CEO Structural Engineering PDF

CEO - Girders are usually larger than beams because they support Structural Engineering smaller beams and serve as the ✓ Structural eng...

CEO - Girders are usually larger than beams because they support Structural Engineering smaller beams and serve as the ✓ Structural engineering is a part of main horizontal support for a civil engineering focused on structure. designing buildings and other Beams and Girders types of cross sections structures. ✓ Structural engineers are like the ✓ Square, rectangular designers of the "bones and ✓ Standard sections: Channels, muscles" of structures. They need I-sections, etc. to understand the rigidity, stability, and strength of both 3. Columns buildings and non-building - Columns are vertical structural structures. members that are subjected to ✓ This includes considering how axial compression. much weight a structure will hold Columns types of cross section and how it will respond to earthquakes. ✓ Circular, square, rectangular ✓ Standard sections: Channels, Tees, I-sections, etc. Line Elements 4. Frames 1. Beams - Frames are structures made up - Primary part of structural of vertical and horizontal parts. framing systems designed to The vertical parts are called carry the distributed load of any columns, and the horizontal structure. parts are called beams. - Beams are the most commonly - It can be classified as either designed parts of a structure for sway frames, which can move supporting loads because they or sway under force, or non- mainly bend underweight. sway frames, which are more - Beams are horizontal parts of a rigid and don’t move much. structure and are among the - It can also be classified as rigid most commonly designed or flexible elements. 5. Trusses 2. Girders - Trusses are structures made of - This type of beam is called a straight pieces that are joined ‘girder’. It supports smaller together at the connections. beams and serves as the main When analyzing trusses, loads horizontal support for a are applied at these structure. connections, and the pieces are - Unlike beams, girders are thought to be connected by designed to support heavy frictionless pins. vertical loads, such as those from columns or the weight of Types of Trusses other beams.  ✓ Pratt Truss ✓ Prestressed Slab ✓ Howe Truss Pre-Tensioned Slab ✓ Warren Truss - The steel is stretched in the slab ✓ Flat Truss before the concrete is poured. ✓ Fink Truss Post-Tensioned Slab ✓ Double Fink Truss - This slab has steel cables or ✓ King Post tendons that are tightened after ✓ Fan Post the concrete has been poured. ✓ Composite Slab – Typically, this structure is built using strong Plate Elements concrete poured on top of a steel framework. During construction, 1. Slabs the decking serves as both a - Slabs are structural pieces that workspace and a mold for the support the weight on a floor concrete. Once completed, it also and transfer that weight to the provides extra support for the slab floors below. They are wider throughout its lifespan. than they are thick. Slabs are usually made of reinforced concrete and serve as the roof 2. Walls for a specific level in a Load Bearing Walls – these building. walls support the weight from above. ▪ Precast concrete Types of Slabs walls ✓ Flat Slab – it is also called a beam- ▪ Retaining walls less slab, is supported directly by ▪ Masonry walls columns or caps, meaning the Non-Load-Bearing Walls – weight is transferred straight to the these walls do not support columns without using beams. weight from above. ✓ Conventional Slab – A slab that is ▪ Hallow concrete supported by beams and columns blocks is called a conventional slab or ▪ Façade bricks regular slab. In this type, the slab ▪ Hallow bricks is relatively thin, while the beams are deeper. The weight from the slab is transferred to the beams and Shell Elements then to the columns. ✓ Domes - These are curved ✓ Precast Slab – Precast concrete structures shaped like half a sphere. slabs are made in factories where Analyzing the forces acting on they are shaped and cured. Once them is quite complex and involves they are ready, they are delivered complicated math calculations. for installation at the construction ✓ Arches – An arch is a curved site. structure that is supported at both ends and can hold weight across its span, like a beam. Arches can have  different shapes, including circular, and how much the structure parabolic, or segmental, depending deforms or bends. The results of on their design. this analysis guide the design of each part of the structure. 