Communication Models PDF

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is the act of conveying information for the purpose of creating a shared understanding. It’s something that humans do every day. The word “communication” comes from the Latin “communis, ” meaning “to share,” and includes verbal, non-verbal and electronic means of...

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is the act of conveying information for the purpose of creating a shared understanding. It’s something that humans do every day. The word “communication” comes from the Latin “communis, ” meaning “to share,” and includes verbal, non-verbal and electronic means of human interaction.  Berlos Model of Communication - the simplest form of linear communication Types of Communication that we're exposed to today. It involves a  Nonverbal Communication sender encoding a message through a - Refers to any form of communication desired channel to the receiver, who that is not transmitted through spoken decodes the contents. words.  Verbal Communication - Is any form of communication that occurs through spoken word.  Visual Communication - Means the transfer of information to a person in a format that can be read and viewed.  Written Communication - Involves the use of words, sentences, and paragraphs in order to communicate.  Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication - helps to clarify the roles and responsibilities Lesson 1.5- LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION of the sender and the receiver, and to Intrapersonal communication involves one person; evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of it is often called "self- talk." the transmission and reception of the message. Interpersonal communication normally involves two people. Group communication involves a small number or people from three to eight. Public communication usually involves one who speaks to a group maybe in written or oral communication. Mass communication is a powerful way of communication involving a single message to a group.  Schramm’s Model of Communication - His model is based on three basic MODELS OF COMMUNICATION components: a source, a destination, and a message. The process starts with an idea in  Aristotle Model of Communication the mind of the source. This idea is then - first model was proposed before 300 encoded into a message using signs and BC. sent to the destination. The destination - it is also the most widely accepted needs to decode and interpret the signs to among all communication models. reconstruct the original idea. - to influence them and make them respond & act accordingly.   Is an ability  Does not require concentration  A physiological act, which is through one of our senses in the living organism LESSON 2.3- TYPES OF LISTING Four Types of Listening Appreciative Listening - involves listening for the sake of enjoyment,  Helical Model of Communication such as listening to a favorite music, poetry, - the process of communication evolves from the stories, or speeches that make you feel very birth of an individual and continues till the something. existing moment. All living entities start Empathic Listening communicating from the very first day of their origin. - involves emotionally connecting with another person. When you listen and you try to understand and be with the person in terms of his or her message and conviction, you are emphatically listening. Comprehensive Listening - If you are watching the news, attending a lecture, or asking someone for directions, you are listening to understand or comprehend the message being communicated. Active listening is required for comprehensive listening. - For example, you might be taking notes while your teacher talks about a certain Lesson 2.1- THE ART OF LISTENING lesson and taking part in the discussion at the same time. Critical Listening - occurs when one listens for the sake of analyzing, critiquing, making judgements about the speaker or the message. LESSON 2.4- THE PURPOSES OF LISTENING One important life skill is the ability to listen effectively. The type of listening we do is relative to LISTENING the purpose for listening and the nature of  Done consciously, involves analysis and communication involved. Often we listen to understanding formulate responses. The very goal of listening is to  It is a skill fully understand the speaker and his message.  Requires complete concentration The Purposes of Listening  Psychological act 1. To understand the message being sent or HEARING communicated  Ability to perceive sound by receiving 2. To gain the perspective of the speaker's ideas vibrations through the ears and his point of view 3. To critically evaluate what is said Evaluating stage: 4. To look at non-verbal cues to enhance Personal biases and prejudices can lead to understanding premature judgments or assumptions about the speaker's message. 5. To concentrate, and show concern and attention Responding stage: 6. To encourage open and honest communication A lack of paraphrasing and questioning skills can 7. To be considerate of the speaker result in misunderstandings. 8. To compromise by having an agreed views and Environmental and Physical Barriers to Listening understanding - Environmental factors (lighting, temperature, furniture) affect listening. LESSON 2.5- 10 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING - Dark, warm, or coldrooms candistract andhinder focus. Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact. - Seating arrangements impact listening by Step 2: Be attentive but relaxed affecting eye contact and proximity to the speaker. Step 3: Keep an open mind. - Noise, both environmental and Step 4: Listening to the words and try to picture physiological, can interfere with processing what the speaker is saying. information. - Physiological noise includes physical illness, Step 5: Don’t interrupt and don’t impose your injury, or stress. “solutions” - Psychological noise involves moods and Step 6: Wait to the speaker to pause to ask arousal levels that can either help or hinder clarifying questions. listening. - Fatigue is a combination of psychological Step 7: Ask question only to ensure understanding. and physiological stress that impacts Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is feeling. listening. Step 9: Give the speaker regular feedback. Cognitive and Personal Barriers to Listening Step 10: Pay attention to what isn’t said – to - Cognitive limits, lack of Listening nonverbal cues preparation, and prejudices hinder listening. - Multitasking, daydreaming, and drifting LESSON 2.6- BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING attention reduce listening effectiveness. - The gap between speech and thought rate Barriers to Effective Listening Are present at every allows for distractions. stage of the listening process (Hargie,2011). - Self-centeredness and lack of motivation Receiving stage: lead to selective attention. - Response preparation often interferes with External noise can interfere the person who’s fully understanding the speaker's message. trying to listen to the information a - Listening competence is undervalued speaker/source. compared to speaking, despite its Interpreting stage: importance. - Poorly structured messages and bad Complex or abstract information may be speakers create barriers to listening. challenging to relate to previous experiences, - Information overload can overwhelm hindering understanding. listeners. Recalling stage: - Prejudiced listening stops active engagement and understanding. Memory limitations and difficulties in maintaining concentration can impede recall. LESSON 3.1- PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SPEECH AND DELIVERY LESSON 3.3- STRUCTURING YOUR SPEECH GOOD SPEECH AND DELIVERY An effective medium to communicate our A good speech has qualities that enable the message is through speech and this can be audience to understand and connect. It is not just learned and develop. One important key to about the message but how the message is great speech writing is planning. By planning, presented that makes it effective. you are sorting out the details on what to write. Features for an Effective Speech KEY COMPONENTS OF SPEECH STRUCTURE 1. Clarity. The quality of being clear. 1. Introduction 2. Conviction of Message. This simply means that The introduction captures the audience’s you buy 100% what you are saying. attention, introduces the topic, and previews the main points. 3. Conciseness. Short and clear, expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words. 2. Body 4. Interesting. Holding or catching the attention. The body is where the main ideas are developed. It should be organized logically, 5. Personal touch. A personal touch means using a structure like chronological order, communicating directly with customers or topical categories, or cause-effect relationships. prospects one-on-one. 3. Conclusion 6. Considering the Audience. The speech is meant to be heard by a group of audience. The conclusion summarizes the main points, reinforces the speech’s purpose, and ends with 7. Soft and Slow Speech. Speaking slowly in the a memorable closing statement. usual tone. A well-structured speech is key to effective 8. Use Body Language for Emphasis. Non-verbal communication in speech. By organizing your cues aid in the emphasis of some points. ideas clearly and logically, you can deliver a 9. Audience Participation. When the speaker message that is both persuasive and involves the participants. memorable. LESSON 3.2- GUIDELINES IN WRITING A GOOD LESSON 3.4- PRINCIPLES OF DELIVERING SPEECH SPEECH KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE - Articulation Articulateness in pronouncing the words - Tailor your speech the interest, values, a and speaking with clear diction that level of understanding or your audience effectively transmits the Message of the USE STORIES & EXAMPLES Speaker. - Make it relatable - Modulation - Illustrate your points with anecdotes, The capability to adjust or manipulate the analogies, or case studies that resonate resonance and timbre of the vocal tone. emotionally with your audience - Make your speech informative and - Stage Presence memorable Ability to "own" the stage of the Speaker BE CLEAR AND CONCISE being able to fill the space and project his/her personality to the Audience. - focus on your main message and avoid unnecessary jargon or complex language. - Organize your speech with a clear structure- typically an introduction, body, and conclusion.  - Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Albert Bandura put forward the notion that as Movement people become competent in particular skills The message of any speech is and situations they develop a feeling of self- reinforced, clarified, and complemented efficacy. by Nonverbal Communication. - Audience Rapport LESSON 4.4- QUALITIES OF A CONFIDENT PERSON One will know how to deliver the message to the audience and connect A person’s life experiences and trainings are with them at a deeper level. essential in affecting our self- image and confidence. Some may have had negative experiences which basically contributed to a LESSON 4.2- THE ROLE OF CONFIDENCE AND person’s low self- esteem. ATTITUDE IN PUBLIC SPEAKING Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, to attain Role of Attitude and Confidence: Attitude and self- esteem and self- actualization we have to confidence are crucial for effective public speaking; satisfy first other needs such as the physiological they can either enhance or undermine your needs, safety needs, etc. credibility. Impact of Nervousness: Nervousness can convey uncertainty or dishonesty to the audience, potentially affecting how your message is received. Authenticity Over Accent: Avoiding the need to fake accents or mimic others demonstrates authenticity and prevents overconfidence. Belief in Capabilities: Self-confidence involves believing in your skills and capabilities despite imperfections, fostering a positive mindset and attitude. Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem: Achieving self- Qualities of a confident person. confidence is linked to having both self-efficacy - Open Minded (belief in your ability to perform tasks) and self- - Gives compliment esteem (belief in your self-worth). - Operates in principles LESSON 4.3- SELF-CONFIDENCE, SELF-ESTEEM, - Accepts others differences AND SELF-EFFICACY - Makes decisions quickly - Keeps learning and growing Self-esteem is your opinion of yourself and your - Self assured worth and more on how you feel about yourself as - Sociable and asks for help a person. - Humble and does not try to impress Self-confidence is your view on your abilities to others accomplish something. It has something to do with - Treats people with respect your abilities to handle certain situations and tasks. - Displays composure and grace Sometimes you can be confident in an area like writing essays or organizing your thoughts but not LESSON 4.5– TIPS FOR BUILDING SELF- in another like speaking in public or delivering your CONFIDENCE essay. Be kind to yourself Self-efficacy is self-confidence in a specific situation. It can affect the choice of activity, the - Get to know yourself. amount of effort expended and persistence at the - Challenge unkind thoughts about yourself. task. This is the expectation that you will be competent and successful in a particular task.  - Say positive things to yourself. LESSON 2: PERSUASIVE SPEECH - Practice saying no. Persuasion is the process of changing or reinforcing - Avoid comparing yourself to others. beliefs, attitudes, behavior, or values. Note that - Do something nice for yourself. when trying to persuade someone, one may not Try to recognize positives necessarily try to change someone’s behavior or point of view but, instead, aim to reinforce it. - Celebrate your successes. - Accept compliments. TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECHES - Ask people what they like about you. - FACTUALPERSUASIVE SPEECH - Write a list of things you like about It is based on whether a particular belief or yourself. statement is true or false and is backed with Build a support network strong evidence. It attempts to persuade the audience to believe whether something - Talk to someone you trust. happened or not and whether something - Focus on positive relationships. exists or not. - Try peer support. - VALUE PERSUASIVE SPEECH - Consider talking therapy. is a type of speech that tells whether something is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, moral or immoral, good or bad. It CHAPTER 2 questions the ethical and moral aspects of a LESSON 1.3- IFORMATIVE SPEECH particular topic or defines the truth or falsity of an assertion. STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING - POLICY PERSUASIVE SPEECH Bridge the gap: if your message is complex, use is used to convince the audience to either analogies or vivid descriptions to make it easier to accept or reject a certain policy, candidate understand or rule. It argues the nature of the problem and the solution that should be taken. It is Presentation aids: it helps your audience probably the most common type of understand remember and follow your ideas persuasive speech because we live in a STRATEGIES TO KEEP THE UDIENCE ENGAGED: society surrounded by policies, rules, and laws. - Grab the audience’s attention: with a striking statements or question, and ARISTOTLE’S TRADITIONAL APPROACH: USING highlight the values of the information to ETHOS, LOGOS, AND PATHOS keep them engaged. The Greek philosopher Aristotle classified - Tell a story: stories captivate and make properties of items and concepts in the known message relatable and memorable, using universe. One of his most fundamental discoveries conflict, action, suspense, and humor. was the composition of persuasive speaking. - Personalize content: use real-life stories to explain ideas. Show how things affect ETHOS people. If you make upa story, say so. Speakers present information that can be trusted, - Inject humor: use humor relevantly and to be believable, and trustworthy. tastefully to keep the audience entertained and improve their retention of your LOGOS message Persuader should support the message with - Present relevant information: adapt your evidence and reasoning. message to the audience, offering useful content that sustains their interest PATHOS throughout the speech Delivering the argument that appeals to the - Use suspense: add twist, mysteries, or audience's emotions. rhetorical questions to keep the audience engaged and thinking critically about your THE ELABORATION LIKELHOOD MODEL - message. A research-based framework for understanding how Persuasion works. Instead of prescribing how to write a persuasive message from the standpoint of the speaker, ELM theory suggests how members of the audience interpret message of persuasion. THEORY SUGGEST THAT THERE ARE 2 WAYS A LISTENER CAN BE PERSUADED: 1. The Direct or Central Persuasion Route - Listeners will likely be persuaded by the argument, logic, and evidence presented to them. 2. The Indirect or Peripheral Persuasion Route - If the Listeners do not use critical thinking skills, they simply draw on an overall impression on what the speakers say and how the speakers say it.