Science, Technology, and Society (STS) Reviewer PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (STS) REVIEWER Science - From "scientia" (Latin) = knowledge. - Involves acquiring systematic knowledge through the "scientific method". Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Identify the problem 2. Gather background information 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Perform tests an...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (STS) REVIEWER Science - From "scientia" (Latin) = knowledge. - Involves acquiring systematic knowledge through the "scientific method". Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Identify the problem 2. Gather background information 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Perform tests and collect data 5. Draw a conclusion 6. Report the results Technology - Comes from the Greek words: - Techne = skill, art, craftsmanship - Logos = discourse, reason Interconnection: - Science: Explains phenomena and seeks knowledge. - Technology: Applies that knowledge for practical purposes. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Antiquity to 20th Century - Early scientific questions were answered by religious authorities. 1 - Mathematics began in Egypt. - Babylonians applied math to astronomy. - Ancient Greece developed the first systematic science. Key Greek Thinkers: - Thales of Miletus: Father of science, predicted eclipses and droughts. - Anaximander: Proposed that humans evolved from lower life forms. - Pythagoras: Applied math to nature. - Empedocles: Proposed the four elements—fire, air, water, earth. - Democritus: Proposed the concept of atoms (uncuttable particles). - Eratosthenes: Measured Earth’s size and created the first world map. Chemistry: - Ancient idea: Five elements—earth, air, fire, water, and aether. Medicine: - Hippocrates & Galen: Used experiments and records for healing. Middle Ages - After the fall of the Roman Empire, progress slowed in the West (Dark Ages). Renaissance and Scientific Revolution - St. Thomas Aquinas: Promoted "Natural Theology"—knowing God through nature. - Francis Bacon: Introduced the scientific method. - Copernicus: Proposed the heliocentric theory (Sun-centered universe). - Galileo Galilei: Improved the telescope and confirmed Copernicus' ideas. 2 The Age of Enlightenment - Period of flourishing scientific thought. Notable Thinkers: - Isaac Newton: Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, and studied alchemy. - Carl Linnaeus: Developed biological taxonomy. - Charles Darwin: Introduced evolution by natural selection in Origin of Species. - Sigmund Freud: Developed psychoanalysis (id, ego, superego). The Information Revolution - Marked the shift in how people interact with the world through writing, printing, and technology. CIVILIZATIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Mesoamerica - Mayans: - Predicted eclipses. - Used complex calendars. - Developed weaving techniques with glittery paints (mica). - Incas: - Built stone-paved roads and irrigation systems. - Invented the first suspension bridge. - Used quipu (knotted ropes) for record-keeping. - Aztecs: 3  - Introduced mandatory education. - Produced chocolate. Asia - India: - Developed Ayurveda and surgical techniques (Susruta Samhita). - Aryabhata: Worked on trigonometry and algebra. - Brahmagupta: Explained zero and suggested gravity as an attraction force. - Madhava: Pioneer of mathematical analysis. - Indonesia: Known for Candi (religious structures). - Japan: Practiced Kampo (traditional medicine). - China: - Invented the iron plow, wheelbarrow, and propeller. - Built the first seismological detector. Middle East and Africa - Ibn al-Haytham: Father of optics. - Al-Khwarizmi: Father of algorithms; coined the term "algebra". - Jabir ibn Hayyan: Father of chemistry. - Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Pioneered experimental medicine and conducted clinical trials. - Wrote The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. - Lebombo Bone: Oldest mathematical artifact, used as a calendar or for calculations. - Egypt: - Advanced alchemy and pharmacology. - Applied diagnosis and prognosis in medicine. 4