SPIC-MT-Reviewer.pdf

CHAPTER 1 to 3 Quiz Reviewer 300 B.C and 500 A.D – zero and negative numbers invented. 1000 B.C and 500 B.C – abacus invented. 1500 – Leonardo da Vinci invented mechanical calculator. 1621 – slide rule invented. 1625 – Wilhelm Schichard’s invented mechanical calculato...

CHAPTER 1 to 3 Quiz Reviewer 300 B.C and 500 A.D – zero and negative numbers invented. 1000 B.C and 500 B.C – abacus invented. 1500 – Leonardo da Vinci invented mechanical calculator. 1621 – slide rule invented. 1625 – Wilhelm Schichard’s invented mechanical calculator. 1640 – Blaise Pascal invented arithmetic machine. Minicomputer – invented during late 1960’s. 1937 – turing machine invented. 1939 – invented 1st digital computer model 1942 – 1943 – Alan Turing designed COLOSSUS. 1961 – packet switching theory published. 1967 – ARPNET first plan. 1971 – microprocessor first exploded. 1972 – unwanted computer code. 1972 – Intel 8008 invented. 1976 – Apple I and Apple II were unveiled. 1981 – IBM joined PC wars. 1989 – Hypertext and CERN proposed. 1993 – graphic user interface browser invented. James H. Moore – phrase “computer ethics”. McDonnell – phrase “seek to introduce a degree of rationality…”. Johnson – set theories “that provide general rules or principles…”. Solomon - "theories of value, virtue, or of right (valuable) action". Morality – modify and regulate behavior. Descriptive Definition of Morality – set of rules or code of conduct that governs human behavior. Normative Definition of Morality – ideal code of conduct. Ethics – study of right and wrong in human conduct. Ethics – distinguishing between right and wrong but also in knowing why and on what grounds. Utilitarianism – group interests and happiness above individual. Act Utilitarianism – which will benefit the most. Rule Utilitarianism – brings max happiness to max people. Altruism – action is good for everyone but the actor. Consequentialism – judged good or bad depending on the results of the action. Deontology – action rather the will of act. Relativism – right and wrong are relative to society. Hedonism – pleasure is the only good thing in human life. Kantianism – why the action is right or wrong. Emotivism – only statements about how someone feels. Egoism – individual interests and happiness above everything else. Human Nature – actions judged on how much they measure up to capabilities. ANSWERS: 1. Answer: D. Hedonism Hedonism emphasizes immediate pleasure over long-term gains, which fits the scenario of spending on a vacation instead of saving. 2. Answer: A. Relativism Relativism acknowledges that different cultures have varying practices, such as arranged marriages, and does not make judgments about them. 3. Answer: C. Kantianism Kantian ethics focuses on duty and keeping promises, regardless of the consequences, which is the reason why breaking a promise is seen as wrong. 4. Answer: B. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism aims to maximize happiness for the greatest number, which is reflected in a company raising prices to benefit most customers long term. 5. Answer: D. Egoism Egoism is focused on self-interest, so taking on a project for personal career growth aligns with this ethical theory. 6. Answer: C. Emotivism Emotivism suggests that moral judgments are based on emotions, such as feeling anger when someone cuts in line. 7. Answer: A. Consequentialism Consequentialism evaluates actions based on their outcomes, and ignoring a minor mistake to save the team from stress fits this approach. 8. Answer: A. Human Nature The argument about inherent selfishness reflects a belief in human nature as self-centered and prone to wrongdoing, like stealing small items. 9. Answer: C. Relativism Relativism accounts for different cultural practices, such as tipping, which can vary from country to country. 10. Answer: D. Deontology Deontology focuses on duty and rule-following, even if it causes inconvenience. Reporting a safety violation fits this framework.  CHAPTER 4 Profession – according to webster, “requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation”. Requirements of a Professional: 1. A set of highly developed skills and deep knowledge of the domain 2. Autonomy. Room to vary the way the service is provided. 3. Observance of a code of conduct:  Professional code: set of guidelines provided to the professional by the profession  Personal code: a set of individual moral guidelines on which professionals operate  Institutional code: imposed by the institution for which the professional works  Community code: community standard developed over a period of time based on either the religion or culture of the community Codes Governing Human Actions:  Professional code  Personal code  Institutional code  Community code Pillars of Professionalism:  Commitment – must do so willingly, must be agreement on what is be done.  