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SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ able to have good binocular vision, clarity, optimal MODULE 1 LESSON vi...

SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ able to have good binocular vision, clarity, optimal MODULE 1 LESSON vision” Sports Vision is about different procedures WHAT IS SPORTS that you can perform on athlete so that there will be enhancement of their skills VISION There are 9 visual skills to identify Depth perception Sports Vision Binocular vision Physical Eye Hand Eye tracking activities Coordination Eye Hand Coordination Athletes Enhancement Peripheral vision Skills Depth Color perception Competitive perception Visual Integration Movement Focus Visual acuity Challenges Binocular Strength and vision Endurance Clarity Things you can do to a patient who has a problem Coordination Optimal with… Eyewear Binocular vision problem Eyesight Depth perception Visual field Eye reaction Visual comfort Topics to research Course Description 1. Eye Injuries This course of optometry is concerned with 2. Sports Correction vision and perception, evaluating and a. Eyeglasses (goggles, lenses, tints, enhancing visual performance and visual colors, filters) skills and prescribing, where necessary, b. Contact lenses the most appropriate visual aids. c. Surgery It involves the conduct of case history 3. Different visual skills taking, visual examination, clinical 4. Eye protectors assessment, diagnosis, and management of athlete patients. Students are expected to accomplish a SECOND MEET clinical performance and case presentation of athlete patient results of which shall be analytically discussed in the lecture part. Module 1 Lesson 1 SPORTS VISION “Is a branch of optometry wherein the procedures What is Sports Vision will be done is for the enhancement of the skills of the athletes when they are doing physical activities such as there should be coordination when they Vision is the process of seeing and are swimming, including their strength and perceiving the surrounding environment endurance with depth perception and that they are by using information contained in light. 1 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ Appropriate visual information is ○ Refinement imperative for almost every sporting task ○ Adjustment to ensure that athletes are able to ○ Improvement monitor the actions of others, while also So we’re able to refine our actions. perceiving their position in relation to We’re able to gather information and targets, such as balls, nets, and walls, and analyze, process, store, retrieve, and the playing environment. respond to the input quickly and efficiently In considering vision in sport, this entry in the context of an event. discusses what the important characteristics of vision are, whether elite The Important Characteristics of Vision athletes rely on better vision than The ability to see commences at the eye others, and whether vision training can when the cornea and crystalline lens enhance sporting performance. focus light onto the retina at the back of Notes: the eye, vision encapsulates a complex There is difference between sight and procedure that relies on how the brain vision perceives this array of light. SIGHT VISION When light is focused on the retina, a complex collection of neural signals is 1. Eyes 1. How we relayed via the visual pathway to the visual 2. Sense of sight perceive or cortex in the brain. The visual cortex is 3. Happens interpret the located in the occipital lobe at the back primarily in the things that we eye see of the brain; it processes and combines 2. May brain the visual information from the two eyes activity and conveys this information onward via 3. Happens in the a complex communication network that brain both controls action and facilitates perception of the surrounding 🍔 Our visual system is composed of our: environment. ○ Eyes - see (you see a food ) There are many different measures that ○ Brain - interpreting, analyzing, and can be used to characterize vision. Humans have the capacity to perceive 😋 making judgment (you think it’s delicious ) their surrounding environment clearly, ○ Body - motor response (grab and with color, across a wide range of eat it (๑ᵔ⤙ᵔ๑)) lighting conditions and regardless of Vision is more than sight whether they themselves or objects within We need to analyze what the athlete is the environment are stationary or moving. perceiving. As a result, an evaluation of an athlete’s Kunwari hinagis ball, either you catch it or vision can encompass a diverse range of avoid it or throw it back. characteristics, sometimes referred to as After an event, there is FEEDBACK general visual measures or basic visual FEEDBACK functions. Comments, responses, ideas, suggestions A considerable number of different visual so that we are able to correct, adjust, and measures have the potential to impact refine our vision response. performance in sport. Consequently, it is ○ Correction recommended that athletes have their 2 