2251_w23_qp_12.pdf

Cambridge O Level SOCIOLOGY 2251/12 Paper 1 October/November 2023...

Cambridge O Level SOCIOLOGY 2251/12 Paper 1 October/November 2023 2 hours You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) *4132271284* INSTRUCTIONS Answer two questions in total: Section A: answer Question 1. Answer either Question 2 in Section B or Question 3 in Section C. Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION The total mark for this paper is 80. The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. This document has 4 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. 11_2251_12_2023_1.2 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over  2 Section A: Theory and methods Answer Question 1 1 Source A Population censuses are conducted in most countries around the world. A census is a government survey investigating who lives in the country and the size of the population. The census includes data on age, ethnicity, health and employment. Different countries all gather similar population data through their censuses. Countries such as the US and the UK complete a census every ten years. Japan and Canada complete a census every five years. A survey is posted out to every household and this must be completed. Completing and returning the census to the government is a legal requirement. The process of conducting a census is time consuming and expensive because the whole population of a country is included. The data collected in the census is useful for sociologists and policy makers. In the UK a census has occurred every ten years since 1801, making it a longitudinal study. (a) From Source A, identify two countries that complete a census every five years. (b) Identify two types of secondary data, apart from a census. (c) Using information from Source A, describe two reasons why a census is useful for researchers. (d) Describe two strengths of using pre-coded questions in sociological research. (e) Describe two strengths and two limitations of using interpretivist methods in sociological research. (f) Explain why ethical issues may cause problems when conducting sociological research. (g) To what extent are structured interviews the best method for sociological research? © UCLES 2023 11_2251_12_2023_1.2  3 Answer either Question 2 or Question 3 Section B: Culture, identity and socialisation 2 Many modern industrial societies are multicultural with diverse norms and values. Sociologists are interested in the way different cultures nurture their children and how rewards and sanctions are used to maintain social control. In most societies there are many ways individuals try to achieve a higher status. (a) What is meant by the term ‘values’? (b) Describe two features of a multicultural society. (c) Explain how individuals may achieve a higher status in society. (d) Explain why rewards and sanctions are useful for social control. (e) To what extent is nurture more important than nature in explaining human behaviour? Section C: Social inequality 3 Some sociologists argue that social inequality still exists in many societies. Institutional racism, scapegoating and apartheid are factors that make upward social mobility difficult for some social groups. Some people that cannot find employment accept benefits from a welfare state. Some sociologists argue a welfare state can lead to a dependency culture. (a) What is meant by the term ‘apartheid’? (b) Describe two examples of scapegoating in modern industrial societies. (c) Explain how a welfare state may cause a dependency culture. (d) Explain why the working class may find it difficult to achieve upward social mobility. (e) To what extent does institutional racism explain social inequality? © UCLES 2023 11_2251_12_2023_1.2  4 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2023 11_2251_12_2023_1.2