SPORT_20VISION_20LEC_20&_20LAB.pdf.pdf

sometimes referred to as general visual measures Outline - Lecture or basic visual functions. → A considerable number of different visual 1 Sports Vi...

sometimes referred to as general visual measures Outline - Lecture or basic visual functions. → A considerable number of different visual 1 Sports Vision measures have the potential to impact performance in sport. → Consequently, it is recommended that Sports Vision athletes have their vision tested regularly (usually → Vision is the process of seeing and perceiving every 2 years) to ensure that any problems can be the surrounding environment by using corrected to prevent them from adversely information contained in light. affecting on-field performance. Following are → Appropriate visual information is imperative some of the more important visual measures for almost every sporting task to ensure that relevant for athletes. athletes are able to monitor the actions of others, while also perceiving their position in Visual Acuity relation to targets, such as balls, nets, and walls, and the playing environment. → Visual acuity (VA) measures the ability of → In considering vision in sport, this entry the eye to resolve detail. discusses what the important characteristics of → It is typically evaluated using a letter chart, vision are, whether elite athletes rely on better and is measured by means of the Snellen vision than others, and whether vision training fraction (e.g., 6/12 or 20/40; the first number in can enhance sporting performance. the fraction is the test distance, conventionally 6 meters or 20 feet, and the second colloquially The Important Characteristics of Vision refers to the distance a person with “normal” → Vision is a phenomenon not simply isolated to vision could resolve the same detail). the eyes. Static visual acuity → While the ability to see commences at the eye → refers to the ability to resolve when the cornea and crystalline lens focus detail in a stationary target, and is the light onto the retina at the back of the eye, vision measure most commonly used to assess encapsulates a complex procedure that relies vision. on how the brain perceives this array of light. Dynamic visual acuity → When light is focused on the retina, a → is occasionally tested in sport-specific complex collection of neural signals is relayed assessments of vision to evaluate the via the visual pathway to the visual cortex in ability to resolve detail in a moving the brain. target. Deficiencies in VA are common → The visual cortex is located in the occipital in athletes; they are most frequently lobe at the back of the brain; it processes and caused by myopia (poor distance vision) combines the visual information from the two or hyperopia (poor or effortful near eyes and conveys this information onward via a vision), and are usually corrected using complex communication network that both spectacles or contact lenses. controls action and facilitates perception of the surrounding environment. Contrast Sensitivity → There are many different measures that can be used to characterize vision. Humans have → Contrast sensitivity reflects the ability of the the capacity to perceive their surrounding eye to resolve differences in brightness. Poor environment clearly, with color, across a wide contrast sensitivity is likely to influence an range of lighting conditions and regardless of athlete’s ability to see at night or in dim whether they themselves or objects within the conditions. environment are stationary or moving. → Contrast sensitivity declines with age and → As a result, an evaluation of an athlete’s vision otherwise is most commonly hampered by can encompass a diverse range of characteristics, cataracts (clouding of the crystalline lens) and 1 diabetic retinopathy (retinal disease as a result of green colors; this has been shown to be a diabetes) problem when performing some sporting tasks. Peripheral Vision Eye Movements → Peripheral vision is the ability to see objects → Six extraocular muscles control the direction that are located away from the direction of gaze. of each eye to ensure that central vision can be The binocular field of vision extends used to resolve objects of interest with the best approximately 190 degrees horizontally and possible clarity. Skilled athletes use very 130 degrees vertically, though the clarity of specific and efficient eye movement strategies to objects decreases as they move further from the direct their gaze toward the most informative center of the visual field. areas in their visual field and to track and predict → A restriction of peripheral vision will limit the future location of moving objects. an athlete’s ability to identify or monitor → Neuromuscular conditions such as multiple other players or objects that are located in side sclerosis and strabismus (an eye turn) can affect vision; however, restrictions to peripheral vision the ability of athletes to make fast and accurate are relatively rare and usually only occur in the eye movements. latter stages of life as a result of conditions like glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve at the back of the eye) and stroke. Depth Perception → Depth perception is the ability to perceive the distance to, or between, objects in space. It is particularly important in sporting tasks where an athlete must hit or interact with moving objects. The perception of depth is a complex process that relies on specific information from each eye and on the comparison of relative information from both eyes. → Accordingly, depth perception can be particularly poor when one eye is notably worse than the other (common in individuals with an eye turn or who have experienced an injury to one eye). Color Vision → Color vision refers to the ability to perceive different wavelengths of light that are seen as different shades of color. Deficiencies in color vision are usually a result of genetic inheritance, meaning that they are not normally curable. Approximately 8% of males and 0.5% of females experience problems with color vision. The most common form of deficiency causes difficulties when discriminating between red and 2 NOTES: History → The organized game known as hockey gets its name derived from the French word hoquet, which means "shepherd's stick." → In the 18th century, the game of curling originated in Scotland, where the name "rink" was initially used to refer to the assigned playing area. In