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ vision tested regularly (usually every 2 PERIPHERAL VISION years) to ensure that any problems can be Peripheral vision is the ability to see objects corrected to prevent them from that are located away from the direction of adversely affecting on-field performance. gaze. Following are some of the more important The binocular field of vision extends visual measures relevant for athletes. approximately 190 degrees horizontally and 130 degrees vertically, though the VISUAL ACUITY clarity of objects decreases as they move Visual acuity (VA) measures the ability further from the center of the visual field. of the eye to resolve detail. A restriction of peripheral vision will It is typically evaluated using a letter limit an athlete’s ability to identify or chart, and is measured by means of the monitor other players or objects that are Snellen fraction (e.g., 6/12 or 20/40; the located in side vision; however, restrictions first number in the fraction is the test to peripheral vision are relatively rare and distance, conventionally 6 meters or 20 usually only occur in the latter stages of feet, and the second colloquially refers to life as a result of conditions like glaucoma the distance a person with “normal” (damage to the optic nerve at the back of vision could resolve the same detail). the eye) and stroke. Static visual acuity refers to the ability to resolve detail in a stationary target, and DEPTH PERCEPTION is the measure most commonly used to Depth perception is the ability to assess vision. perceive the distance to, or between, Dynamic visual acuity is occasionally objects in space. tested in sport-specific assessments of It is particularly important in sporting vision to evaluate the ability to resolve tasks where an athlete must hit or detail in a moving target. interact with moving objects. Deficiencies in VA are common in The perception of depth is a complex athletes; they are most frequently caused process that relies on specific information by myopia (poor distance vision) or from each eye and on the comparison of hyperopia (poor or effortful near vision), relative information from both eyes. and are usually corrected using spectacles Accordingly, depth perception can be or contact lenses. particularly poor when one eye is notably worse than the other (common in CONTRAST SENSITIVITY individuals with an eye turn or who have Contrast sensitivity reflects the ability of experienced an injury to one eye). the eye to resolve differences in brightness. Poor contrast sensitivity is likely to COLOR VISION influence an athlete’s ability to see at Color vision refers to the ability to night or in dim conditions. perceive different wavelengths of light that Contrast sensitivity declines with age and are seen as different shades of color. otherwise is most commonly hampered by Deficiencies in color vision are usually a cataracts (clouding of the crystalline lens) result of genetic inheritance, meaning that and diabetic retinopathy (retinal disease they are not normally curable. as a result of diabetes). 3 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ Approximately 8% of males and 0.5% of sensory channel capacity limits amount of females experience problems with color information for thorough processing vision. resulting relevant execution The most common form of deficiency ○ You are filtering what you are causes difficulties when discriminating seeing, only relevant things. between red and green colors; this has been experience and ability serve as guide for shown to be a problem when performing filtering process some sporting tasks. responsible for organizing and interpreting processed information for optimal output EYE MOVEMENTS ○ Stimulus is projected in the retina ○ Para magkaroon ng optimal output Six extraocular muscles control the direction of each eye to ensure that central PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM vision can be used to resolve objects of interest with the best possible clarity. Visual resolution - the resolution of visual Skilled athletes use very specific and details through proficient adjusting focus. efficient eye movement strategies to direct ○ You see clearly when you their gaze toward the most informative accommodate areas in their visual field and to track and ○ Magiging blurry mga irrelevant. Ex: predict the future location of moving nag throw ng ball sa’yo. Ball lang objects. malinaw, iba blurry na. Neuromuscular conditions such as Depth judgment - discrimination of multiple sclerosis and strabismus (an eye distance information and spatial turn) can affect the ability of athletes to localization judgments exhibited by robust make fast and accurate eye movements. vergence function. ○ Convergence, divergence should be healthy so that we’re able to judge PPT BASED distance. Pag malayo mas malakas throw ng ball, pag malapit, mahina INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL FOR SPORTS lang. PERFORMANCE ○ Important in perceiving and to Sports performance requires athletes to judge distance process