and rigidity do not coincide absorb energy in the elatsic range Yielding – the material deforms considerably even with Resonance – Refers to the large amplitude vibration of a slight increase in stress an object or system when given impulses at its natural Toughness – it refers to the ability of a material to frequency absorb energy in the plastic range -It occurs when a building period coincides with the Yield stress - The stress at which there occursa earthquake period. marked increase in strainwithout an increase in stress Natural period - time period of undamped free Ultimate stress- The max. stress a material is capable vibration of a structure. of developing Intensity - a measure of the strength of shaking Rupture strength - The stress at which thespecimen during the earthquake actually breaks. Magnitude - a measure of energy released in an Water – Cement Ratio - It significantly influences earthquake. the quality and strength of concrete. Seismographs - are instruments used to record the Young's Modulus – it is the constant of proportionality motion of the ground during an earthquake. that defines the linear relationship between stress Soft Storey - It is one in which the lateral stiffness and strain is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above or Resilience - The property of a material less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness enabling high impact loads without inducing a stress in of the three storeys above. excess of the elastic limit. Weak Storey - It is one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey Factor of safety - Ratio of the failure stress to the above. allowable stress. Resultant – determines whether the body will be in Failure - The condition that renders the equilibrium or will have a varying state of motion Engineereya’s Vlog load resisting member unfit for resisting further the specific weight. increase in loads. Isotropic material - One having the same elastic Diagonal tension - The tensile stress that develops on properties in all directions at any one point of the the diagonals surface. body. Poisson's ratio Seismograph - Is a ground mounted – device - The ratio of lateral strain to which measures the actual displacement of the ground axial strain for an unrestrained with respect to a stationary reference point. Stiffness - The property of a material to withstand high stress without great strain Intensity - It is the oldest useful measure of an earthquake’s strength which is based on the damage Brittleness - Implies the absence of any plastic and other observed effects on people, buildings and deformation prior to failure. other features. Dynamic - Forces generated by a body in Malleability - The property of a material enabling it to undergo considerable plastic deformation under motion. compressive load before actual rupture. Anisotropic - Materials whose properties Toughness - The property of a material depend upon the direction considered enabling it to endure high-impact loads or shock loads. Corrosion - Failure of a metal due to Aggregates - It comprises the bulk of the repeated stress concrete. member. Camber - A built-in upward curvature of a beam or girder to compensate for its deflection or sag. Dilatation- Change of volume per unit volume. Full sinewave - If a member is not restrained Ductile material "e" - Is one having a relatively large against sway, and has hinged ends, and the critical load tensile strain up to the point of rupture is reached, this member will buckle laterally turning into the shape of ______ Brittle material - Is one having a relatively small tensile strain up to the point of Workability - A slumptest is done in order to Rupture determine the ______ Tangent modulus - It is the measure of how easy or difficult it is to - The rate of change of stress with respect to strain place, consolidate and finish concrete. Specific strength - The ratio of the ultimate or Plastic Hinge - A deformation of a part of a tensile strength to specific weight that is the weight beam whenever plastic bending happens per unit volume. Collapse Mechanism - By inserting a plastic hinge at a Which refers to the Rigidity of a plastic limit load into a statically determinate beam, a Structure? - Deflection kinematic mechanism permitting an unbounded - Reciprocal of Deflection displacement of the system can be found. - Product of Stiffness and Deflection Concrete Pedestal - Is a compression element - Reciprocal of Stiffness provided to carry the loads from supported elements like columns, statues, etc. to footing below the ground Specific modulus - Ratio of the Youngs modulus to Engineereya’s Vlog Web Local Yielding - Assumes that the entire applied force/reaction passes through a critical area of web located at the top of the fillet that connects the flange to the web Web Local Crippling - Is actually a local buckling that occurs when the web is slender Plastic Analysis - Is the analysis in which the criterion for design of structures is the ultimate load. Engineereya’s Vlog