the early days of hockey, teams might have up to thirty people on the ice, and goals were made of two stones that were each frozen into one end of the rink. → Ice hockey was widely believed to have originated from English field hockey and Indian lacrosse, and that British soldiers had brought the sport to Canada in the middle of the 1800s until the mid1980s. Subsequent investigation revealed evidence of a hockey-like game played by the Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Indians in Nova Scotia in the early 1800s. → It seemed to have been greatly influenced by the Irish game of hurling, as it involved the use of a square wooden block in place of a ball and a "hurley" (stick). Probably at its core, this game was what brought Scottish and Irish immigration, as well as the British troops, to Canada. Rules & Regulation If you do not have a legal team (5 skaters and a goalie) at game time, your team must forfeit. No more than 11 can dress per game; only one manager/coach allowed on the bench per team - they must wear a helmet at all times! Skates only allowed on the ice - no dress shoes. A manager or coach MUST enter the bench from the stands, not the ice. Outline - Laboratory No one is allowed on the ice once the 1 Ice Hockey Legal teams are 5 skaters and a goalie. Players may play on only one team. If 2 Soccer teams compete with "borrowed" players, 3 Motorsports the game is recorded as a forfeit for the short-handed team. 4 Basketball All Leagues: Games are 30 minute straight play. No slap shots (shots taken from above the Ice Hockey waist) at all 3  No over-time during the regular season; tie games will be recorded as such. No checking of any kind.(Checking is any intentional body contact that causes a clear change in skating direction or impedes the progress of a player with or without possession of the puck.) FOR GOALIES Players are allowed to play the puck with their skates, but players cannot kick the puck into the goal. Game time is forfeit time. Penalties 1. Minor penalties: 90 seconds: e.g. tripping, holding, interference, slapshots. 2. Major penalties: 5 minutes: e.g. body checking, spearing, flagrant fouls, butt ending. 3. Misconduct penalties: 10 minutes: e.g. abusive language, disrespect of the officials, actions that incite or bait opponents. Automatic Ejection from the game for throwing equipment. Automatic ejection from IM play for fighting. Techniques & Skills SKATING Equipments Balance and Edge Control: Balance is the FOR REGULAR PLAYERS most fundamental skating skill, and it involves maintaining a stable and centered position on your skates. Edge control is the ability to shift your weight from one skate to the other, which is necessary for changing direction and making turns. Forward Skating: Utilize a proper stride by pushing off with the inside edge of one skate and gliding on the other. Keep your knees slightly bent and use a smooth, continuous motion. Backward Skating: Face backward and use a "c" cut motion with each skate to propel yourself. Maintain a low center of gravity and keep your shoulders square to the direction of travel. 4  Stopping: Employ techniques such as the up with a backswing and strike the puck snowplow stop (pushing the edges of with force. This shot generates high your skates outward to slow down) or the velocity but requires good timing and T-stop (one skate perpendicular to the technique. Snapshot: A quick and direction of travel while the other skate is powerful shot that combines elements of used for balance). the wrist shot and slap shot, providing a Crossovers: Crossovers are a skating fast release with decent accuracy. maneuver that involves crossing one skate Backhand Shot: A more difficult shot in over the other while skating forward or which players have to shoot the puck backward. Crossovers are essential for while facing away from the net. It is a changing directions quickly and useful tool for surprising the goaltender efficiently and scoring goals. PUCK HANDLING CHECKING Dribbling: Keeping control of the puck Body Check: Engage with an opponent while skating Stickhandling: Practice using your body to impede their progress controlling the puck with quick, precise or separate them from the puck. Ensure movements of the stick while maintaining that checks are legal and within the rules awareness of its position and the pressure of the game. Stick checking: Involves of the opponent. using the stick to take the puck away Backhand Control: Maintaining control of from an opponent or disrupt their play. the puck with the backhand side of the Stick checking requires good hand-eye blade Deking: Use quick and deceptive coordination and stick-handling skills. moves to evade opponents. This involves Forechecking and Backchecking: Employ changing direction or speed with the puck aggressive play to pressure opponents in to create space and opportunities. their zone (forechecking) and track back PASSING to defend against counterattacks Forehand Pass: Use the blade of the stick (backchecking). to push the puck to a teammate. Aim for a DEFENSE TECHNIQUE smooth, accurate pass by following Poke Check: Use the blade of your stick through with the stick. Backhand Pass: to poke the puck away from an opponent. Similar to the forehand pass but executed This is often used to disrupt an with the back of the blade. It requires opponent’s puck control. practice to achieve accuracy and power. Stick Check: Extend your stick to Saucer Pass: Lift the puck off the ice in a intercept or deflect the puck. This controlled arc to pass over opponents' technique helps maintain defensive sticks or skates. Receiving Passes: positioning and prevent passes or shots. Successfully accepting passes from Gap Control: Maintain the right distance teammates. from the attacking player to prevent them One-Touch Pass: The one-touch pass is a from getting a clear shot or pass. pass that is received and passed in one FACE OFF motion, without stopping the puck. It Winning Face-offs: Use proper stance and requires good timing and hand-eye technique to gain control of the puck coordination. The one touch pass is key during face-offs. Quick reflexes and for higher level players as it requires anticipation of the opponent’s moves are knowing where you want to pass before key you get the puck. SHOOTING Hockey Legends Wrist Shot: Use a quick flicking motion 1. Wayne Gretzky with the wrists to shoot the puck. This → considered the best hockey player of shot