191 Questions
What is the term for a fear and avoidance of novel food?
Neophobia
According to the developmental model, social learning can occur at any age.
False
How many exposures are necessary before a food preference shift?
8-10
According to Birch (1999), we are predisposed to learning preference by associating foods with the _______________________ of eating them.
context and consequences
Match the following with their corresponding learning models:
Exposure = Learning through repeated experiences Social learning = Learning through observing and imitating others Associative learning = Learning based on stimulus and response
What is an example of associative learning in the context of eating behavior?
Eating at a favorite restaurant as a reward
Parental modeling has no influence on a child's eating behavior.
False
What is the term for learning through observing and imitating others?
Social learning
According to the developmental model, eating behavior can be modified or learned based on a _______________________ and a response.
stimulus
What is the primary way children learn to accept new foods?
Through exposure
What type of nutrients are involved in personal dietary choices?
All of the above
Obesity System Atlas is a visual map of the factors that determine the condition of obesity.
True
What are the seven key subsystems of the Obesity System Atlas?
Physiology or biology, Individual activity, Physical activity environment, Food consumption, Food production, Individual psychology, Social influences
Understanding eating behaviour helps us observe the complexity of ______________________ determinants of the human diet.
socio-behavioural, economic, environmental, and cultural
Match the following eating behaviours with their descriptions:
Mediterranean Diet = Emphasizes whole grains, fruits, and vegetables Blue Zone = Refers to areas with high longevity rates Ultra-processed food = Food with added sugars, salt, and unhealthy fats Organic food = Grown without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
Why is it important for a dietitian to understand eating behaviour?
All of the above
Diet plays a key role in disease prevention.
True
What is the importance of eating and eating behaviours in disease prevention and health promotion?
Eating and eating behaviours play a crucial role in preventing diseases and promoting health.
Changes in ______________________ factors can affect the human diet and health.
socio-behavioural, economic, environmental, and cultural
What determines an individual's eating habits?
All of the above
Which model of eating behavior emphasizes the interaction between physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects to patient care and patient well-being?
Bio-psycho-social-spiritual model
The cognitive model of food choice only explores the impact of chemical senses on hunger and satiety.
False
What is an example of the psychophysiological model in action?
Nicotine and decrease in food intake
The bio-psycho-social-spiritual model acknowledges the interaction between physical, ___________, social, and spiritual aspects to patient care and patient well-being.
psychological
Which of the following is NOT a factor considered in the bio-psycho-social-spiritual model?
Environmental factors
The cognitive model of food choice is primarily concerned with the impact of stress on eating behavior.
False
What is an example of a nutrient-dense meal?
A meal with friends/family while exchanging smiles, laughter and kindness, following a prayer before the meal
Match the following models of eating behavior with their descriptions:
Cognitive model of food choice = Emphasizes food choice as the end-product of an individual’s cognitions Psychophysiological model = Explores the impact of psychopharmacological drugs and neurochemicals on hunger and satiety Bio-psycho-social-spiritual model = Acknowledges the interaction between physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects to patient care and patient well-being
The psychophysiological model explores the impact of ___________ on hunger and satiety.
psychopharmacological drugs and neurochemicals
The Health Belief Model is a model of eating behavior that considers the interaction between physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects to patient care and patient well-being.
False
What is eating behaviour?
A broad term that encompasses food choice and motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems
Eating is only a biological process.
False
What is the importance of eating and eating behaviours in disease prevention and health promotion?
Eating and eating behaviours play a crucial role in disease prevention and health promotion as they provide energy for living organisms to grow and survive.
Eating behaviour is influenced by factors that are ______ to self and internal to self.
external
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Eating = Ingestion of food; putting food in the mouth, chewing, swallowing Behaviour = The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others Eating Behaviour = A broad term that encompasses food choice and motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems
What is the reason why people eat what they eat?
Because of psychological, social, and environmental factors
Eating is only an individual choice.
False
What is the importance of understanding eating behaviour?
Understanding eating behaviour is important in preventing diseases and promoting health.
Eating behaviour is influenced by factors that are ______ to self, such as environmental factors.
external
What is a factor that influences eating behavior?
All of the above
According to the developmental model, eating behavior can be modified or learned based on a response and a consequence.
True
What is an example of a thematic category in food organization during childhood?
fish and chips
In adulthood, individuals are more likely to change their eating behavior if their intention is supported by their ______________, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
attitude
What is a challenge faced by older adults in preparing nutritious meals?
All of the above
Social and environmental influences only affect eating behavior in adulthood.