4. Design - Structural design is a Structural Design crucial step where the dimensions of various parts of the building are ✓ Structural design is about making determined based on the analysis sure a building or structure is safe results. This step also involves and works well under various loads selecting the right orientation, (like weight or pressure). The shape, and other details for the process typically involves four structure. The design approach may steps: be strength-based or performance- based, and it's important to follow building codes. The final output 1. Modeling – The first step in includes drawings of the different structural design is to create a elements needed for construction. model of the structure's framework, including its foundations and support elements. This model must Design Code – NSCP 2015 is an important predict the loads the structure will part of the building code that outlines the face and involves selecting requirements for structural design. It helps materials (like steel or concrete) determine various loads (like dead, live, and estimating the sizes of each soil, flood, rain, earthquake, and wind) and element to calculate the structure's how to combine them for safe weight for further analysis. construction. 2. Load Analysis – Next, it's important to identify all the possible loads the structure will Here are some common software programs face during its lifetime. These used in structural engineering: loads can threaten the structure's function and are typically 1. AutoCAD: For drafting and determined using building codes. designing plans. Since multiple loads often act 2. Autodesk Revit: For building together, load analysis includes information modeling (BIM). creating combinations of these 3. STAAD: For structural analysis loads, such as the dead load (the and design. structure's weight) and the live load 4. ETABS: For analyzing and (weight from people using the designing buildings. building). 5. SAP2000: For general structural 3. Structural Analysis - After analysis and design. identifying the loads, the next step 6. Tekla Structures: For detailing and is structural analysis. This involves managing steel and concrete examining how the model reacts to structures. different load combinations. The 7. Computer and Structures: A suite analysis looks at internal stresses of software for various structural (like tension, shear, and torsion) tasks.  8. Prokon: For structural analysis and 1. Lump Sum – the most popular design calculations. kind of agreement. The owner and 9. SOLIDWORKS: Primarily for 3D the contractor set a fixed price for modeling and design. the whole project. The price 10. Abaqus: For advanced simulation remains the same even if the total and analysis. cost of the project is proven to be higher lower than the agreed amount. Construction Project Management (CPM) 2. Unit Price – when there are objective difficulties in deciding ✓ This refers to managing a project the final price in advance, this from its initial planning stages all method is preferred. The project the way to its completion. It owner offers materials with a involves guiding, regulating, and particular unit price in order to overseeing the entire process. reduce spending. Construction Project Manager 3. Cost-Plus Fee – a cost plus fee contract is the best contract ✓ His role involves planning, agreement for contractors. On top coordinating, budgeting, and of the project’s total cost and the overseeing projects from start to agreed fixed fee for the contractor, finish. any other unpredictable expenses Construction Contractor have to be covered by the owner after in the end. ✓ A firm, group, or person that 4. Guaranteed Maximum Price completes construction projects (GMP) – the last type of contract based on a contract. doesn’t differ much than the previous one. The key difference is the maximum set price which can’t Contractor Selection Method be surpassed in this case. 1. Qualifications-Based Project management involves four basic ✓ Credentials and qualifications are stages: used as the main criteria for choosing construction management 1. Project Initiation: This phase professionals. determines the project's objectives 2. Low Bid and feasibility. A feasibility study ✓ The main focus of interest is the may be conducted, and a project price. initiation document (PID) is 3. Best Value created to guide the construction ✓ This process puts weight both plan. qualifications and price. 2. Planning Phase: Here, the team outlines all the work required, focusing on time, costs, and resources. They create a work breakdown structure (WBS) to Contract Types organize tasks and develop a risk management plan to address potential threats. A communication  plan is also established for efficient It involves studying the properties of soil information flow among and rock to understand what’s beneath the stakeholders. surface. Its main tasks include: 3. Execution Phase: The construction plan is put into action. This phase Investigating subsurface conditions involves executing tasks and and materials. monitoring progress. The project Determining the physical and manager adjusts tasks as needed chemical properties of these based on progress updates. materials. 