Soilborne and Athropodborne Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of transmission for Lyme disease?

  • Bite of infected deer tick (correct)
  • Transmission through body lice
  • Bite of infected flea
  • Inhalation of infectious droplets

    • Which treatment is recommended for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

  • Amoxicillin
  • Gentamicin
  • IV or IM on penicillin
  • Doxycycline or Tetracycline (correct)

    • What is a notable symptom associated with Lyme disease?

  • Bull’s eye rash (correct)
  • Extensive coughing
  • Rash on trunk that spreads to extremities
  • Severe headache

    • What vector is responsible for the transmission of endemic typhus?

    <p>Infected flea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventative measure should be taken against Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>Avoiding and preventing tick bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)?

    <p>Persistent headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is effective against epidemic typhus?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common vector for Lyme disease?

    <p>Deer tick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of septicemic plague?

    <p>Malaise and extensive coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of prevention for Lyme disease?

    <p>Avoiding and preventing tick bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary symptom distinguishes Pneumonic Plague from other forms of plague?

    <p>Respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is effective for both Bubonic and Septicemic Plague?

    <p>IV or IM streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vector responsible for the transmission of Yersinia pestis causing Plague?

    <p>Flea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a complication if Bubonic Plague is left untreated?

    <p>Septicemic Plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these symptoms is commonly associated with Septicemic Plague?

    <p>Abdominal pain and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended preventive measure to avoid infection with Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Flea control and avoiding dead animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Leptospira interrogans primarily transmitted to humans?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Leptospirosis?

    <p>Buboes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do septicemic cases of plague potentially lead to pneumonic cases?

    <p>If bacilli spread to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is available for preventing plague?

    <p>A vaccine for those at high risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for Tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Wounds contaminated with soil, dust, and animal feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with Inhalation Anthrax?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the DTaP vaccine?

    <p>Stimulates the immune system without being poisonous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious condition caused by Bacillus anthracis?

    <p>Inhalation Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is effective against all forms of Anthrax?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication arises from infection with Tetanus that affects muscle function?

    <p>Increased muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emphasizes the zoonotic nature of Anthrax?

    <p>Contact with infected livestock or animal products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the vaccines for Anthrax?

    <p>For individuals at increased risk of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about Cutaneous Anthrax?

    <p>Always results in severe symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended preventive measure for Anthrax?

    <p>Consuming undercooked meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Leptospirosis?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vector is responsible for the transmission of Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Flea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are indicative of Bubonic Plague?

    <p>Buboes and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise if Bubonic Plague is not treated promptly?

    <p>Septicemic Plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a preventive measure to avoid Leptospirosis?

    <p>Wearing protective gear when swimming in freshwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Pneumonic Plague?

    <p>It can be transmitted from person to person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom of Tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Muscle stiffness in the jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for Septicemic Plague?

    <p>Bite of an infected flea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is effective against both inhalation and cutaneous forms of Anthrax?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary preventative measure for contracting Anthrax from contaminated livestock?

    <p>Avoiding contact with infected livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with Septicemic Plague?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is effective for both Pneumonic and Septicemic Plague?

    <p>IV or IM Streptomycin and Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of Anthrax is characterized by acute inflammation of the intestinal tract?

    <p>Intestinal Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Cutaneous Anthrax from other forms?

    <p>It occurs through skin abrasions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of Leptospirosis?

    <p>Acute headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Inhalation Anthrax?

    <p>Airborne endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agent is released by Clostridium tetani that causes muscle hyperactivity?

    <p>Tetanospasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine provides protection against Tetanus?

    <p>DTaP vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the treatment of Anthrax?

    <p>Treatment varies for each form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is Anthrax classified as?

    <p>Zoonotic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of epidemic typhus?

    <p>Persistent headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?

    <p>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of untreated Lyme disease in its last stage?

    <p>Development of chronic arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is effective against Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary prevention method for endemic typhus?