False
What is an example of a sensory influence on eating behavior?
smell
Match the following with their corresponding age-related changes in eating behavior:
Infancy to early childhood = First categorization: Food vs non-food Adulthood = Middle-aged adults consider altering food choices for health reasons Older adults = Challenges preparing nutritious meals
The _______________________ model of eating behavior emphasizes the interaction between physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects to patient care and patient well-being.
bio-psycho-social-spiritual
Eating behavior is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What is the primary way children learn to accept new foods in infancy to childhood?
Flavour-Flavour Learning (FFL)
Peer group influence on eating behavior increases with age.
False
What is the definition of a peer group?
A group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests.
Parenting style affects food preference formation, with an authoritarian parent placing high demands on the child and controlling their ________.
behaviour
Match the following parenting styles with their characteristics:
Authoritarian = Places high demands on the child and controls their behaviour Authoritative = Controls child eating behaviour but more communicative with the child Permissive = Indulges the child, setting no restrictions on acceptable and unacceptable behaviour
Media exposure to unhealthy food and beverages contributes to the adoption of healthy habits.
False
What is the result of repeated pairing of a new or disliked food with a familiar and liked taste in Flavour-Flavour Learning (FFL)?
Acceptance of the new food in the absence of the liked taste.
What type of learning involves associating a new food with a high-energy dense ingredient to enhance post-ingestive satiety signals?
Flavour-Nutrient Learning (FNL)
Social learning can occur at any age, from early ________ onwards.
childhood
Eating behavior is influenced by factors that are internal to self only.
False
What is the purpose of socio-ecological models in understanding eating behaviour?
To look beyond the individual self
Eating behaviour is only influenced by internal factors.
False
What are the levels of determinants of factors influencing eating behaviours and food choices?
Knowledge, family, schools, policies and laws, etc.
Eating behaviour and the environment are interconnected, and socio-ecological models help us understand the _______________________ between different levels of the environment.
interactions
Match the following levels of determinants of factors influencing eating behaviours and food choices:
Knowledge = Family Attitude = Peers Beliefs = Social networks
What is the importance of understanding eating behaviour in disease prevention and health promotion?
To understand the complexity of determinants of the human diet
Eating behaviour is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What is the role of socio-ecological models in understanding eating behaviour?
To identify and reflect on the factors that influence people’s food choices and eating behaviours
Eating behaviour is influenced by factors that are __________________ to self, such as environmental factors.
external
What is the name of the hypothesis that suggests adult-onset chronic diseases originate through fetal adaptations to undernourishment?
Barker's hypothesis of 'fetal programming'
Ageing is associated with an increase in appetite.
False
What is the term for the decline in the body's physiological functions with age?
Ageing
Food neophobia is a normal part of the developmental stage of ______________.
early childhood
What influences a child's food acceptance during weaning?
Exposure to different tastes, textures, and appearance
Social learning can only occur during childhood.
False
What influences an individual's eating behavior, according to the bio-psycho-social-spiritual model?
Physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects
According to the bio-psycho-social-spiritual model, eating behavior is influenced by factors that are ______________ to self and internal to self.
external
Match the following periods of human development with their corresponding age ranges:
Prenatal = Conception to Birth Infancy and toddlerhood = Birth to 2 years old Early childhood = 2 years old to 6 years old Middle and late childhood = 6 years old to onset of puberty
What influences a person's food preference?
All of the above
What is the primary biological mechanism that controls hunger and satiety?
Genetic and biological mechanisms
We are born with a preference for sour tastes.
False
What is sensory-specific satiety?
a biologically determined mechanism that makes us tired of one taste and moves us on to another over a short time span
Umami is the 5th taste related to ______________.
glutamate
Match the following biological processes with their descriptions:
Hunger-satiety mechanisms = Controlled by genetic and biological mechanisms Sensory-specific Satiety = Biologically determined mechanism that makes us tired of one taste and moves on to another Obesogenic Environment = Environment that promotes overeating and weight gain
The obesogenic environment has led to a decrease in body weight control.
False
What is the primary influence on food acceptance patterns in infancy and childhood?
biological and sensory experiences
What is the result of having a greater variety of food in a meal?
Greater food intake
We have an unlearned biological predisposition towards liking the ______________ taste.
sweet
Eating behavior is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What is the primary factor that influences people's liking for specific foods and food acceptance patterns?
Physiological conditioning/learning
Conditioned food preferences are a result of social conditioning.
False
What is the term for the process by which people learn to associate certain foods with positive or negative consequences?
Physiological conditioning
Familiarity with a food can lead to a learned sense of ______________, which increases food acceptance.
safety
What is an example of physiological conditioning in eating behavior?
Conditioned satiety
Social conditioning plays a role in shaping people's food preferences and acceptance patterns.
True
What is the term for the process by which people learn to associate certain foods with social and emotional experiences?
