Middle Ages PDF

MIDDLE AGES (Medieval age) - Called the middle age because it’s in the middle of the FALL OF ROME & RENAISSANCE Different tribes began to take over the cities of the Romans. This made the Roman citizens start to move to the countryside instead of staying in the cities. Since th...

MIDDLE AGES (Medieval age) - Called the middle age because it’s in the middle of the FALL OF ROME & RENAISSANCE Different tribes began to take over the cities of the Romans. This made the Roman citizens start to move to the countryside instead of staying in the cities. Since they moved to a different location, they had to build their own city starting from scratch. They had to create their own food and start life from zero. The education also declined due to the lack of schools in the area. This also made the common language of Latin slowly disappear but other dialects started to form. Even the concept of government changed because the Germanic tribes did not practice democracy or The Republic but instead practiced tribal laws which prioritized harsh punishments or trial by order. The punishments were used to determine whether you’re guilty or not. They also placed their trust on their tribal leader which was usually the king of their tribe. RELIGION The different Germanic tribes were not Christians and worshiped their own Gods. That was until Clovis, the leader of a tribe named “The Franks” converted to Christianity. He converted because he realized that to make the citizens follow them, they have to convert to their religion which is Christianity. Because of Clovis, many tribes also converted to Christianity. For a society that lacked unity, Christianity was one of the only things that kept them together. While Christianity spreaded in Europe, another religion was born in the Middle East. A new religion was founded by a man named Muhammad. This religion worshiped a god named Allah. Followers of Allah were called Saracens and they were Muslims. Their goal was to spread the religion. Clovis eventually dies and now the Franks are leaderless. Charles Martel takes over and is now the leader of the Franks and he expands their territory. Muslims start to invade Europe. As a Christian, Martel felt the need to defend his people and Religion so the two religions fought. Martel won and was named Christian hero. After Charles Martel, Charles the Great (Charlemagne) leads next. He expands the territory of the Franks even more. He also encouraged the return of schools but only for nobles. Each summer when the snow would melt, he would lead his armies to defeat other tribes around the kingdom. These tribes would usually be non-Christians and for that reason. Charlemagne considered them as enemies. At that time, the leader of all Christians was called the pope. When the pope found out about the actions of Charlemagne, the pope summoned Charlemagne to Rome. Charlemagne killed and stabbed and threatened those who didn't believe in God. Instead of being punished, he was rewarded and crowned the Holy Roman Emperor. By  being the only one allowed to crown the Holy Roman Emperor, instead of the pope being a religious leader, he also became a political leader as he had the power to crown who would be the Holy Roman Emperor. Eventually, Charlemagne died and his three sons fought w/ each other determining who would be the next king or Holy Roman Emperor. His sons then divided the empire into 3 different kingdoms so all of them could get a chance to be king of an area. THE AGE OF FEUDALISM Because the three sons kept fighting with each other; they weren’t able to manage the kingdom properly. Bandits started to invade them, and their people were left unprotected from the bandits specifically, the Vikings. They live in the north of Europe and we’re experts in speed raiding. Speed raiding means they were able to raid or invade an area one moment and then they were gone the next. They were all so good at building Longboats, helping them navigate the rivers. The people needed someone to protect them. In exchange for protectors, people look to their local leaders for help. The system is called feudalism, because it was a way to protect people. It followed a system of loyalties. FEUDAL PYRAMID - They have to give up something to get something in exchange - The king gives land to the Lord & Vassals and in exchange the king receives their loyalty - Lord & Vassals give smaller amounts of land to knights and in exchange, the Lord & Vassals receive protection from the knights including those above them like the King - Knights give protection to peasants and serfs and in exchange, they give them, the Lord & Vassals and the kings tax and food PEASANTS/SERFS - Lived in manors instead of cities, which was the center of the middle ages - The Manor was the Lord’s estate and it was a self-contained world  - Serf/Peasants don’t dare go far from the Manor due to fear that they wouldn’t be protected from the bandits - Everything needed to sustain life was produced in the Manor including food, clothing and other objects - Life was hard for the serfs and peasants. They had to pay taxes for everything - Even weddings needed to be approved by the lord of the Manor - Worse they had to pay for church taxes called Tithies - They were expected to live until 35 years old - All peasants and serfs accepted this in exchange for protection KNIGHTS - Protectors of the Manor - Their main job is to protect, serve in battle and spend days training for the next war - Eventually, the code of Chivalry was made. These were the rules a knight had to follow. - According to Chivalry, they served three masters: His heavenly Lord, Earthly Lord and his chosen lady WOMEN - Depending on your social class, you would be treated differently - Noblewomen could inherit an estate from their husband and could even be protectors of the Manor - Peasant women we’re always working often in the fields and took care of their families - If you were a noblewomen, you would be treated nicely by knights as stated in the code of Chivalry - If you were a peasant, you wouldn’t be treated nicely by the knights - Code of chivalry only applies to the noblewomen THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER - Believed to be built on top of the place where Jesus was crucified - Important holy site for Christianity AL ASQA MOSQUE - Believed to have a stone inside which was where Muhammad stood on before he ascended into Heaven - Important holy site for Muslims THE WAILING WALL - Remains of King Solomon’s temple - Important holy site for Judaism ALL OF THESE SITES ARE FOUND IN JERUSALEM ABBASIDS -> SARACENS -> MUSLIMS  - All of these are Muslims but different names - Able to take over many countries - Abbasids took over Jerusalem and the people specifically the Pope was scared that they would destroy the holy sites of Christianity and replace it with their mosques *In the middle ages, the Pope was a very important figure. He was not only a religious leader, but someone who listened to the words of the people. The Pope sent letters to Christian communities asking them to send their soldiers and peasants to fight against the Muslims who were invading. This event is called the Crusades which means “A holy mission in the name of Christ”. The Crusades was a mission to take Jerusalem back in honor of God. THE CRUSADES The Crusades happened all because of Jerusalem because it was a location for many holy sites. Muslims were able to take over Jerusalem which made them scared that they would destroy the Holy sites of Jesus. This was a battle started by Pope Urban the Second. Pope Urban gave a speech in which if citizens joined the Crusade, their sins would be forgiven and they were doing it for God. This made people want to go to the Crusades. 1ST CRUSADES (First wave) It was a battle of Christian Europe(France, England and Holy Roman Empire) vs Muslims. It was called by Peter the Hermit who was a homeless and poor priest. Despite being homeless and poor, he was an important preacher and priest. It was also called the fools crusade because Peter told the Crusaders not to bring any armor and food whatsoever because God will protect them. They were able to win but only a small piece of land. 2ND CRUSADES (Second wave) It was a battle of Jerusalem and other crusader states against Muslims. During the 1st battle, Muslims were able to take a part of their land so to reclaim that piece of land, they started the second crusade. Their weapons started to rust which caused them to lose against the Muslims. CHILDREN’S CRUSADE It was a battle of the kids of the crusaders against the Muslims. They did this to avenge their parents. Led by Stephen of Cloys and Nicholas of Cologne. However, none of the kids were able to reach Jerusalem because they lost energy. It however inspired many. 3RD CRUSADE Its goal was to retake Jerusalem after its fall to the Muslim Leader : Saladin. Led by Richard the first of England, Phillip the second of France and Frederick the first of the Holy Roman Empire. This battle ends peacefully as Richard the first creates a peace statement with Saladin and they both agree. This was important as it allowed movement for Christians.