offers accuracy and is effective for all time. Among his many close to mid-range shots. Slap Shot: Wind 5  accomplishments are the NHL records for The Early Days of Soccer: most goals (894) and points (2,857). → from folkball to the football association 12 Gretzky stood out due to his vision, century beginnings: talent, and aptitude at reading the game. → in the meadows of england, what you might call the “bare bones” of soccer began to With his ability to create plays and his take shape during the 12th century. This early offensive brilliance, he revolutionized the version known as the folkball was a rough and sport and helped the Edmonton Oilers tumble game that barely resemble soccer. win four Stanley Cup victories in the Players used their fists to punch the ball and 1980s. tacked their opponents with violent 2. Gordie Howe enthusiasm. Yet, even in the chaos, the focus → Gordie Howe, known as “Mr. on kicking was emerging. However the Hockey,” is another legend who game’s extreme violence led to its decline dominated the sport. He played 26 Rebirth in the 1800s seasons in the NHL, primarily with the → after centuries of being banned by the British government, soccer resurfaced in the Detroit Red Wings, and is known for his 1800s as a winter sport, albeit with safer rules. toughness, scoring ability, and longevity. It was played in England’s prestigious public Howe scored 801 goals and amassed schools like Eton, Winchester, and 1,850 points during his career. His Charterhouse. The major issue was that each physical style of play and remarkable school had it’s own set of rules-- some consistency made him a fan favorite and a allowed carrying the ball like rugby, some key figure in hockey history. He played as prohibited any hand contact a professional plaer in his 50s. The Cambridge Rules of 1848 3. Bobby Orr → The inconsistency in rules made → He is known for being the best inter-school competitions challenging. This led to the creation of the cambridge rules in defenseman in hockey history. Orr 1848, which became the first widely accepted developed the position by combining set of laws for soccer. However these rules offensive skills with defensive prowess. still left some ambiguity particularly He won the Norris Trophy as the league’s regarding handling the ball best defenseman eight times and led the Formation of the Football Association (FA) Boston Bruins to two Stanley Cup → in 1863 the first Football Association was victories. Orr’s ability to skate, score, and established in LOndon with the aim of defend made him a unique and dominant standardizing soccer’s rules. This pivotal player on the ice. Orr was the first moment naked the official split between defenseman to lead the league in scoring, soccer and rugby, making it clear that touching the ball with your hands was no which he achieved twice. longer allowed in soccer 4. Manny Billones → Manny Billones, 31 years old is the current Team Captain of Philippines’ Rules & Regulation National Ice Hockey team.He was first Fairness, Integrity, Respect, Safety, Enjoyment & exposed to the sport Ice Hockey when he Technology was 5 years old. He tried many sports The Field of Play during his teenage years but ended up in → dimensions can vary but must adhere to Ice Hockey because of his love of the specific guidelines. The field is rectangular with a length between 100-120 meters and a sport’s speed and intensity required to width between 64-75 meters play it. The ball → must be spherical, made of leather or Soccer another suitable material, and have a circumference of 68-70 cm Number of Players Soccer History → each team has 11 players, including the goalkeeper 6  Duration of the Match Goalkeeping: Skills include → consists of two 45 minute halves with a 15 shot-stopping, catching, and distribution. minute halftime break WHAT ARE THE PRACTICES? Offside rules 1. Drills: Structured exercises aimed at → a player is offside if they are nearer to the improving specific skills such as passing opponent’s goal line than both the ball and the accuracy, dribbling speed, or shooting second-last opponent when the ball is played to them precision. Fouls & Misconduct 2. Small-Sided Games: Practice matches → includes direct and indirect free kicks for with fewer players on smaller fields. various offenses, such as tripping or holding 3. Conditioning: Physical exercises aimed at improving endurance, strength, and Equipments agility. Moves Soccer ball 1. Step-over: Used to deceive defenders and → according to the International Football create space. Association Board (IFAB) the ball should have a circumference of 68-70 cm and weighs 2. Drag Back: Effective for quickly between 410-450 grams changing direction and evading tackles Thin Guards 3. Nutmeg: Used to bypass a defender in → should cover the shin from just below the tight spaces knee to just above the ankle and dispense Skills impact 1. Ball Control: The ability to handle and Soccer Cleats retain possession of the ball through → should have rubber or plastic studs that touches and positioning. Essential for provide grip and prevent slipping. The design maintaining possession and setting up can vary depending on the type of playing plays. surface Goalkeeper Gloves 2. Tactical Awareness: Understanding → are worn by goalkeepers to enhance grip positioning, movement, and the game's on the ball and protect their hands from flow to make strategic decisions. impact Importance: Helps players make better Soccer Uniform decisions on and off the ball, enhancing → should be made from breathable, team performance. moisture-wicking materials to keep players comfortable Goalposts → are the frames at each end of the field that Soccer Legends players aim to score into Fifa Player of the century: Brazilian forward known for his incredible scoring record and 3 world cup titles → Pele, born on October 23, 1940, in the Techniques & Moves small town of Tres Coracoes, Minas Soccer techniques and skills are critical for Gerais, Brazil, grew up in a working-class player development: family. Dribbling: The ability to control and → In his early life, Pele faced many maneuver the ball with precision. hardships and adversities, but it was these Passing: Includes short passes, long challenges that molded him into the passes, and crosses. resilient player he would become. Shooting: Techniques: include volleys, Inspired by the famous inventor Thomas headers, and free kicks. Edison, Pele channeled his determination Defending: Involves tackling, blocking, and relentless work ethic into perfecting and positioning. his craft on the football field. He spent countless hours practicing his skills, 7  honing his technique, and developing a to Argentina. Kylian Mbappe could be at unique playstyle that would captivate the top of this list by the team World Cup audiences around the world. 