Social conditioning
The social-affective context of eating, including ______________, can influence food acceptance patterns.
social modeling
Match the following types of conditioning with their descriptions:
Physiological conditioning = Learning to associate foods with positive or negative consequences Social conditioning = Learning to associate foods with social and emotional experiences
Eating behavior is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What type of determinants of eating behavior focus on experiences within a person?
Intrapersonal
Humans are social creatures and feel compelled to subscribe to what is deemed normal and expected to varying degrees.
True
What are the two categories of person-related determinants of eating behavior?
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Person-related experiences can influence eating behavior through ______________ and knowledge of how food affects health.
social and cultural norms
Match the following with their corresponding types of determinants of eating behavior:
Perceptions and beliefs = Intrapersonal Social and cultural norms = Interpersonal Knowledge of how food affects health = Intrapersonal
What type of influence can social relationships have on eating behavior?
Negotiation with others about what to buy or eat
Eating behavior is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What is the importance of understanding eating behavior?
To observe the complexity of determinants of the human diet
What is the broad term that encompasses food choice and motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems?
Eating behaviour
Eating behavior is influenced by factors that are __________ to self and internal to self.
external
People make conscious decisions about food several times a day.
False
What is an example of a type of knowledge that can influence eating behavior?
All of the above
What are the two types of experiences that influence eating behaviour?
Intrapersonal and interpersonal experiences
Biologically determined predisposition towards food can be modified by _______________ with food.
experience
Match the following experiences with their corresponding influence on eating behaviour:
Intrapersonal experiences = Perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and motivations Interpersonal experiences = Family and social networks
What is the primary factor that determines an individual's eating habits?
All of the above
Eating behaviour is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What is the importance of understanding eating behaviour in disease prevention and health promotion?
It helps to observe the complexity of determinants of the human diet.
Eating behaviour is influenced by factors that are _______________ to self, such as environmental factors.
external
What is the term that encompasses food choice and motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems?
Eating behaviour
What influences eating behaviour according to the intrapersonal determinants?
Perceptions and beliefs
Humans are social creatures and do not feel compelled to subscribe to what is deemed normal and expected.
False
What are the two types of person-related determinants of eating?
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Person-related experiences can influence eating behaviour, including _______________________ determinants (within a person).
Intrapersonal
Match the following with their corresponding person-related determinants of eating:
Perceptions and beliefs = Intrapersonal Social and cultural norms = Intrapersonal Negotiating with others = Interpersonal
What do intrapersonal determinants of eating include?
Perceptions and beliefs, personal meaning, values, attitudes, motivations, knowledge and skills
Eating behaviour is only influenced by biological factors.
False
What are the two types of experiences that can influence eating behaviour?
Person-related and non-person-related
Humans participate in a network of _______________________ (different extensiveness, different density).
social relationships
What influences eating behaviour according to the interpersonal determinants?
Negotiating with others
What is the importance of understanding eating behaviour for a dietitian?
To understand the complexity of determinants of the human diet
True or False: Eating behaviour is only influenced by internal factors.
False
What are the factors that influence eating behaviour?
Intrapersonal factors (perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, motivations, knowledge, and skills) and interpersonal factors (family, social networks)
People develop ______________________ about food through their experiences.
perceptions, expectations, and feelings
What is the primary purpose of hunger-satiety mechanisms in the body?
To regulate food intake
We are born with a predisposition to reject sour and bitter tastes.
True
What is the term for the fifth taste related to glutamate?
Umami
The liking for ______________________ develops several months after birth.
salt
Match the following with their corresponding descriptions:
Hunger-satiety mechanisms = Many genetic and biological mechanisms control hunger and satiety Sensory-specific satiety = We have a biologically determined sensory-specific satiety mechanism Umami = The 5th taste related to glutamate
The preference for fat appears in early adulthood.
False
What is the result of eating a meal with a greater variety of food?
Bigger meal size and greater food intake
What is the term for the biological mechanism that makes us tire of one taste and move on to another over a short time span?
Sensory-specific satiety
Today's obesogenic environment has taken body weight control from an ______________________ process to one that requires substantial cognitive effort.
instinctual (unconscious)
We are born with a predisposition to liking sour and bitter tastes.
False
What is the primary factor that influences people's liking for specific foods and food acceptance patterns?
Physiological conditioning/learning
Food acceptance patterns are influenced by social conditioning.
True
What is the result of physiological conditioning/learning in terms of food acceptance?
Conditioned food preferences and aversions
People's liking for specific foods and food acceptance patterns are a result of _______________________ arising from positive or negative consequences that people experience from repeated exposure to a food.
physiological conditioning/learning
What is an example of physiological conditioning?
Familiarity – learned safety
Food acceptance patterns are influenced by pre- and postnatal experiences.
True
What is the result of social conditioning in terms of food acceptance?