visual information and execute Eye movements - involve pursuit, saccadic appropriate motor responses. and steadiness of fixation. (tatlo lagi) ○ Pursuit - sumusunod ang mata, THREE CENTRAL PROCESSING MECHANISMS eyes moves smoothly. ○ Saccadic - from 1 point to another Perceptual mechanism - point, you want to make it clear, Sensory information - eye, brain, motor Shifting of gaze from 1 to response another. Motor response Change of focus but still maintaining a clear clarity. PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM ○ Fixation - when just fixating, or receives an incredible amount of focusing on one spot. information from a wide variety of sensory receptors 4 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ Peripheral Vision - universally beneficial Neural commands necessary to produce element to monitor teammates or maintain desired response at the correct time are steady balance. organized and sent to appropriate brain ○ Being able to stand and not fall centers for execution of action. ○ Our peripheral retina is helping us ○ Mga input na napupunta, to stand and balance i-oorganize ng brain para makapag decide ang brain and maging SENSORY INFORMATION appropriate ang action. this is both initiated and controlled by the information that has been processed is effector mechanism conveyed to the decision mechanism. ○ Effector organ = muscles ○ Mechanism is our brain particularly internal and external information the Frontal Lobe processed allow control and adjustment of ○ Ex: minamassage frontal lobe - area motor response to alter if time permits for decision making. ○ External, kinuha bola sa’yo determining appropriate motor response ○ Internal process - alam mo na san strategies or repression for some sports siya pupunta base din sa dating situations. game. ○ Motor response - catching ○ Balance internal and external input something so you’re able to alter your ○ Repression - not catching because movement, or anticipate or make hindi need another movement. ○ Determining the appropriate motor response ○ Ex: Golfing. Minemeasure ‘yung direction ng wind para alam kung saan mapunta ang bola. sports knowledge and past experience exert substantial influence on the effectiveness of decision making. CONTINUATION OF WHAT IS SPORTS VISION (Canvas) Do Elite Athletes Have Better Vision Than Other People? The remarkable skill level of elite athletes MOTOR RESPONSE has led some to wonder whether these selected by the decision mechanism and is achievements are underpinned by some transmitted to the effector mechanism. sort of extraordinary or above-normal ○ Effector mechanisms are our level of visual skill. Vision is unmistakably muscles. important for the successful performance 5 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ of many different sporting tasks, and for some there is a prevailing view that skilled this reason it may be intuitive to infer sportspeople are characterized by that superior vision may lead to superior superior visual attributes, there appears sporting performance. However, there has to be an increasing recognition that been, and continues to be, considerable sport-specific measures of debate about whether skilled athletes perceptual–cognitive skill are more likely have better vision than lesser skilled than general visual measures to be athletes, and so far the evidence has been associated with sporting success. somewhat equivocal. Two key methods have been employed Can Vision Training Enhance Sporting to compare the vision of skilled and Performance? lesser skilled sportspeople. The first There is considerable debate involves epidemiological studies that evaluate the relative prevalence of visual questioning whether vision training problems in athletic and nonathletic can be used to improve on-field populations. These studies typically performance. This question requires conclude that athletes have a lower (or a consideration of three key questions. sometimes similar) prevalence of visual problems than non-athletes. In essence Is Vision a Limitation to Performance in Sport? this supports the view that, on average, Vision is clearly important for skilled athletes have better vision, but it more likely reflects the lower likelihood success in most sporting tasks; if any that people with poor vision take part in (or visual characteristic were to are successful at) sporting activities. The progressively become worse, it is second method of investigation directly reasonable to assume that at some level compares specific visual attributes like VA each is capable of adversely and contrast sensitivity across different influencing on-field performance. levels of sporting expertise. Although the What is less clear, though, is at what evidence is equivocal whether these point each of these characteristics attributes can differentiate players of may start to impinge on sports contrasting skill levels, a growing performance. For example, if VA was to number of studies suggest this may not be the case. be systematically decreased to the Multidisciplinary examinations