2026 arrives. 8 BALLON D'ORS, 2022 WORLD 5 BALLON D'ORS, 2008-2017: Best CUP Player of the Year ATHLETE OF THE YEAR :Best → Cristiano Ronaldo is to soccer what Player of the Year LeBron James is to basketball—a → Lionel Messi, a forward for Inter phenomenal athlete with extraordinary Miami CF, is one of the world's greatest talents. His remarkable achievements are soccer players and helped the Argentina evident in his five Ballon d'Or awards national team win its third FIFA World [second-most in history] and his records Cup in 2022. for the most goals and assists in the → an Argentinian soccer player who has prestigious Champions League. played for FC Barcelona, Paris → Ronaldo's influence is so vast that Saint-Germain, and currently, the MLS even those who haven't watched him play club Inter Miami CF as well as the recognize his name. Much like James, at Argentina national team. As a teenager, 38, he continues to defy age, showing no Messi moved from Argentina to Spain signs of slowing down. This is why he is after FC Barcelona agreed to pay for considered one of the greatest soccer medical treatments related to his growth players ever and why the Saudi Pro hormone disorder. League offered him a staggering amount → At the club he earned renown as one of of money to elevate the league's global the greatest players in history, helping FC status. Barcelona win more than two dozen league titles and tournaments. In 2012, he set a record for most goals in a calendar Motorsports year and, a decade later, helped the Argentina national team win its third FIFA World Cup. The eight-time Ballon History of Motorsports d'Or winner moved to Paris 1894 Saint-Germain in 2021, and in July 2023, → The first competitive race was a he joined Inter Miami. reliability race covering 126 km which 2 WORLD CUP finals: was held on the route between Paris and → Kylian Mbappé Lottin was born on Rouen. 20 December 1998 in the 19th 1895 arrondissement of Paris and was raised in → The first official motor race covered Bondy, Seine-Saint-Denis, in the 1,178 km and took place from Paris to northeastern suburbs of Paris. Bordeaux and back. → While Kylian Mbappe is only 23 years 1903 old, he is arguably the greatest player on → Numerous deaths forced the the planet today and is quickly on pace to cancellation of the Paris-Madrid race, become the best that France has ever which effectively put an end to long produced. He was a teenager when he distance open-road racing in Europe. helped his country win a World Cup title 1906 in 2018 and has shown that was only the → The current framework for circuit start as he helped lead them to the finals racing was established at the first Grand again in 2022. While Mbappe was unable Prix event, which took place in Le Mans, to earn a second straight Cup title, it France. certainly wasn't his fault. The Frenchman 1907 was the best player on the field, scoring all three of his country's goals in their loss 8  → After its first running, the Isle of Man → The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted Tourist Trophy rose to prominence as the motorsport globally, with many events world's most well-known motorcycle canceled or held without spectators. race. 2022 1922 → The first-ever Miami Grand Prix took → Pista di Monza, one of the most place, indicating the growing popularity famous circuit tracks, was constructed of Formula 1 in the US. outside of England. This racetrack holds a particular place in the hearts of real racing enthusiasts, and Italians take great pride What to wear as an F1 Driver? in owning it. Helmet 1927 → Made from strong, lightweight → One of the most renowned circuits in materials, like carbon fiber and motorsport was established when the kevlar, it protects drivers from inaugural Monaco Grand Prix took place. head injuries, fire, and flying 1955 debris. → Following its founding, several Head and Neck Support motorsports were governed by the → Includes advanced features Federation Internationale de l'Automobile like hydration, communication (FIA). systems, and aerodynamic 1963 benefits. It restricts head → The contemporary era of Formula One movement in crashes, preventing begins, with rear engined cars becoming severe neck injuries the standard. Clothing Suit 1971 → An advanced, fireproof suit, → The first World Rally Championship made from Nomex material, (WRC) race was held. designed for safety and 1984 performance. → Ayrton Senna emerged as a rising sensation after winning his first Formula One race. 1988 Rules & Regulations → The McLaren team, which included Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost, dominated Race Start & Procedure the Formula One season, winning 15 of Grid formation: Cars line up on the grid 16 races. based on qualifying positions. 1994 Starting lights: A sequence of five lights → The death of Ayrton Senna during the signals the start of the race. San Marino Grand Prix prompted Race start: The race begins when the significant safety revisions in Formula lights go out. One. False starts: If the start is interrupted, 2019 orange lights are displayed. → The emergence of the electric racing Race circuits, Race distance, and Duration series was marked with the first ABB FIA Race Circuits: Races are held on different Formula E Championship. types of circuits. These include 1947 purpose-built racetracks and street → The 24 Hours of Le Mans accident circuits, such as the Monaco Grand Prix. happened, killing over 80 spectators and Race distance: Typically 305 kilometers leading to substantial improvements in (260 km for Monaco). motorsport safety rules. 