Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour PDF

Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Dr Lee Ching Li [email protected] Food Environment and Eating Behaviour NDT 2126  Lesson Outcomes At the end of this session, you should be able to:...

Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Dr Lee Ching Li [email protected] Food Environment and Eating Behaviour NDT 2126  Lesson Outcomes At the end of this session, you should be able to: Discuss social and environmental determinants such as physical and built environment social structure and cultural environment (social relations, cultural practices, social structures, public policy) e.g., multi-ethnic society, pressures of eating with others and social structure economic environment (resources, price, time) informational environment (media and advertising)  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Physical/Built Environment The built environment (all aspects of the environment that are modified by humans) in relation to food and physical activity have important impacts on health1: Food outlets (e.g.- grocery stores) Homes Schools Workplaces Parks Industrial areas Neighborhood walkability was associated Highways with lower BMI for those living in higher 2 income neighborhoods References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011 2. Lovasi GS et al. Effect of individual or neighborhood disadvantage on the association between neighborhood walkability and boy mass index. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(2):279-284.  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Physical/Built Environment The built environment (all aspects of the environment that are modified by humans) in relation to food and physical activity have important impacts on health1: Food outlets (e.g.- grocery stores) Homes The availability of fast-food outlets with Schools close proximity in Workplaces residential areas was significantly Parks associated with being overweight among Industrial areas children.2 Highways References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011 2. Cheong KC. Association between Availability of Neighborhood Fast Food Outlets and Overweight Among 5–18 Year-Old Children in Peninsular Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16(4:593  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Physical/Built Environment Food availability and accessibility1 Food availability – the array of food options that are present in the food system that are acceptable and affordable Food accessibility – the ‘immediate’ availability (readiness and convenience of a food) How available and accessible are vegetables and fruit, when compared to processed food? References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Physical/Built Environment Markets1 The type of food (healthful or not) that is available in neighbourhood grocery stores is influences what people buy and consume. Accessibility is also dependent on where sources of food are physically located. People who have limited mobility may have limited accessibility to food include: Elderly Physically impaired Lower-income group References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Physical/Built Environment Workplaces and Schools1 Food available at or near workplaces tend to be those that are convenient, low in cost, and that sell well. Food is generally available and accessible in most workplaces and schools. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Physical/Built Environment Home1 Within the home, accessibility means that a food is not only available in storage but is ready to be eaten. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Social and Cultural Environment Social relations1 Most eating occurs in the presence of other people. This can either have a negative or positive impact in terms of healthy eating. Eating with others can lead to eating more food as compared to eating alone. Children and adolescents who eat with their families on most days of the week have better quality diets than those who eat with their families less frequently. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Social and Cultural Environment Cultural practices and family of origin1 Culture – the knowledge, traditions, beliefs, values and behavioural patterns that are developed, learned, shared, and transmitted by members of a group. Different regions within the same country can have different cultural practices in terms of eating behaviour Immigrants maintain some of their cultural practices in varying degrees - with some influencing eating patterns Cultural rules specify what food is acceptable and appropriate References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011 Laksa photos fromhttps://blog.traveloka.com/en/article/malaysian_laksa/  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Social and Cultural Environment Social structures and policies1 Organizations we belong to have social norms, policies and practices that can have an effect on our eating patterns: Voluntary organizations – religious, social, community organizations Schools Places of work Professional organizations References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Social and Cultural Environment Social structures and policies1 Local, state and national government policy can govern and determine the availability and accessibility of opportunities for healthy eating and active living. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Social and Cultural Environment Social structures and policies1 Local, state and national government policy can govern and determine the availability and accessibility of opportunities for healthy eating and active living. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Economic Determinants Price and resources1 The highest rates of obesity occur among population groups with the highest poverty rates and the least education2. There is an inverse relation between energy density (MJ/kg) and energy cost ($/MJ), such that energy-dense foods composed of refined grains, added sugars, or fats may represent the lowest-cost option to the consumer2. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011 2. Drewnowski A & Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:6-16.  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Economic Determinants Price and resources1 The highest rates of obesity occur among population groups with the highest poverty rates and the least education2. There is an inverse relation between energy density (MJ/kg) and energy cost ($/MJ), such that energy-dense foods composed of refined grains, added sugars, or fats may represent the lowest-cost option to the consumer2. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011 2. Drewnowski A & Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:6-16.  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Economic Determinants Time1 The amount of time people spend on food-related activity depends on many factors including employment outside the home and whether families have children. For many households, time constraints may limit personal investments in healthier behaviours. References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Informational Environment Media and advertising1 Media – the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) regarded collectively. The media is the main source of information about food and nutrition for many people: Print media Newspapers Magazines Digital media TV, internet programmes Social media References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011  Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour Informational Environment Media and advertising1 Advertising – the activity or profession of producing advertisements for commercial products or services 56% of food advertising time on Malaysian TV channels is spent on food/drinks that are high in fat, sugar and salt2. Non-core food advertising, and predominantly sugary drinks are commonly screened on Malaysian TV channels3 References: 1. Contento IR (ed.) Nutrition Education. 2nd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. 2. Karupaiah T et al. What’s on What’s on Malaysian television? - A survey on food advertising targeting children. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008;17 (3):483-491. 3. Ng SH et al. Obesogenic television food advertising to children in Malaysia: sociocultural variations.  Class Discussion 1. Discuss the social and environmental determinants of your eating behaviour during lunch at the university. Physical/Built environment Social/Cultural environment Economic environment Informational environment  Lesson Outcomes Are you able to: Discuss social and environmental determinants of eating behaviour?