of point of practical blindness, evidently sporting expertise have provided a useful performance must decrease at some means of establishing the relative point. In essence, most vision contribution of general visual measures specialists would advocate that normal when compared to other factors that can visual function is necessary for most predict sporting skill. These analyses favorable on-field performance. As a have generally concluded that result, any decrease below the normally sport-specific perceptual skills, such as expected capacity would lead to a anticipation, pattern recall, and decision commensurate decrease in making, are much better for discriminating skilled and lesser skilled athletes than performance. The small subsection of primary visual attributes can. Although for sports vision specialists who claim 6 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ that skilled athletes rely on deficiencies in gaze and focusing. better-than-normal vision to underpin Similarly, there is good reason to their sporting success infer that even believe that sporting performance a normal level of visual function should be improved if vision training limits performance, and that can correct visual deficiencies that improvements in vision to supranormal limit on-field performance. However, levels lead to enhanced sporting there is very little evidence to suggest performance. that the vision of athletes can or should be trained to above-normal Can Vision Be Improved by Training? levels of operation, or equally that Spectacles and contact lenses are generalized training of a range of used to correct the most prevalent of different visual measures can lead to visual problems (e.g., myopia and improvements in athletic performance. hyperopia); however, clear evidence exists to show that vision training can M1 L2 PERCEPTION IN SPORTS be used to improve other visual (Canvas) characteristics, such as eye movements and visual focus. Perception brings us into contact Importantly though, this training is with people, objects, and places typically used to help those with within the environment. Perception visual problems. While vision training relies on sensory systems that enable may be useful to help athletes with humans to see, hear, feel, smell, and these types of problems, it is not at all taste. clear whether training can facilitate It is estimated that one third of the supranormal vision. Even if normal human brain is dedicated to vision is a limitation to sporting perception. performance, there is very little Early Greek philosophers were among evidence to suggest that visual the first to study the science of characteristics can be enhanced to perception. Their strong bias toward levels superior to those found in the sight continues to this day, and sport general population. psychology (SP) is no exception. For example, in addition to the wide Do Improvements in Vision Result in On-Field body of research that has studied the Improvements in Performance? motor dexterity of elite athletes, a Vision training is frequently used to growing number of researchers have improve the ability of individuals to studied the visual perceptual skills of perform activities of everyday living. these athletes. Visual perception is For example, training can lead to direct critical for decision making (DM); for improvements in the performance of example, to recognize an opponent’s visually dependent tasks like reading pattern of play to assume a strategically and computer use by correcting 7 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ apt position for intercepting the ball stimulus information important for the and for the guidance of action, when perception of motion and location or for instance, controlling running speed distance. Parvocellular ganglion cells are much slower and transfer stimulus and direction in order to successfully information about color and edges (i.e., catch a fly ball. shape). A third population of ganglion cells This entry addresses perception by project directly to the subcortical areas of providing an overview of the the visual system (i.e., the superior physiology of the visual system and colliculus) to facilitate the control of eye the two dominant theoretical movements. From the primary visual approaches used to study perception: cortex, stimulus information is further information processing and ecological distributed to higher cortical areas, each of psychology. In line with the typically which selectively processes different predominant interest in visual visual properties. For example, V2 (and V1) process orientation, V3 supports shape perception, this entry uses the term perception, V4 is involved in color perception to refer to visual perception, perception, and V5 or MT is dedicated to except where stated otherwise. motion perception. Importantly, beyond V1 the visual brain Physiology of the Visual System is organized into two distinct pathways, Visual perception starts with rays of light, ○ one toward the parietal lobe (the or stimulus information, falling upon the