    <p>Avoiding flea bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vector is responsible for Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis?

    <p>Hard tick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the treatment for endemic typhus is true?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery can occur without drug therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome is associated with malaria the plague caused by Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Sepsis and multi-organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is often seen in Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>Rash on extremities that spreads to trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable symptom of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?

    <p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infectious Diseases

    • Yersinia pestis causes bubonic plague, characterized by swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. Transmission occurs through infected flea bites or inhalation of infected droplets. Treatment involves IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin. Prevention includes avoiding contact with sick or dead animals and controlling fleas.
    • Untreated bubonic plague can progress to septicemic plague, where bacteria spread to the bloodstream, leading to high fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. It can further escalate to pneumonic plague, allowing human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets.

    Anthrax

    • Inhalation anthrax is caused by inhaling anthrax spores. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, and severe breathing difficulties. Treatment involves penicillin and ciprofloxacin. Prevention includes avoiding contact with infected livestock or animal products and vaccination for high-risk individuals.
    • Intestinal anthrax is caused by consuming contaminated, undercooked meat. Symptoms are similar to inhalation anthrax. Treatment and prevention are also the same.
    • Cutaneous anthrax, the least dangerous form, is contracted through contact with contaminated animal products. Symptoms include fever, chills, skin lesions, and surrounding lymph node swelling. Treatment and prevention are similar to other forms of anthrax.

    Tetanus

    • Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, which releases the neurotoxin tetanospasmin. It enters the body through wounds contaminated with soil, dust, or animal feces. Symptoms include muscle stiffness in the jaw and neck (trismus or lockjaw), opisthotonos (arching of the back), and respiratory difficulties. Treatment includes tetanus antitoxin, penicillin, sedatives, and muscle relaxants. Prevention involves the DTaP vaccine and Td boosters.
    • The DTaP vaccine contains a toxoid, which is a modified toxin that no longer causes illness but stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.

    Lyme Disease

    • Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted through bites from infected deer ticks. Symptoms include a "bull's eye" rash, flu-like symptoms, and joint pain. Treatment involves amoxicillin. Prevention includes avoiding and preventing tick bites.
    • Early stages can involve skin, heart, nervous system, and joint involvement. The late stage can lead to chronic arthritis and joint swelling.

    Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

    • Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted through bites from hard ticks. Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, and a rash starting on extremities and spreading to the trunk. Treatment involves doxycycline or tetracycline. Prevention includes avoiding and preventing tick bites.

    Epidemic Typhus

    • Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted through scratching bites from body lice. Symptoms include fever and a rash starting on the trunk and spreading to the extremities. Treatment involves doxycycline. Prevention includes avoiding and preventing lice infestations.
    • Mostly associated with war, famine, and poverty.

    Endemic Typhus

    • Endemic typhus (Murine typhus) is caused by Rickettsia typhi and transmitted through infected flea bites. Symptoms include mild fever, persistent headache, and a rash starting on the trunk and spreading to the extremities. Treatment involves doxycycline or spontaneous recovery without treatment. Prevention includes avoiding and preventing flea bites.

    Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)

    • HME is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and transmitted through infected tick bites. Symptoms include headache, malaise, and fever. Treatment involves tetracycline or doxycycline. Prevention involves avoiding and preventing tick bites.
    • Affects monocytes.

    Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)

    • HGA is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila) and transmitted through infected tick bites. Symptoms include headache, malaise, and fever. Treatment involves tetracycline or doxycycline. Prevention involves avoiding and preventing tick bites.
    • Affects neutrophils.

    Leptospirosis

    • Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans and transmitted through contaminated soil, food, and water. Symptoms include acute headache, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, fever, and chills. Treatment involves doxycycline. Prevention includes avoiding contaminated water.

    Leptospirosis Transmission

    • L.interrogans colonize in the kidneys of infected animals, and bacteria are passed through the animal's urine. Humans acquire it by swimming in or drinking contaminated water.

