Middle Ages 9th Grade PDF

9TH GRADE UNIT 3 Q2 MIDDLE Ages  INTRODUCTION Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th,...

9TH GRADE UNIT 3 Q2 MIDDLE Ages  INTRODUCTION Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors). The period is often considered to have its own internal divisions: either early and late or early, central or high, and late. Although once regarded as a time of uninterrupted ignorance, superstition, and social oppression, the Middle Ages are now understood as a dynamic period during which the idea of Europe as a distinct cultural unit emerged. During late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, political, social, economic, and cultural structures were profoundly reorganized, as Roman imperial traditions gave way to those of the Germanic peoples who established kingdoms in the former Western Empire. New forms of political leadership were introduced, the population of Europe was gradually Christianized, and monasticism was established as the ideal form of religious life.  GALERÍA DE ARTE BORCELLE MADRID Part 1: CHARLEMAGNE UNITES GERMANIC KINGDOMS  INVASION OF Western Europe IN THE FIFTH CENTURY, GERMANIC INVADERS OVERRAN THE WESTERN HALF OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. REPEATED INVASIONS AND CONSTANT WARFARE CAUSED A SERIES OF CHANGES THAT ALTERED THE ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT, AND CULTURE: 01 02 03 Disruption of Trade: Merchants faced invasions from both The Decline of Learning The Germanic invaders who Loss of a Common Language As German-speaking land and sea. Their businesses collapsed. The breakdown of stormed Rome could not read or write. Among Romans peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin trade destroyed Europe's cities as economic centers. Money themselves, the level of learning sank sharply as more changed. While it was still an official language, it was became scarce. and more families left for rural areas. Few people no longer understood. Different dialects developed as Downfall of Cities: With the fall of the Roman Empire, cities except priests and other church officials were literate. new words and phrases became part of everyday were abandoned as centers of administration. Knowledge of Greek, long important in Roman culture, speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Population Shifts: As Roman centers of trade and was almost lost. Few people could read Greek works Roman-based languages had evolved from Latin. The government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas. of literature, sci-ence, and philosophy. The Germanic development of various languages mirrored the Roman cities were left without strong leadership. Other city tribes, though, had a rich oral tradition of songs and continued breakup of a once-unified empire. dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their legends. But they had no written language own food. The population of western Europe became mostly rural. GERMANIC Emerge KINGDOMS Vandals Goths In the years of upheaval between 400 and 600, small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces. The borders of those kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war. But the Church as an institution survived the fall of the Roman Empire. Franks During this time of political chaos, the Church provided order and security.  The Concept of Government Changes Along with shifting boundaries, the entire concept of government changed. Loyalty to public government and written law had unified Roman society. Family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state, held Germanic society together. Unlike Romans, Germanic peoples lived in Anglo-Saxons small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions. Every Germanic chief led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to him. In peacetime, these followers lived in their lord's hall. He gave them food, weapons, and treasure. In battle, warriors fought to the death at their lord's side. They considered it a disgrace to outlive him. But Germanic warriors felt no obligation to obey a king they did not even know. Nor would they obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they had never met. The Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish Lombards orderly government for large territories. In the Roman province of Gaul (modern-day France and Switzerland), the Franks, a Germanic people, were led by Clovis, who played a key role in spreading Christianity in the region. According to legend, Clovis’s wife, Clothilde, encouraged him to convert to Alamanni Christianity. During a battle in 496, Clovis prayed to the Christian God for victory, which he achieved, leading him and 3,000 of his warriors to be baptized. The Church in Rome welcomed his conversion and supported his conquests, and by 511, Clovis had unified the Franks into one kingdom. This alliance between Clovis's kingdom and the Church marked the start of a partnership between two powerful forces. Burgundians Suebbi  GERMANS ADOPT CHRISTIANITY Politics played a key role in spreading Christianity. By 600, the Church, with the help of Frankish rulers, had converted many Germanic peoples. These new converts had settled in Rome's former lands. Missionaries also spread Christianity. These religious travelers often risked their lives to bring religious beliefs to other lands. During the 300s and 400s, they worked among the Germanic and Celtic groups that bordered the Roman Empire. In southern Europe, the fear of coastal attacks by Muslims also spurred many people to become Christians in the 600s. Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts To adapt to rural conditions, the Church built religious communities called monasteries. There, Christian men called monks gave up their private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. Women who followed this way of life were called nuns and lived in convents. Around 520, an Italian monk named Benedict began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries. Benedict's sister, Scholastica, headed a convent and adapted the same rules for women. These guidelines became a model for many other religious communities in western Europe. Monks and nuns devoted their lives to prayer and good works. Monasteries also became Europe's best-educated communities. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books. The pope's palace was the center of Roman government. The church revenues were used to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor. He also negotiated peace treaties with invaders such as the Lombards. This idea of a churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, would be a central theme of the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, secular rulers expanded their political kingdoms.  AN Evolves EMPIRE After The Roman Empire dissolved, it splintered into small kingdoms all over Europe some of which were not larger than the state of Connecticut. Charles Martel Emerges By 700, an official known as the major domo, or mayor of the palace, had become the most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom. Officially, he had charge of the royal household and estates. Unofficially, he led armies and made policy. In effect, he ruled the kingdom. The mayor of the palace in 719, Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer), held more power than the king. Charles Martel extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east. He also defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732. This battle was highly significant for Christian Europeans. If the Muslims had won, western Europe might have become part of the Muslim Empire. Charles Martel's victory at Tours made him a Christian hero.  01 Charles Martel 02 Pepin The Short At his death, Charles Martel passed on his power to his son, Pepin the Short. Pepin wanted to be king. He shrewdly cooperated with the pope. On behalf of the Church, Pepin agreed to fight the Lombards, who had invaded central Italy and threatened Rome. In exchange, the pope anointed Pepin "king by the grace of God." Thus began the Carolingian Dynasty, the family that would rule the Franks from 751 to 987.  CHARLEMAGNE Becomes Emperor Pepin the Short died in 768. He left a greatly strengthened Frankish kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles. After Carloman died in 771, Charles, known as Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, ruled the kingdom. An imposing figure, he stood six feet four inches tall. His admiring secretary, a monk named Einhard, described Charlemagne's achievements:  His ACHIEVEMENTS 01 CHARLEMAGNE EXTENDS FRANKISH RULE Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome. Each summer he led his armies against enemies that surrounded his kingdom. He fought Muslims in Spain and tribes from other Germanic kingdoms. He conquered new lands to both the south and the east. Through these conquests, Charlemagne spread Christianity. He reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. By 800, Charlemagne's empire was larger than the Byzantine Empire. He had become the most powerful king in western Europe. In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob that had attacked the pope. In gratitude, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. The coronation was historic. A pope had claimed the political right to confer the title "Roman Emperor" on a European king. This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire.  His 02 CHARLEMAGNE LEADS A REVIVAL ACHIEVEMENTS Charlemagne strengthened his royal power by limiting the authority of the nobles. To govern his empire, he sent out royal agents. They made sure that the powerful landholders, called counts, governed their counties justly. Charlemagne regularly visited every part of his kingdom. He also kept a close watch on the management of his huge estates the source of Carolingian wealth and power. One of his greatest accomplishments was the encouragement of learning. He surrounded himself with English, German, Italian, and Spanish schol-ars. For his many sons and daughters and other children at the court, Charlemagne opened a palace school. He also ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks and priests. 03 CHARLEMAGNE'S HEIRS A year before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned his only surviving son, Louis the Pious, as emperor. Louis was a devoutly religious man but an ineffective ruler. He left three sons: Lothair (loh-THAIR), Charles the Bald, and Louis the German. They fought one another for control of the Empire. In 843, the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the empire into three kingdoms. As a result, Carolingian kings lost power and central authority broke down. The lack of strong rulers led to a new system of governing and landholding feudalism.