dorsal stream) retina at the back of the eye. The retina ○ and the other toward the temporal consists of different types of light lobe (the ventral stream). sensitive photoreceptors colloquially There is fierce debate over the respective named rods and cones. The rods greatly functions of the two visual systems. outnumber the cones and are distributed Traditionally, the systems have been across the entire retina except at the distinguished in terms of their input: fovea, the location of highest visual ○ The dorsal stream is referred to as resolution, where the cones are highly the where stream reflecting its concentrated. The rods are more sensitive primary function for spatial to light than cones and are involved in perception (i.e., the perception of the perception of location and motion. motion, distance, and location), Rods only provide coarse perception of whereas the the environment (i.e., low acuity). The ○ Ventral stream is named the what cones function best in bright light; they stream consistent with the are important for perceiving detail (i.e., supposition that it is responsible high acuity) and color. The stimuli at the for object perception (i.e., the retina are relayed to the brain along the perception of shape, size, and optic nerve, which consists of different color). However, a relatively populations of ganglion cells that project recent reinterpretation emphasizes onto the lateral geniculate nucleus and the distinctive functions of the from there to the primary visual cortex (V1) two streams rather than their input. at the rear of the brain. Magnocellular ○ Hence, the dorsal stream is ganglion cells are fast and transport proposed to be the action stream, 8 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ underpinning the fast, unconscious, to the distance between the object and and online control of movement, observer, and retinal shape varies as while the ventral stream is the function of the orientation of the object perception stream, a relatively slow relative to the observer. A single object can but mostly conscious system therefore generate an infinite number of surmising knowledge about the different stimulus patterns on the retina environment. This distinction and hence is considered to be insufficient between action and perception is as a basis for perception. The stimulus particularly relevant when information needs to be interpreted or considering perception in sport. enriched. Consequently, in the decision-making stage of processing, Information-Processing Approach to Perception central mechanisms in the brain must interpret and process the stimulus In SP, as in most other domains of information to form a representation of the psychology, information-processing environment. These internal approaches have undoubtedly been the representations then provide the basis for dominant theory for understanding other central mechanisms that make perception. Information-processing decisions about a new action, or approaches consider human perception to adjustments in an ongoing action, to act in a manner similar to a digital program appropriate movement responses. computer. In the final output stage, the programmed In this metaphor, the visual system is movement responses are performed by considered to be the “hardware” that the musculoskeletal system. Notably, for underlies perception. information-processing approaches, Yet, the most distinctive feature of these perception ends the instant that an internal approaches for understanding perception perceptual representation of the is the “software” conceived to be environment has been created. For this necessary for the different stages of reason, within the information processing information processing. In one of the approach, perception and action are earliest encompassing accounts of the conceived as largely independent information processing approach in SP, H. processes that can be studied in isolation T. A. Whiting distinguished a series of from one another. successive and separate stages of information processing: the input, 3RD MEETING decision-making, and output stages. In the input stage, the eyes register stimulus information from the environment and transmit it to the brain. Importantly, the GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF transmission of information is selective; THE SPORT because of the vast amount of stimuli, it is Visual characteristics comprise the not possible to attend to all the stimulus information that is available at any one visual task demands of any sport time. activity. The stimulus information in itself is inherently ambiguous. For example, the retinal size of an object varies according 9 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto!🧚🏻‍♀️ Sports with Non Static Visual Demands soccer - Has movement which are very water polo demanding volleyball baseball Sports with Intense Demands for Brief basketball Period boxing cycling - Short span of time football hockey archery martial arts baseball and softball batting motor racing drag racing racquet sports gymnastics sailing speed and figure skating skating sling (alpine and jumping) skiing shooting sports soccer track and field events softball surfing Dynamic Sports in which Athlete must water polo Perform while in Motion volleyball skeet/trap shooting - moving, requiring motion Sports with Sustained (1 Hour) baseball and softball Performance Demands basketball boxing - Need endurance for a span of time surfing - Doesn’t end fast gymnastics baseball and softball football basketball golf boxing hockey cycling martial arts football motor racing golf mountaineering hockey racquet sports martial arts soccer motor racing water polo racquet sports volleyball sailing skating skating skeet/trap shooting 10 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ Non Dynamic Sports softball - less movements, naka-stay in one basketball place kayaking surfing archery billiards golf martial arts shooting sports track and field bowling Sports with Contrast Judgment Demands motor racing boxing golf skung baseball skating basketball football diving mountaineering cycling soccer racquet sports softball SPORTS VISION PPT cycling sailing Introduction surfing Vision plays an important role in sports football performance skating Vision care services provided to water pol athletes golf Meeting the visual demands based on skeet and trap the sports volleyball History of Sports hockey shooting Eskimos - first made sports spectacles motor racing for hunting skiing In the 19th century, Scleral lenses were used by sports personnel Sports with Significant Directional Since 1979 optometrists have been Localization Demands involved in sports vision Role of Optometrist - demand ng pag locate ng target in Assessment and management of space functional vision inefficiencies. Specialized CL services - position of archery gaze factors, emergency, and visual gymnastics acuity. soccer Ophthalmic eyewear services baseball Assessment of sports related to visual hockey abilities. 11 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ Training on enhanced visual abilities. movements, depth perception, Prevention and management of sports recognition and tracking ability, as well eye injuries. as reaction time and accuracy of responses. Static Visual Acuity The ability to see a nonmoving target at a fixed distance. Available charts are ○ Standard Snellen ○ Bailey-Lovie logMar ○ Landolt C Vision Requirements Degraded SVA can have detrimental General ocular health effect on many other aspects of visual Visual acuity performance such as ○ Static (low demand, medium ○ DVA demand, high demand) ○ DP ○ Dynamic (target or observer is ○ Accommodative accuracy moving) ○ Contrast sensitivity Stereopsis Accommodation Eye movements saccades/pursuits/vergence Visual motor responses Eye-hand - Eye-leg coordination Central-peripheral awareness Visualization Dynamic Visual Acuity ONLINE MEETING The ability to resolve detail when relative movement exists between the Visual Skills Evaluation observer and the test object. Testing current or baseline sports Stimulus parameters affecting DVA are visual skills using a number of target luminance, angular velocity and scientifically designed exercises and time exposure of target. measurements to map visual Human attributes affecting DVA are strengths-- and deficiencies - to focus ○ retina the training where needed most. ○ peripheral awareness The evaluation tools allow to measure ○ oculomotor abilities the speed and efficiency of eye 12 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ ○ psychological functions demonstrate corneal free of high order affecting visual information of aberration. interpretation. Eye/Hand/Foot Preference Contrast Sensitivity Giovanni Battista della Porta in 1593 first described the phenomenon of ocular dominance, since then its relation with performance as bee activated Dominance is defined as any sort of physiologic preeminence, priority, or preference by one member of any Measures the visual system’s ability to bilateral pair of structures in the body process spatial or temporal when performing various tasks information about objects and their Important in sighting sports eg. background under varying lighting shooting conditions. 14 ms faster than info from a A measurement of CSF should be nondominant eye. performed with best optical correction inplace to assess any change in the CSF DEPTH PERCEPTION produced by that correction and with Wheastone first described and any performance tints used during demonstrated the illusion of depth by sports participation inducing retinal image disparity and the psychophysical mechanism Refractive Status the relation between depth perception abilties and athletic performance was a logical correlation to explore because many sports tasks require judgment of spatial localization. The incidence of EOR and visual symptoms found by Beckerman and Hltzeman is similar to that found in the general population. In contrast study, athletes with significantly above-average VA 13 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ OCULOMOTOR FUNCTION VERGENCE