    Soilborne Diseases

    • Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a zoonotic disease.
      • Inhalation Anthrax (Woolsorter's disease) is characterized by fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing, and shock. It is transmitted through airborne endospores.
      • Intestinal Anthrax is characterized by fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing, and shock. It is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated, undercooked meat.
      • Cutaneous Anthrax is the least dangerous form of anthrax. It is characterized by fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing, and shock. It is transmitted through contact of skin abrasions with spore-contaminated animal products.
      • Anthrax can be fatal if not treated early.
      • Anthrax was the first bacterial species shown by Koch to be the causative agent of an infectious disease.
      • Anthrax can be used in bioterrorism and biological warfare.
    • Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, a soilborne disease.
      • Tetanus is characterized by muscle stiffness in the jaw and neck, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos, and reduced ventilation.
      • It is transmitted through wounds contaminated with soil, dust, and animal feces.
      • C. tetani releases the neurotoxin Tetanospasmin, which causes hyperactivity of muscle contractions.
      • Tetanus can be prevented with the DTaP vaccine and Td boosters.
    • Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease.
      • Leptospirosis is characterized by acute headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills.
      • It is transmitted through contaminated soil, food, and water.
      • L. interrogans colonizes the kidney of infected animals and is passed through their urine. Humans can acquire it by swimming or drinking contaminated water.

    Arthropodborne Diseases

    • Yersinia pestis causes plague, a zoonotic disease.
      • Bubonic Plague is characterized by sudden onset of fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and buboes. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or inhaled infectious droplets from a person or animal.
      • Septicemic plague can develop if bubonic plague is not treated. It is characterized by high fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. It can cause meningitis and is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or inhaled infectious droplets from a person or animal.
      • Pneumonic Plague can develop from untreated septicemic cases. It is characterized by headache, malaise, and extensive coughing. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or inhaled infectious droplets from a person or animal. It allows for human to human transmission.
      • The vector of all types of plague is the flea.
      • Plague can be treated with streptomycin and gentamicin.
    • Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, a zoonotic disease.
      • Lyme disease is characterized by a bull's eye rash, flu-like symptoms, and joint pain.
      • It is transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick.
      • The human vaccine for Lyme disease has been taken off the market due to poor sales.
      • In its early stage, Lyme disease can spread to the skin, heart, nervous system, and joints.
      • In its late stage, Lyme disease can cause chronic arthritis and swelling in the joints.
    • Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a zoonotic disease.
      • Rocky Mountain spotted fever is characterized by high fever, severe headache, and a rash on the extremities that spreads to the trunk.
      • It is transmitted through the bite of a hard tick.
      • It is treated with doxycycline or tetracycline.
    • Rickettsia prowazekii causes epidemic typhus, a zoonotic disease.
      • Epidemic typhus is characterized by fever, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities.
      • It is transmitted through scratching bites from body lice.
      • It is treated with doxycycline.
      • It is associated with war, famine, and poverty.
      • It is mainly found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas.
    • ** Rickettsia typhi** causes endemic typhus (Murine typhus), a zoonotic disease.
      • Endemic typhus is characterized by mild fever, persistent headache, and rash on the trunk that spreads to the extremities.
      • It is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea.
      • It can be treated with doxycycline or resolves spontaneously without the need for drug therapy.
      • It is mainly found in Hawaii, California, and Texas.
    • Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME), a zoonotic disease.
      • HME is characterized by headache, malaise, and fever.
      • It is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
      • It is treated with tetracycline or doxycycline.
    • Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila) causes Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), a zoonotic disease.
      • HGA is characterized by headache, malaise, and fever.
      • It is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
      • It is treated with tetracycline or doxycycline.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on infectious diseases such as bubonic plague and anthrax. This quiz covers symptoms, transmission methods, treatments, and prevention strategies associated with these serious illnesses. Understand the critical aspects of managing these diseases effectively.

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