2020 9  Lap calculation: The number of laps, is → Flags are important communication tool in determined by dividing the race distance Formula 1. by the track length. It ranges from 44-78 → They provide drivers with essential laps. information about track conditions, race status, Time limit: Races cannot exceed two and potential issues. There are three main hours. categories of flags: Offenses & Penalties Status flags: Jumping the start: A driver releasing the Green Flag: Start of the race clutch before the lights go out. Yellow Flag: Dangerous situation ○ Penalty: Typically a grid penalty Checkered Flag: End of the race for the next race. Instruction flags: Causing an unnecessary collision: Black Flag: Mechanical problem Causing an accident through reckless or Blue Flag: Need to let a faster car pass irresponsible driving. → The checkered flag: This iconic flag signifies ○ Penalty: Can range from a time the end of the race and determines the winner. penalty to a grid drop or even a Points system race ban. → Formula 1 awards points to the top 10 finishers Corner Cutting: Taking a shortcut to gain of a race, with the winner receiving 25 points. an advantage. These points contribute to both Drivers' and ○ Penalty: Typically a drive penalty Constructors' Championships. Drivers must finish or a drive-through penalty. at least 90% of the race distance, and tiebreakers Passing under caution: Overtaking determine final standings if two or more drivers another car when safety car conditions are or teams have the same number of points. in place. Winning a Formula 1 Race ○ Penalty: A drive-through or → Formula 1's ultimate goal is to win a race, with stop-and-go penalty. the winner declared by flag waving, and victories Speeding in the pit lane: Exceeding the celebrated on the podium with trophies and speed limit in the pit lane. champagne ○ Penalty: A drive-through penalty Race disqualification: or a time penalty. → The driver is removed from the race results. Blocking another driver: Obstructing a Pit stop rules rival driver's progress. → Formula 1 teams must have at least one pit ○ Penalty: A time penalty or a grid stop and prohibit refueling since 2010. Tire drop. strategy is crucial, with teams considering tire wear, track conditions, and race pace when deciding pit stops. Types of Penalties Drive-through penalty: The driver must pass through the pit lane without stopping. Formula 1 Grand Prix Stop-and-go penalty: The driver must → is one of the most exciting and prestigious stop in the pit lane for a specified time events in motorsport. It’s part of the F1 World before continuing. Championship, which takes place across different Time penalty: Time is added to the countries each year. driver's race time, usually applied after → In every race, 10 teams, each with two drivers, the race. compete to win. Famous teams like Mercedes, Grid penalty: The driver starts the next Ferrari, and Red Bull bring their best cars and race from a lower grid position. technology to the track, while 20 drivers push themselves to the limit to secure points for themselves and their teams in the championship. Racing Flags 10 → The weekend is divided into three main parts: five are Points are practice, qualifying, and the race itself. Teams use eliminated awarded to the latest technology to fine-tune their cars, while and will the top 10 drivers focus on speed, strategy, and precision. start the finishers. → Winning a Grand Prix requires more than just race in driving fast—it’s also about teamwork, quick positions decisions, and smart planning. Each race helps 11–15. Q3: The drivers and teams earn points in their fight for the top 10 championship title. drivers from Q2 fight for Friday Saturday Sunday pole position On Friday, teams The Free The race (P1), which use two practice Practice 3 begins with a is the best sessions to (FP3) is the formation lap starting fine-tune their last where drivers position for cars and test opportunity warm up their the race. different setups for teams and tires and in preparation for drivers to brakes and the race fine-tune their ensure Grip & Drift: Mastering Control weekend. cars before everything is qualifying. functioning 1. Braking Drivers properly. → Braking is essential in slowing the car familiarize Qualifying is down effectively when approaching themselves with a crucial Drivers must corners. In F1, drivers must apply precise the track and session that use at least experiment with determines the two different force to the brake pedal to reduce speed various tire starting tire without losing control. Timing is crucial, compounds, fuel position for compounds as braking too early or too late can affect loads, and the race on (soft medium, race performance aerodynamic Sunday. The hard) during 2. Steering settings. session is dry races. → Steering involves using the wheel to divided into direct the car through tight turns and long While there are three parts: Drivers must no stakes on Q1: All 20 make at least straights. F1 drivers must have pinpoint Friday, this time drivers one pit stop to accuracy and fast reflexes to navigate is crucial for must set change tires. complex tracks at high speeds, gathering data their fastest maintaining control while optimizing and refining lap time. After the their racing line for speed. strategies for the The checkered more competitive slowest flag is waved, 3. Throttle Control sessions on five drivers signaling the Saturday and are end of the → Throttle control is about managing the Sunday. eliminated, race, the top 3 car's power output smoothly. F1 drivers Free and they drivers need to balance acceleration to avoid Practice will start proceed to the wheel spin or engine strain, especially 1 (FP1) the race in podium for when exiting corners. Proper throttle Free positions the trophy control ensures better traction and faster Practice 16–20. ceremony, 2 (FP2) Q2: The national speeds on straights. remaining anthems, and 4. Car Control 15 drivers the iconic → Car control refers to a driver’s ability will set the champagne to handle the car under various fastest lap spraying. conditions, such as high speeds, tight time. The corners, or sudden changes in grip. This slowest skill allows drivers to maintain stability 11  and keep the car on track while pushing it extraordinary due to the dangerous to its limits. nature of racing during his era, with 5. Racing Line less advanced safety measures. → The racing line is the fastest route Fangio's mastery of both speed and around the track, and following it allows strategy made him the gold drivers to carry maximum speed through standard for drivers, solidifying his corners. By choosing the optimal path, F1 place as a foundational figure in the sport's history. drivers reduce lap times and conserve energy while defending their position Alain Prost He is a a four-time World against rivals. Champion who earned the 6. Slipstreaming nickname "The Professor" for his → Slipstreaming is a technique where a calculated and strategic driving style. He was known for managing car follows closely behind another to races smartly rather than taking reduce air resistance, allowing the trailing risks, which led to consistent car to gain speed. In F1, this is used performances throughout his career. strategically to prepare for overtakes or to His intense rivalry with Ayrton conserve energy during the race Senna defined F1 in the late 1980s 7. Overtaking → Overtaking requires a combination of Prost's ability to fine-tune cars and communicate with engineers gave speed, timing, and positioning. F1 drivers him a competitive edge. With 51 must choose the right moment to pass Grand Prix victories, Prost left a competitors while avoiding collisions. It’s lasting legacy as one of the sport’s a high-risk, high-reward maneuver that most intelligent and successful can determine race outcomes drivers. 