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Questions and Answers
Which invention is associated with Blaise Pascal?
Which invention is associated with Blaise Pascal?
Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of duty and keeping promises regardless of the outcomes?
Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of duty and keeping promises regardless of the outcomes?
What concept relates to the idea that morality can vary based on cultural practices?
What concept relates to the idea that morality can vary based on cultural practices?
What is the primary goal of Utilitarianism?
What is the primary goal of Utilitarianism?
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Which of the following is a principle of Act Utilitarianism?
Which of the following is a principle of Act Utilitarianism?
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Which element is NOT a requirement of a professional as defined in the provided content?
Which element is NOT a requirement of a professional as defined in the provided content?
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Which phrase is associated with James H. Moore?
Which phrase is associated with James H. Moore?
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Which of the following is a key component of the pillars of professionalism?
Which of the following is a key component of the pillars of professionalism?
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What does hedonism primarily focus on?
What does hedonism primarily focus on?
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Emotivism suggests that moral judgments are influenced by:
Emotivism suggests that moral judgments are influenced by:
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Study Notes
History of Computing
- The abacus was invented between 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C.
- The first mechanical calculator was invented by Leonardo da Vinci around 1500.
- The slide rule was invented in 1621.
- The first digital computer model was invented in 1939.
- The first microprocessor was invented in 1971.
Ethical Theories
- Hedonism: Emphasizes immediate pleasure over long-term gains.
- Relativism: Acknowledges that different cultures have varying practices and does not make judgments about them.
- Kantianism: Focuses on duty and keeping promises, regardless of the consequences.
- Utilitarianism: Aims to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.
- Egoism: Prioritizes individual interests and happiness above everything else.
- Emotivism: Suggests that moral judgments are based on emotions.
- Consequentialism: Evaluates actions based on their outcomes.
- Human Nature: Judges actions based on how much they measure up to human capabilities.
- Deontology: Focuses on duty and rule-following, even if it causes inconvenience.
- Altruism: Actions are considered good if they benefit everyone except the actor.
Professionalism
- Professionals require specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation.
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Requirements of a Professional:
- Highly developed skills and deep knowledge of the domain.
- Autonomy to vary the way services are provided.
- Observance of a code of conduct:
- Professional code: Guidelines provided by the profession.
- Personal code: Individual moral guidelines.
- Institutional code: Imposed by the institution.
- Community code: Community standards based on religion or culture.
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Pillars of Professionalism:
- Commitment: Willingness and agreement on the task.
- Integrity: Loyalty to self-belief.
- Responsibility: Deals with roles, tasks, actions, and their consequences.
- Accountability: Answerability for assigned responsibilities.
Privacy
- Derived from the Latin word "privatus," meaning a state of being free from unauthorized observation.
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Three Views on Privacy (Trivani):
- Accessibility privacy: Freedom from intrusion into physical space.
- Decisional privacy: Freedom from interference in choices and decisions.
- Informational privacy: Control over personal information flow.
Freedom of Expression
- A class of rights that allow individuals to express their opinions.
Computer Products and Services
- Computer products have a tangible form and intrinsic value (e.g., hardware).
- Computer services are intangible (e.g., cloud storage).
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Computer software: Set of logical instructions in four forms:
- Logical map: Plan for the software.
- Source code: Human-readable instructions.
- Object code: Machine-readable instructions.
- Executable code: Ready-to-run instructions.
Computer Software Categories
- Canned (Off-the-shelf) Software: General purpose, readily available.
- Designer Software: Custom-made to order.
Copyrights
- Legal rights enforced by law, country dependent, granting the right to use a work.
- Requirements for a work to be copyrighted:
- Tangible form.
- Originality.
- Fixation in a medium.
International Enforcement Conventions
- WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)
- UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
- UCC (Universal Copyright Convention)
- WTO (World Trade Organization)
Public Works
- None-copyrightable items: Ideas, facts, etc.
- Copyrightable items: Have expiration dates and can be put in the public domain by the author.
Duration of Copyrights
- US (Prior 1978): 75 years from the date of issue.
- US (After 1978): Lifetime of the author plus 50 years.
Foundation of Intellectual Property Rights
- Patents: Country-dependent.
- Trade Secrets: Local authority.
- Trademarks: State and country-dependent.
- Personal Identity
Intellectual Property Ownership and Infringement
- Ownership: Making intellectual property rights utilizable.
- Infringement: Using intellectual property rights without permission.
- Three types of infringement:
- Direct
- Inducement
- Contributory
- Owners are responsible for safeguarding their intellectual property.
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Description
Explore the evolution of computing from the abacus to microprocessors, alongside a dive into various ethical theories such as Hedonism and Utilitarianism. This quiz covers significant milestones in technology and philosophical concepts that shape ethics today. Test your knowledge on these vital subjects!
