Soilborne and Arthropodborne Diseases PDF

Soilborne and Arthropodborne Disease Soilborne -Bacillus anthracis Inhalation Anthrax (Woosorter’s disease) o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Airborne endospores o Treatmen...

Soilborne and Arthropodborne Disease Soilborne -Bacillus anthracis Inhalation Anthrax (Woosorter’s disease) o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Airborne endospores o Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products. Vaccine available for those who are at increased risk. o If not treated early, can be fatal. o Zoonotic disease Intestinal Anthrax o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Consumption of contaminated, undercooked meat o Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products. Vaccine available for those who are at increased risk. o Acute inflammation of the intestinal tract o Zoonotic disease Cutaneous Anthrax o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Contact of skin abrasions with spore contaminated animal products o Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products. Vaccine available for those who are at increased risk. o Least dangerous of the three anthrax o Necrotic tissue form, surround lymph glands may swell o Zoonotic disease (In regards to anthrax: first bacterial species shown by Koch to be causative agent of an infectious disease. Can be used in bioterrorism and biological warfare.) -Clostridium tetani Tetanus (Soilborne)  o Muscle stiffness in jaw and neck, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos, reduced ventilation o Transmission: Wounds contaminated with soil, dust, and animal feces o Treatment: Tetanus antitoxin, Penicillin, sedatives, muscle relaxants o Prevention: DTaP vaccine and Td boosters o C. tetani release the neurotoxin Tetanospasmin o Tetanospasmin causes the hyperactivity of muscle contractions o DTaP vaccine contains a toxoid (a toxin that has been modified or altered to no longer be poisonous but stimulates the immune system. -Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis (Zoonotic disease) o Acute headache, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, fever and chills o Transmission: Contaminated soil, food, water o Treatment: Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoid contaminated water o L. interrogans colonize in the kidney of infected animals. Bacteria passed through urine of animal. Humans acquire by swimming in or drinking contaminated water Anthropodborne - Yersinia pestis Bubonic Plague o Bacterial localization of the lymph nodes o Sudden onset of fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, buboes o Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infections droplets from person or animal o Treatment: IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control o Vector: Flea o Vaccine available for those at high risk of infection Septicemic Plague o If bubonic plague is not treated, leads to Septicemic plague. (think of sepsis) o High fever, abd pain, diarrhea o Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from person or animal o Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control o If untreated, bacilli can spread to the bloodstream from the lymph nodes →Meningitis o Vector: flea  o Can cause meningitis Pneumonic Plague o Septicemic cases can progress to the lungs allowing for human to human transmission → Resp. Drop. o Headache, malaise, extensive coughing o Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from person or animal o Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control o Vector: flea -Borrelia burgdorgeri Lyme disease o Bull’s eye rash, flu like symptoms, join pain o Transmission: Bite of infected deer tick o Treatment: Amoxicillin o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Human vaccine is taken off the market due to poor sales o Early stage: can spread to skin, hear, nervous system, and joints o Last stage: develops chronic arthritis and swelling in joints -Rickettsia rickettsia Rocky Mountain spotted fever o High fever, severe headache, rash on extremities that spreads to the trunk o Transmission: Bite of Hard tick o Treatment: Doxycycline or Tetracycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Vector: tick -Rickettsia prowazekii EPIdemic typhus o Fever, rash on trunk that spreads to extremities o Transmission: scratching bites from BODY LICE o Treatment: Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing lice infestation o Vector: Body louse o Associated with war, famine, and poverty o Mainly in: Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas - Rickettsia typhi ENDemic typhus (Murine typhus) o Mild fever, persistent headache, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities o Transmission: Bite of infected flea o Treatment: Doxycycline or spontaneous w/o the need of drug therapy o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing flea bites o Vector: Flea o Mainly in: Hawaii, California, Texas -Ehrlichia chaffeens Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) o Heachace, malaise, fever o Transmission: Bite of infected tick o Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Vector: Tick o Affects the Monocytes -Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila ) Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) o Headache, malaise, fever o Transmission: Bite of infected fever o Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Vector: Tick o Affects the Neutrophils