ITE101 Preliminary Reviewer PDF

ETHICS OF IT Morality refers to social conventions about what is right and wrong that are so widely shared that they form the foundation of an established consensus. A virtue is a habit that encourages people to do what is acceptable, whereas a vice is a habit that encourages people to do what is u...

ETHICS OF IT Morality refers to social conventions about what is right and wrong that are so widely shared that they form the foundation of an established consensus. A virtue is a habit that encourages people to do what is acceptable, whereas a vice is a habit that encourages people to do what is unacceptable. A person who acts with integrity follows a personal set of principles. One approach to acting with integrity —one of the pillars of ethical behavior—is to treat everyone with the same respect and consideration that you expect from others. Morals are one's personal beliefs about what is right and wrong, whereas Ethics are the standards or codes of behavior that a group to which one belongs expects of an individual. The law is a set of rules that govern what we are and are not allowed to do. Law enforcement is the responsibility of a group of institutions (the police, courts, and law-making bodies). Science as it is the systematic investigation of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical worlds via observations and experiments. Science as body of knowledge and process is a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before, this refers to science is exciting. COMPONENTS OF ICT Software - Operating system and all the utilities that enable computer to function. Provides a computer with the instructions and data to carry out a specific type of task. Software consists of sets of instructions or programs that can be stored and executed by hardware. This encompasses various types of software, including system software, operating systems, and applications. Application software - Includes programs that do real work for users System software - a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. Operating system - Collection of software that coordinates the working of the different components of the system and gets the users job done Hardware - This category includes the physical components of digital technology, such as monitors, mice, keyboards, speakers, and printers. Computer parts that you can touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, boards, and chips Telecommunications -Telecommunications involves the electronic transmission of information over long distances. Databases and Data Warehouses - Databases are repositories for storing structured data. Data warehouses, on the other hand, serve as centralized storage for data collected from multiple sources, facilitating in-depth analysis. HISTORY OF COMPUTER COMPUTER It is a programmable machine. It is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computer Periods Abacus - The abacus is a mechanical tool that helps people do math calculations. Napier’s Bones - This tool made it easier to do math tasks like multiplying, dividing, and finding square and cube r oots. Cloud Computing - Cloud computing refers to the delivery of various services over the internet. Pascaline has its limitation to addition and subtraction Stepped reckoner the machine that can add subtract multiply and divide automatically arithmometer mechanical calculator was invented by Thomas de colmar in 1820 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) - It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) - The first business computer Osborne 1 - first portable computer released in 1981 Augusta Ada Byron - suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She is the first computer programmer Tabulating Machine - To assist in summarizing information and accounting. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER 1. The First Generation - These early computers were often so big that they took up whole rooms. Only one job could be done on these computers at a time. For input, punched cards and paper tape were used, while printouts were used for exit. 2. The Second Generation - When transistors came along, they replaced vacuum tubes, which meant that the second age of computers had begun. Making it possible for computers to be made smaller, faster, cheaper, use less energy, and be more reliable. 3. The Third Generation - During the third generation of computers, the development of the integrated circuit was a major step forward. Compared to the second-generation computers, the first-generation computers were a lot smaller and less expensive. 4. The Fourth Generation - When the fourth generation of computers came out, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) got a lot better. The mouse was also introduced as an input device, and small devices started to become popular. The goal is to make devices that can handle natural language input well and can learn and order themselves on their own. The operation of a computer can be summarized as follows: The computer accepts information in the form of programs and data through an input unit and stores it in memory. Information stored in the memory is fetched, under program control, into an arithmetic and logic unit, where it is processed. Processing of information is directed by the control unit in the microprocessor. Resulting information leaves the computer through an output unit. Parts of Computer 1. Processing unit = the "brain" of the computer where processing occurs. The central processing unit (CPU), contained in the system unit box, manipulates (calculates, compares) data supplied by input and storage devices. While "thinking," it temporarily stores results in its internal memory, called RAM. Feedback is returned to the user via output devices. 2. Input devices = allow the user to send information to the computer. These include: keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, touch-sensitive monitor, voice-input. 3. Output devices = receive information from the CPU and return feedback to the user. These include: monitor, printer, speakers 4. Storage units = permanent disk storage, using floppy, hard disks, CD-ROMs, memory cards, memory sticks. Components of System Unit Read-only memory (ROM) contains the commands your computer needs to activate itself. RAM (random-access memory) provides the "working space" for open applications. The motherboard (also called a system board or circuit board) is the most important part of the system. APPLICATION IN OUR DAILY LIVES Business: In the contemporary era, virtually every business relies on computers. Education: Computers play an integral role in education by providing learners with audio-visual content, interactive exercises, and remote learning opportunities Arts and Entertainment: Computers are integral to various artistic disciplines and the entertainment industry. Communication: Computers have revolutionized real-time internet communication through services like Skype, enabling audio and video connectivity among families, businesses, and news organizations. Travel Planning: Travelers use computers to study timetables, purchase tickets, explore and book accommodations, tours, excursions, events, and trips. Weather Forecasting: Computers process vast amounts of meteorological data to provide accurate weather forecasts. PRINCIPLES OF NETWORKING Networking is the process of delivering a message from a source to a destination. Communication is the process of giving meaning to these messages received. Network Topology Client/Server - an extension of distributed data processing wherein it provides the best of both centralized and distributed data processing Types of Network 1. Local Area Network (LAN) connects network devices over relatively short distances usually owned by an individual or corporation, 10-100Mbps 2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connects computers that are in specific geographical area like cable television 5-10 mbps, slower than LAN and smaller than WAN. 3. Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a large physical distance (geographically-dispersed collections of LANs) not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management; 256Kbps-2Mbps 4. Personal Area Network (PAN) a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10 mete rs. Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations. Workstation - A type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities. Data - Can exist in a variety of forms: as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a person’s mind. Data information leaves the computer through an output unit Desktop - Microcomputer or personal computer usually on the table Smartphone - A smartphone is a handheld electronic device that provides a connection to a cellular network and the internet. Laptop – A laptop can be easily transported and used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices and at meetings. I/O MANAGEMENT - Manage and schedule the input and output operations Memory Management - Manage memory between processes and data according to priority Process Management - Handles multiprograms that are simultaneously running Multitasking OS - It deals with input, output, and processing requests from many users, all at the same time Network for People - A pathway over which information can be transferred Shell - Program that interprets the commands or requests given by the user and gets the job done by the kernel Kernel - The core of the operating system