4. Closing Phase: This final stage Evaluating the stability of natural marks the project's official slopes and man-made soil completion. The project manager structures. reviews successes and failures, Assessing risks related to site prepares a project report, and conditions. calculates the final budget. The Designing foundations for feedback gathered is useful for buildings and earthworks. future projects. Monitoring site conditions and the construction of foundations and earthworks. Specialist Fields Soil and Rock Mechanics ✓ It explains how soils behave and provides the foundational knowledge needed for analysis in geotechnical engineering. Geophysics ✓ Uses math’s and physics to analyze the Earth’s internal structure and dynamics Hydro-Geology ✓ Examines the movement, behavior and quality of water found underground (i.e. in the soil and rocks of the Earth’s crust) Engineering Geology ✓ Engineering geology studies how large construction projects will affect the land where they are built. History Geotechnical Engineering  1. 1700 – 1900 ✓ Soils are made up of loose ✓ Published KEY THEORIES ON materials, including solid particles SOIL MECHANICS and created from broken rock and MOVEMENT OF WATER organic matter. They also contain THROUGH SOIL liquids and gases that fill the ✓ Coulomb, Darcy, and Atterberg spaces between the particles. Soils can have two phases (solid and 2. 1925 liquid) or three phases (solid, ✓ Published THEORETICAL SOIL liquid, and gas). MECHANICS ✓ Karl Terzaghi “Father of Geotechnical Engineering” Physical State of a Soil Sample 3. 1936 ✓ Established INTERNATIONAL 1. Dry Soil SOCIETY FOR SOIL - A completely dry soil is two MECHANICS & phases, the solid soil particles GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING and pore air. (ISSMGE) 2. Saturated Soil ✓ Terzaghi, along with his colleagues - A fully saturated soil is also in 20 different countries two-phases, composed of solid soil particles and pore water. 3. Wet Soi - A partially saturated soil is Typical Duties three-phase, composed of soil particles, pore water, and pore 1. Subsurface Investigation air. - Gathering soil samples to check how much weight the ground can support and to assess its stability. Basic Characteristic of Soil 2. Field Testing - After the subsurface 1. Void Ratio (e) investigation is done, more ✓ The void ratio shows how testing is needed to see if the much space is taken up by land quality poses any safety empty spaces (voids) compared risks. to solid particles in a given 3. Computer Analysis volume of material. A dense - Specialized software is used to material has fewer voids, so it analyze the results from has a lower void ratio than a subsurface investigations and loose material. field tests. These results 2. Porosity (n, %) typically help in planning ✓ Porosity measures the amount earthworks and designing of empty space (voids) foundations for construction. compared to the total volume of a material. A higher porosity means the material has more empty spaces. However, just What is Soil? because soil has high porosity  doesn't mean it allows water to 3. Retaining Walls flow through easily (pervious). ✓ A retaining wall is a structure 3. Degree of Saturation (S, %) built to hold back soil and resist ✓ The degree of saturation shows the sideways/lateral pressure of how much water is present in the ground. This pressure can the empty spaces (voids) of a come from things like soil fill, material compared to the total water, sand, and other loose volume of those spaces. materials behind the wall. 4. Water Content (ω, %) 4. Dams ✓ Water content measures how ✓ A dam is a structure built much water is present in a across a stream or river to material compared to the block and hold back water. weight of the solid particles in Dams can be used to store the same volume. water, prevent flooding, and 5. Total Unit Weight (γ) generate electricity. ✓ Unit weight is the total weight 5. Tunnels of soil, including both solid ✓ Tunnels are structures built by particles and water, divided by civil engineers to create its total volume. If the soil is underground passages. They moist or saturated, this can go through hills, beneath measurement reflects its moist buildings or roads, underwater, or saturated unit weight. or even under entire cities. Basic Geotechnical Structure 1. Foundation ✓ The foundation is the lowest part of a building that is in direct contact with the soil. It supports the entire structure and helps it stand. Shallow Foundation ▪ Isolated ▪ Combined ▪ Raft/Mat Deep Foundations ▪ Pile Foundation 2. Slopes ✓ A slope is a ground surface that is tilted, and it can be either natural (like a hillside) or made by humans (like a hill from construction). Slope stability means that the slope can hold its shape and resist movement from its own weight and outside forces without sliding or collapsing.