Integrity – loyalty to self-belief 3 Maxims: o Vision – to anticipate and make a plan o Love – love of what you do o Commitment – bond with work until it is finished  Responsibility – deals with roles, tasks, actions and their ensuing consequences. Various Types: o Provider o Service o Product o Consequential  Accountability – answer for the execution of the one’s assigned responsibilities. 3 Key Elements: o Set of outcome measures  o Set of performance standards o Set of incentives for meeting the standards Formal Education – targeted and incremental Licensing – grants individuals formal or legal permission CHAPTER 5 Privacy – derived from the latin word privatus, refers to the state of being free from unauthorized observation. Three views on privacy by Trivani:  Accessibility privacy: One’s physically being let alone or being free from intrusion into one’s physical space.  Decisional privacy: Freedom from interference in one’s choices and decisions  Informational privacy: Control over the flow of one’s personal information, including the transfer and exchange of that information. “Arguing that you don’t care about privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don’t care about free speech because you have nothing to say.” - Edward Snowden Privacy and the Law  The current state of the world is that governments have tools that enable them to collect information about civilians.  Governments are not the only actors with the ability to commit such violations; civilians also have the capability of buying equipment from all over the world to enable the tracking of individuals.  Generally, the reference point for the protection of privacy has been the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.  However, not all countries had voted in favor of the declaration for various reasons. Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provisions of Communication-Related Information Act 70 of 2022 - RICA seeks to regulate the interaction of certain communications. Protection of Personal Information Act (PoPI) sets conditions for how you can process information. It has been signed by the President and is law and is run by the “Information Regulator” General Information Protection Principles (GIPP), applies to those who process personal information (generally, anyone with customers, partners or staff who store their personal information in some way) EU Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 1 was approved in April 2016, and officially enforced from 25 May 2018. This has been a major policy change intended to harmonize the data privacy laws throughout Europe. Cloud – a whole bunch of servers and storage disks. Those devices are physically location at one or more sites, called “data center”. Freedom of Expression – is a class of rights that individuals are able to make their own opinions heard. CHAPTER 6 Computer Products – have a tangible form, intrinsic value. Computer Services – have no tangible form. Computer Software – set of logical instructions in four forms.  Logical map  Source code  Object code  Executable code Computer Software has two forms  Product  Service Computer Software categories  CANNED – off-the-shelf software  Designer Software – ordered by the customer If it is canned – it’s a product If it is designer ordered – it is a service Otherwise a mixed case Copyrights – rights enforced by law, country dependent, righty to use The protected works must have  Tangible form  Originality   Fixation in a medium International enforcement conventions include:  WIPO- world intellectual property organization  UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization  UCC- universal copyright convention  WTO – World Trade Organization Public works include:  None-copyrightable items – ideas, facts….  Copyrightable items – have expiration, works put in public domain by author. Duration of copyrights (based on country) US: Prior 1978 – 75 years from date of issue. US: After 1978 – lifetime of author plus 50 years. Foundation of Intellectual Property Rights:  Patents – country dependent  Trade Secrets – local authority  Trademarks – state and country dependent  Personal Identity Ownership – making them utilizable Infringement – using intellectual property rights without permission Copyright Infringement and Patent and Trademarks Infringement – difficult to prove Top Secrets – even more difficult There are three types of infringements:  Direct  Inducement  Contributory Owner – burden pf safeguarding intellectual property rights