Basics of Civil Engineering Lecture Notes (PDF)

 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering Dr. Lekshmi Mohan V Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Email: [email protected] Course Objectives To give an overview of the fundame...

 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering Dr. Lekshmi Mohan V Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Email: [email protected] Course Objectives To give an overview of the fundamentals of the Civil Engineering fields to the students of all branches of Engineering To realize the importance of the Civil Engineering Profession in fulfilling societal needs 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 3 Branches of Civil Engineering Structural Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Construction Engineering & Management Transportation Engineering Surveying Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 4 Structural Engineering Concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers, tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea, and other structures. Involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. Loads can be self weight of the structures, other dead load, live loads, moving (wheel) load, wind load, earthquake load, load from temperature change etc. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 5  Geotechnical Engineering Concerned with the rock and soil that civil engineering systems are supported by. Knowledge from the fields of geology, material science and testing, mechanics, and hydraulics are applied by geotechnical engineers to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, and similar structures. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 6 Construction Engineering Involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineers. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms, many construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business-like in nature: drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and closely monitoring prices of necessary supplies. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 7 Transportation Engineering Concerned with moving people and goods efficiently and safely Involves specifying, designing, constructing and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets, canals, highways, rail systems, airports, ports, and mass transit. Includes areas such as transportation design, transportation planning, traffic engineering, some aspects of urban engineering, pavement engineering, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and infrastructure management. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 8 Surveying Surveying is the process by which a survey or measures certain dimensions that generally occur on the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning have supplemented (and to a large extent supplanted) the traditional optical instruments. This information is crucial to convert the data into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface, in the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and even realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 9 Water Resources Engineering Combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management. This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (aquifers) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 10 Environmental Engineering Deals with the treatment of chemical, biological and/or thermal waste, the purification of water and air, and the remediation of contaminated sites, due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment and hazardous waste management. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 11 Course Content Site selection for buildings - Component of building - Foundation- Shallow and deep foundations - Brick and stone masonry - Plastering - Lintels, beams and columns - Roofs. Surveying Importance – Principles – Types – Equipment - Types of Maps – Advanced Surveying Techniques Transportation: Modes of Transportation - Classification of Roads - Cross sectional Elements - Pavements - Traffic Parameters - Traffic Management Systems.. Sources of Water – Characteristics of water -- Water Supply-Quality of Water-Wastewater Treatment 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 12 Course Outcome The students will gain knowledge on site selection, construction materials, components of buildings, roads and water resources A basic appreciation of multidisciplinary approach when involved in Civil Related Projects. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 13 Reference Books Punmia, B.C, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, ‘Basic Civil Engineering’, Lakshmi Publishers, 2012. Satheesh Gopi, ‘Basic Civil Engineering’, Pearson Publishers, 2009. Rangwala, S.C, ‘Building materials’, Charotar Publishing House, Pvt. Limited, Edition 27, 2009. Palanichamy,M.S, ‘Basic Civil Engineering’, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2000. Lecture notes prepared by Department of Civil Engineering, NITT. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 14 Lecture Objectives To introduce various building materials, stone and its classification 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 15 BUILDING MATERIALS STONES BRICKS CEMENT CONCRETE STEEL CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 16  STONES 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 17 STONES Stone is a naturally available material of construction and is obtained from rocks. It is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to required size and shape and used as building block. Classification of Rocks Geological Classification Physical Classification Chemical Classification 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 18 Geological classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 19 Igneous Rock Rocks that are formed by the cooling of molten rock material called magma Types Extrusive Intrusive 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 20 Igneous Rock Based on the depth at which it crystallizes, classified into Plutonic rocks Volcanic rocks Hypabyssal rocks 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 21  Plutonic Rock Formed at greater depth below the earth surface Exposed on the surface by erosion of overlying secondary rocks with passage of time Coarsely crystallized Eg: Granites, syenites, gabbros Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 22 Hypabyssal rocks Formed at shallow depths About 2-3km below the surface of the earth Shows crystal that are partly coarse and partly fine in size Eg: Dolerite Stonehenge, Britain 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 23  Volcanic rocks Formed on the surface of the earth from lava coming out of the numerous volcanoes that erupt from time to time Constituent minerals are so small that they can be seen only after magnifying under microscope Eg: Basalt Panhala Fort, Maharashtra 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 24 Sedimentary Rocks Formed by the deposition of products of weathering on the pre-existing rock. All the products of weathering are ultimately carried away from their place of origin by the agents of wind, rain, frost, etc. eg. Sandstone, Limestone, Gypsum, Gravel etc. Pyramids of Giza, Egypt 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 25 Metamorphic Rocks When the pre-existing rocks (i.e. Igneous and Sedimentary rocks) are subject to great heat and pressure, they are changed in original form and composition eg. Slate, Marble, Gneisses Slate Marble Gneiss 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 26 Physical Classification Stratified Rocks These rocks possess planes of stratification and such rocks can easily be split up along these planes Eg: Sedimentary Rocks Unstratified Rocks These rocks do not exhibit any definite layers or strata Eg: Igneous rocks Foliated Rocks These rocks have a tendency to be split up in a definite direction only. Eg: Metamorphic Rocks 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 27 Chemical Classification Silicious Rocks In these rocks, Silica is the main constituent Eg: Granite, Quartzites etc. Argillaceous Rocks In these rocks, clay or argil is the main constituent Eg: Slates, Laterites etc. Calcareous Rocks In these rocks, Calcium Carbonate is the main constituent Eg: Lime stones, Marbles etc. 8/28/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 28