8. Race Pace Ayrton Senna He is a three-time World Champion → Race pace is about keeping a who is remembered for his raw consistent speed while managing fuel, talent, especially in wet conditions, tires, and engine wear. Drivers need to and his intense rivalry with Alain maintain a competitive pace without Prost. His fearless driving and pushing the car too hard, ensuring they passion for racing earned him a can finish strong without risking special place in F1 history, mechanical failure. particularly for his success with McLaren in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Formula 1 Legends Senna's tragic death at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix shocked the motorsport community and led to Legend Description significant changes in safety regulations within the sport. Juan Manuel He is a five-time World Champion Despite his relatively short career, Fangio in the 1950s who is regarded as one Senna's legacy endures not only of F1's greatest drivers. Known for because of his success on the track his adaptability, precision, and but also because of his commitment strategic approach, Fangio to charitable causes and his dominated with 4 different teams. enduring influence on the sport. His record of championships stood for nearly 50 years. Niki Lauda He is a three-time World Champion who is best known for his Fangio's record of championships incredible recovery after a stood until Michael Schumacher near-fatal crash in 1976. His rivalry surpassed it in 2003, but even then, with James Hunt and comeback Fangio’s achievement remains just six weeks after the accident are 12  part of F1 lore. Lauda's tactical and went on to win four mind and courage set him apart as consecutive titles with Red Bull one of the most resilient drivers in Racing. Known for his technical the sport. understanding and aggressive driving, Vettel dominated the early Beyond racing, Lauda was a 2010s and was a key figure in the successful entrepreneur and key sport’s modern era. figure in F1’s modern era, playing a critical role in Mercedes-AMG In the latter part of his career, Petronas’ dominance. His legacy is Vettel transitioned to a more one of technical brilliance and mentoring role, particularly during perseverance. his time with Ferrari and Aston Martin, where he focused on Lewis Since shattering records with one developing young talent and Hamilton of the greatest debut performances advocating for important social in Formula One history in 2007, he issues. While his later years did not has surpassed the legendary bring the same level of success as German driver Ayrton Senna to his Red Bull days, Vettel's become the all-time leader in pole contribution to the sport, both as a positions, soared to the top of the driver and a leader, remains wins column, and matched the significant German legend's seven world titles Michael He has seven World He is considered to be the greatest Schumacher Championships and is regarded as Formula 1 driver to have ever set one of F1’s all-time greats. His foot on a track, both in terms of dominance with Ferrari, where he career victories and overall career won five consecutive titles, points. The British driver has redefined the sport. Schumacher’s triumphed in thirty different relentless work ethic, precision, and nations, won a race in nearly every ability to push cars to the limit set a season he has participated in, and is new standard in F1. presently tied with Michael Schumacher for the most world Schumacher’s competitive nature titles. Max Verstappen nearly often pushed the boundaries of fair denied him an eighth world title in play, leading to a number of 2021. controversial moments in his career. Despite these controversies, Max With an opportunistic yet Schumacher’s unparalleled success Verstappen controlled performance on his Red and impact on F1 make him an Bull debut in Barcelona 2016, the enduring figure, with many still youngest points scorer in Formula considering him the benchmark for One history went on to become the greatness in the sport sport's youngest race winner at the age of 18. His first Formula One drivers' championship was the result of the now-famous final-round battle with Lewis Hamilton in 2021. After that, he mounted a formidable title defense in 2022, and then he won Basketball an incredible third consecutive → Basketball has transcended its origins to championship with a record 19 victories from 23 Grands Prix. become a global sporting sensation. Millions flock to arenas worldwide to witness their favorite Sebastian Sebastian Vettel became the teams in action, while billions more tune in to Vettel youngest World Champion in 2010 television or digital platforms to experience the fast-paced excitement. 