FUNCTION strength and flexibility in vergence function provide better stability of VI to athletes under excessive fatigue and psychological stress the measurement of vergence ranges at 6m may be valuable only as an Its assessment includes pursuits, assessment of motor compensation saccadic, searching eye movements and ability when an athlete has a large steadiness of fixation heterophoria at 6m An important function is the recommended bec the VD physiologic time required for initiation involve the ability to adjust vergence of the requisite eye movement for the posture rapidly visual task The average latency for initiation of PEM is typically 125ms and for SEM is 200ms PEM have the capacity to follow targets at speeds of up to 40 degrees/sec while SEM to 100 degrees/sec MOTOR RESPONSE TIME also referred to as motor reaction time ACCOMMODATIVE FUNCTION and defined as actual time required to correlation between rapid focusing and complete a simple, predetermined the visual judgments typically required motor movement in rapid-action sports Visual-motor reaction time (RT) is the although accommodative amplitude is total time required the visual system to a common procedure for assessing process a stimulus plus the time needed accommodative function, the task of to complete the motor response clearing letters at a very near distance Motor response time is a measure of does not reproduce the visual task the neuromascular processing portion demands encountered in sports of the RT reflex, separate from the the approximately 0.6-second latency visual processing portion of RT of the accommodative response has been suggested to preclude it as a factor in many rapid reactive sports 14 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ VISUAL MOTOR REACTION TIME Refers to the amount of time that elapses between the initiation of a visual stimulus and the completion of a motor response to the stimulus This is the full completion of RT reflex SPEED OF RECOGNITION including the period required for retinal cells to detect stimulus, the time necessary for the transmission of the retinal cell information to the visual cortex, and the time required for the neuromuscular system to send the info to the muscles that need to be stimulated to make appropriate motor The ability to process VI rapidly has response been considered as essential element for success in fast action sports EYE-HAND COORDINATION Analyze temporal and spatial info during the sports situations relatively quickly to make accurate decision concerning performance responses Measured psychophysically by use of Tachitoscopy and referred to as inspection time (IT) the ability to make synchronized motor responses with the hands to visual stimuli was shown to remain stable with perceived fatigue factors 15 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ was shown to diminish with artificially the ability to predict the arrival of an reduced depth perception among table obiect or stimulus at a designated place tennis players and is usually measure with a motor response contributes to the attempt to catch or EYE-BODY COORDINATION hit an approaching ball in sports the ability to make synchronized motor has been shown to be independent of responses with the body to visual VA skills but heavily influenced by stimuli direction of motion in depth Gross Motor Eye-Body Coordination VISUALIZATION AND IMAGERY Allows children to use their visual systems for good body balance and coordination Children with poor eye-body skills may The act of constructing mental images have difficulty in such areas as sports, of an object or event that resembles the learning to ride a bicycle, or general actual appearance of the object or event "clumsiness." Mental imagery may share the same types of neural processes as visual perception Motion imagery has also been shown to correspond to attention for visuospatial information During skills imagery, athletes with higher levels of expertise produced increased electromyographic activity and reverse is true with those of lower levels of skill imagery VISUAL COINCIDENCE ANTICIPATION 16 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ OCULAR HEALTH STATUS score a goal; it also increases the risk of injury. In virtually all sports, depth and motion perception and the ability to rapidly shift focus are important prerequisites that enable us to better zero in on opponents, teammates and toys. Additional glasses are necessary Acomplete assessment of ocular health because everyday spectacles are is an obligatory portion of a sports generally inadequate for these vision evaluation. purposes. Consequently,sports glasses Generally includes evaluation of or sunglasses provide much more than external adnexa, anterior segment, just > UV protection. pupillary responses, IOP, posterior It goes without saying that sports segment visual fields glasses have to correct amblyopia just Potential risks of any abnormality to as accurately as standard spectacles. sports participation should be fully Corrective lenses have to be customised addressed