13 → Beyond professional leagues, the sport enjoys Game but James himself said “We have a basket immense popularity at grassroots levels, with and we have a ball, why not call it basketball?” countless individuals participating recreationally. and thus the iconic name of the sport we all love → Estimates suggest that hundreds of millions of is now born. people across the globe regularly engage in → In 1894 Naismith Called the A.G Spalding and basketball, making it one of the most widely Bros. to create the original type of ball for the played sports. basketball, coming up with a leather ball that is → Basketball's unparalleled global television held together by laces that weighs lighter than a viewership solidifies its status as a cultural and soccer ball and 4 inches taller than a soccer ball. economic powerhouse. For countless fans, Later in 1949, the official ball was released, a communities, and even nations, basketball is more molded version and a smaller circumference of 30 than just a game; it's a passion that unites and inches which is the standard today. inspires. HOOPS THROUGH TIME History of Basketball FIRST BALL GAME → Basketball, an exhilarating sport we all know → The first recorded official ballgame and loved by many, is a locally and internationally was in 1895 when Hamline University mainstream sport. But what is the history behind had a match with Minnesota A&M with 9 this dribbling madness that we all get to see? vs 9 where Minnesota A&M won the → Basketball started as an alternative sport to game. football with in mind as a less injury sport by a A WILDFIRE THAT CROSSED THE Canadian physical education instructor James SEAS Naismith in 1891. It was a very popular pastime in the past. → It was first invented during cold months at the The YMCA spread the game throughout School for Christian Workers. With a peach the world, to name a few, Paris, China, basket, a soccer ball, and 18 players playing 9 India, Japan, and Persia. - versus 9 with each other on who will be able to WE ARE AT THE OLYMPIC LEVEL shoot the soccer ball into the one of the two peach NOW! baskets that was nailed separately on the opposite → Basketball debuted as an sides of a lower balcony. Olympic-level sport in 1936, at the time → Every time a team is able to shoot the ball into Nasmith was 75 years old and he was the basket, the game will be halted so that the accorded the honor of throwing the jump janitor can retrieve the ball on the basket. ball opening match between France and Thinking that it may be time consuming on Estonia. retrieving the ball, later they remove the bottom THE PROFESSIONAL of the basket. BASKETBALL LEAGUE → The first public basketball game was played in → Being the popular game as it still is the same building on March 11 1892. today, the Basketball Association of → Shortly after being invented, basketball America was founded back on June 6, became the talk of the town, Students and people 1946, and later adopted the iconic name from the YMCA or Young men catholic NBA or National Basketball Association association were making teams, and the rules in 1949. were being printed on the magazine so others would be able to play it, by now its popularity will know no bounds. and by 1905 the game of basketball was recognized as a winter sport. Rules & Regulation → Being a relatively new pastime, James Naismith had not thought of the name of the Original Rule: The ball may be thrown in game, someone suggested it being the Naismith any direction with one or both hands. 14  Current Rule: Same, but now teams Current Rule: Now, the opposing team of cannot pass the ball back over the the last player to touch the ball throws it midcourt line once they’ve crossed it. in; the five-second rule still applies. Original Rule: The ball may be batted in Original Rule: The umpire judges fouls any direction with one or both hands and can disqualify players. (never with the fist). Current Rule: NBA games have three Current Rule: This rule remains referees who judge fouls. unchanged. Original Rule: The referee decides Original Rule: A player cannot run with possession, keeps time, and tracks goals. the ball and must throw it from where Current Rule: Referees still determine they catch it, with some allowance for possession, but timekeeping and scoring momentum. are done by others. Current Rule: Players can dribble while moving, but cannot travel with the ball Original Rule: Games are two 15-minute when catching a pass. halves with a five-minute break. Current Rule: The NBA has four Original Rule: The ball must be held in 12-minute quarters with a 15-minute the hands, not using the arms or body. halftime. Current Rule: This rule still applies, as doing otherwise is a traveling violation. Original Rule: The team with the most goals wins; ties are broken by continuing Original Rule: No physical contact play. (shouldering, holding, pushing, etc.) is Current Rule: The team with the most allowed; repeated violations lead to points wins; overtime periods are used to disqualification. break ties. Current Rule: Similar actions are fouls; disqualification occurs after multiple Techniques fouls or flagrant fouls. DRIBBLING Original Rule: Striking at the ball with a Control Dribbling: Using fingertips, fist is a foul. keeping the ball low and close. Current Rule: This remains a foul. Crossover Dribble: Quickly switching the ball from one hand to the other to evade Original Rule: Three consecutive fouls by defenders. one team count as a goal for the Behind-the-Back Dribble: Dribbling the opponents. ball behind your back to change direction. Current Rule: Instead of a goal, team REBOUNDING fouls lead to bonus free throws for the opposing team. Offensive Rebounds: Securing the ball after a missed shot by your team. Original Rule: A goal is scored when the ball stays in the basket; interference with Defensive Rebounds: Securing the ball the basket counts as a goal. after a missed shot by the opposing team. Current Rule: Baskets are now hoops SHOOTING with nets, and rules for goaltending and Free Throws: Shooting from the interference have evolved. free-throw line with a consistent form. Jump Shots: Shooting while jumping to Original Rule: When the ball goes out of get over defenders. bounds, the person who touched it first Layups: Close-range shots using one hand throws it back in. or both, typically off the backboard. 15 PASSING 3. Defensive Drills Chest Pass: Passing the ball from chest → However, a number of competitive, level to a teammate with both hands. but non-physical, activities claim Bounce Pass: Passing the ball with a recognition as mind sports. The bounce to make it harder for defendersto International Olympic Committee intercept. (through ARISF) recognises both chess Overhead Pass: Passing the ball from and bridge as bona fide sports, and above your head, often used to cover SportAccord. longer distances. DEFENSE 4. Conditioning Man-to-Man Defense: Guarding a → Sport are all usually forms of specific opponent with tight coverage. competitive physical activity or games Zone Defense: Defending an area of the which, through casual or organised court rather than a specific player. participation, aim to use, maintain or Stealing: Attempting to take the ball from improve physical ability and skills while the offensive player. providing enjoyment to participants and players. Skills 5. Game Situations 1. Spin Move: Spinning around a defender → Usually the contest or game is between to drive past them. two sides, each attempting to exceed the 2. Eurostep: Taking a step in one direction other. Some sports allow a tie game; and then quickly stepping in the opposite others provide tiebreaking methods, to direction to avoid a defender. ensure one winner and one loser. A 3. Fadeaway: Shooting while leaning number of such two-sided backward to create space from the defender. 4. Up-and-Under: Faking a shot and stepping under the defender to lay the ball Players of the Game in. THE POINT GUARD: FLOOR GENERAL Practice Routine → Often hailed as the "quarterback" of the team, the point guard orchestrates the offense. They are the primary ball-handler, tasked with initiating 1. Dribbling Drills plays, making quick decisions, and distributing → Sport is generally recognised as the ball effectively. A great point guard possesses system of activities which are based in exceptional court vision, passing accuracy, and physical athleticism or physical dexterity, the ability to penetrate defenses. Defensive with the largest major competitions such pressure is their bread and butter, as they often as the Olympic Games admitting only guard the opposing team's point guard. sports meeting. THE SHOOTING GUARD: THE SNIPER 2. Shooting Drills → Known for their lethal shooting ability, → These articles are form Wikipedia, this shooting guards are the snipers of the team. Their definition, and other organisations such as primary responsibility is to score points, whether the Council of Europe using definitions it's from long-range or driving to the basket. precluding activities without a physical While they may not handle the ball as much as the element from classification as sports or a point guard, their offensive prowess is essential to health benefit. a team's success. Defensive tenacity is also crucial for shooting guards, as they often guard the opposing team's best scorer. 16  few have ever done. Before Curry, the THE SMALL FORWARD: VERSATILE three-pointer was a valuable tool, but it WEAPON was primarily a weapon for spot-up → The small forward is a hybrid player, capable shooters. Curry revolutionized this, of playing both inside and outside. They need to transforming it into a primary scoring have the shooting range of a guard and the option. physicality of a forward. A small forward must be → His ability to drain shots from a skilled scorer, rebounder, and defender. seemingly impossible distances with Versatility is key, as they can be matched up effortless consistency forced defenses into against a variety of opponents. a state of perpetual panic. The once-safe territory beyond the arc became a THE POWER FORWARD: THE no-man's land. The ripple effects of INSIDE-OUT THREAT → Curry's shooting prowess were → The power forward is a physical presence in far-reaching. Teams across the league the paint. (Interchangeable at times) They are began emphasizing three-point shooting, typically strong and skilled rebounders, with the leading to a dramatic shift in offensive ability to score both inside and out. A modern strategies. The once-dominant post-game power forward must possess a reliable mid-range and isolation plays gave way to a more jumper and outside shooting to stretch the free- flowing, perimeter-oriented style. defense. Defensively, they are responsible for → Curry’s influence extends beyond his protecting the rim and guarding opponents in the shooting; his exceptional ball-handling, post. coupled with his quick release, makes him a nightmare for defenders. His ability THE CENTER: THE RIM PROTECTOR to create his shot and find open → The small forward is a hybrid player, capable teammates has elevated the point guard of playing both inside and outside. They need to position to new heights. have the shooting range of a guard and the → With multiple MVP awards, physicality of a forward. A small forward must be championships, and countless records, a skilled scorer, rebounder, and defender. Curry's legacy is secure. He is more than Versatility is key, as they can be matched up a shooter; he is the architect of a new era against a variety of opponents in basketball, and his influence will be felt for generations to come. HEAD COACH: THE MIND BEHIND THE 2. Lebron Raymone James (No.6) MADNESS King James: The unquestionable goat → They are responsible for developing player → Lebron James, hailing from Akron, skills, creating effective game plans, and fostering Ohio, has transcended the realm of team chemistry. Coaches analyze opponents, basketball to become a global icon. make strategic adjustments, and motivate players Beyond his exceptional athleticism, during games. Their ability to identify and nurture LeBron's basketball intellect, court vision, talent is crucial for long-term success. Ultimately, and remarkable longevity set him apart. a coach's impact can be the difference between a → A unique blend of size, speed, and winning and losing team. skill, he effortlessly dominates both ends of the court. His statistical prowess is unparalleled, culminating in the NBA's Basketball Legends all-time scoring record, surpassing the legendary Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. 1. Wardell Stephen Curry II ( No.30) → This achievement, coupled with his Steph Curry: Architect of a new era impressive assists and rebounds, → Stephen Curry is the quintessential underscores his complete dominance. game- changer. His impact on basketball Beyond numbers, LeBron's impact on the is profound, reshaping the sport in a way game is immeasurable. His leadership has 17 propelled three different franchises to NBA championships, a feat unmatched in the league. → The iconic 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers championship run, where he single-handedly carried his team, solidified his legendary status. His influence extends far beyond the court. → A vocal advocate for social justice and education, LeBron has used his platform to inspire millions. The debate for the greatest basketball player of all time is a passionate one, but LeBron's case is undeniably compelling. → His extraordinary talent, sustained excellence, and profound influence on the game place him in a league of his own. As his career continues to evolve, his legacy as a basketball titan grows stronger. 18