and appropriate for the needs of the user by the recommendations discussed for optometrist. There are also sports protection of the athlete. glasses that work with clip inserts for corrective lenses and exchangeable windscreens.In other words, the perfect Module 2 Sports Vision Correction pair of spectacles is indeed available for every visual requirement. (Canvas) Another possible alternative: Contact lenses in combination with sports OCULAR HEALTH STATUS glasses. In that case,the primary function of the sports glasses is to protect the eyes and enhance contrast. Of course they also make a fashion statement. THE RIGHT SPORT SPECTACLE Our eyes are our most important sensory organs. We assimilate 80 percent of everything that happens around us through them. In sports, vision plays an even more important role. Impaired vision does not mean simply being unable to hit the ball or It is impossible to find a pair of sports glasses that works ideally for every type 17 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ of sport, yet you will be able find the perfect pair for almost any discipline. Water sports Two key factors have to be taken into Goggles are best suited for water account. First and foremost, look for a sports. They protect the eyes from tight yet comfortable fit. Secondly, bacteria, chlorine and salt water. make sure your glasses are break A good fit is of course important. resistant. This is one of the reasons Skin-friendly silicone seals, adjustable why their lenses should be made of eyecups and bands ensure outstanding highly refractive plastic. wearing comfort. Contact lens wearers Special plastic lenses facilitate optimal should definitely wear goggles. visual correction, in addition to being Naturally, all goggles and diving exceptionally robust, very light and glasses are available with corrective thin. Anti-reflective coating and an lenses for optimal visual acuity. anti-scratch hard coating are very important. Naturally,they also fit into a Ball sports metal frame In ball sports, spectacles provide But beware: With metal frames, it is optimum depth and motion perception important that you choose a flexible as well as the best protection. alloy that is not brittle. Your optician Most injuries in this discipline are will surely be able to assist you with caused by flying objects, for instance these details. during tennis matches and by squash balls, which can reach speeds of up to A good pair of sports glasses should meet the 200 km/h. following requirements: Pleasant and secure wearing comfort Winter sports Earpieces that match the sport. An Studies have shown that poor vision earpiece that goes all the way around causes 80 percent of all ski injuries. the ear is ideal for This is hardly surprising, given that jogging or many ball sports. Straight snow reflects 95 percent of the light. earpieces are better for cycling or inline This condition has a tendency to skating because they fit more easily rapidly overstrain the eyes. under a helmet The human eye is naturally set for an A soft nose bridge illumination level of 10,000 lux. In An elastic sports band at the back of the snow-covered areas, it finds itself head can sometimes come in handy instantly confronted with 10 times that Headband glasses have a soft facial pad impact. and a good ventilation system. Consequently, the lenses used in sports glasses have to have an excellent UV A wide variety of additional spectacles are filter and a third category tint level (ask recommended depending on the your your optometrist). A so-called preferred athletic activities: polarisation filter is also useful. 18 SPORTS VISION (LAB/LEC) PRDO146/146L Transesnaminto! 🧚🏻‍♀️ are precisely geared toward the sport's Outdoor sports - such as mountain biking needs are now available: > ProGolf. and inline skating For mountain biking and inline skating, the best sports glasses offer ideal protection against air flow, UV rays, insects and small rocks. Everyday spectacles are generally completely unsuitable for this purpose because they pinch, slip and break in the event of a fall. Also important: Properly adjusted sports glasses. The earpieces should not pinch under the helmet. Spectacle lenses should provide UV protection and should have a contrast-enhancing tint. Last, but not least: Aviation and golf Naturally, safety plays an extremely important role in the air. This is why special spectacle lenses are recommended for aviators as well: Skylet sport. These spectacle lenses are ideal for conditions that require stronger insulation and protection from blinding light. If, as is the case with golf, the point of the game is to accurately locate and hit a precise target, make sure you pick one of the perfect pairs of sports glasses now available for such applications. Golfers are also often affected by blinding sunlight when they are on the green. Dancing shadows and changing light conditions can impair their vision - not a good thing for a golf enthusiast's handicap. Specific sun protection lenses and special filter lenses for golf lovers that 19