Social-affective context and parenting practices
People's liking for specific foods and food acceptance patterns are a result of _______________________ and social conditioning.
physiological conditioning/learning
Match the following types of conditioning with their descriptions:
Physiological conditioning = arising from positive or negative consequences that people experience from repeated exposure to a food Social conditioning = influenced by social-affective context and parenting practices
What is a factor that influences food acceptance patterns?
All of the above
What is culture according to the social and environmental determinants of eating behavior?
The knowledge, traditions, beliefs, values and behavioral patterns that are developed, learned, shared, and transmitted by members of a group
Immigrants completely abandon their cultural practices in their new country.
False
What are some examples of social structures that can affect our eating patterns?
Voluntary organizations, schools, places of work, and professional organizations
Government policies can govern and determine the availability and accessibility of opportunities for _______________________ eating and active living.
healthy
Match the following with their corresponding influences on eating behavior:
Family dynamics = Family habits and traditions Cultural practices = Cultural food preferences and traditions Social structures = Social norms and policies
Social and environmental factors only affect eating behavior in adulthood.
False
What determines the availability and accessibility of healthy food options?
Government policies
Different regions within the same country can have different _______________________ practices in terms of eating behavior.
cultural
What determines the availability and accessibility of healthy eating and active living opportunities?
Social structures and policies
There is a direct relation between energy density and energy cost.
False
What is the relationship between poverty rates and obesity rates?
The highest rates of obesity occur among population groups with the highest poverty rates and the least education.
The highest rates of obesity occur among population groups with the highest ___________ rates and the least education.
poverty
Match the following with their corresponding effects on eating behavior:
Social structures and policies = Determines the availability and accessibility of opportunities for healthy eating and active living Economic determinants = Affects the cost and availability of healthy food options Cultural influences = Shapes food preferences and eating habits Family dynamics = Influences eating habits and food choices
Government policies have no impact on the availability of healthy food options.
False
What is the relationship between energy density and energy cost?
There is an inverse relation between energy density (MJ/kg) and energy cost ($/MJ).
What is a factor that influences eating behavior in the home environment?
Accessibility of food
Eating with others always has a negative impact on healthy eating.
False
What is a primary determinant of eating behavior?
Social and environmental factors
Who may have limited accessibility to food sources?
Elderly, Physically impaired, Lower-income group
The type of food available in neighbourhood grocery stores can influence what people _______ and consume.
buy
Match the following environments with their characteristics:
Home = Food is accessible and ready to be eaten Workplace = Food is available and accessible School = Food is available and accessible
Social relations have no impact on eating habits.
False
Why is it important to understand eating behaviour?
To observe the complexity of determinants of the human diet.
What can influence an individual's eating habits?
All of the above
What factor can limit personal investments in healthier behaviors?
Time constraints
The majority of food advertising time on Malaysian TV channels is spent on healthy food options.
False
What is the primary source of information about food and nutrition for many people?
The media
The amount of time people spend on food-related activities depends on factors including _______________ and whether families have children.
employment outside the home
Match the following types of media with their descriptions:
Print media = Newspapers, magazines Digital media = TV, internet programs, social media
Advertising is a significant source of information about food and nutrition for many people.
True
What type of food/drinks are commonly advertised on Malaysian TV channels?
Food/drinks high in fat, sugar, and salt
What is the impact of the availability of fast-food outlets with close proximity in residential areas on children?
Associated with being overweight
Food availability refers to the convenience and readiness of a food.
False
What are the two aspects of food availability and accessibility in relation to the food system?
Food availability - the array of food options that are present in the food system that are acceptable and affordable; Food accessibility - the convenience and readiness of a food.
The built environment includes aspects such as ________________, homes, schools, and workplaces.
Food outlets, parks, industrial areas, and highways
Match the following elements of the built environment with their potential impact on health:
Food outlets = Associated with being overweight Homes = Influences food availability and accessibility Parks = Encourages physical activity
The physical environment has no impact on eating behavior.
False
How does the availability of vegetables and fruits compare to processed food in terms of accessibility?
Vegetables and fruits are often less accessible than processed food.
What is the significance of understanding the physical environment in relation to eating behavior?
It influences food availability and accessibility
Study Notes
- Understanding Eating Behaviour
- Understanding eating behaviour is crucial for human health and disease prevention. Eating behaviour is a complex process influenced by various factors such as cognitive models, psychophysiological models, bio-psycho-social-spiritual models, and developmental models. These models take into account an individual's biological, psychological, social, and spiritual needs and experiences.
- Biological Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Biological determinants include genetic predispositions, visceral and autonomic nervous system, gut-brain axis, and the influence of hormones and neurotransmitters. Biological factors such as age, sex, and health status can also influence eating behaviour. Moreover, nutritional needs and preferences, such as taste and texture, play a significant role in shaping eating behaviour.
- Psychological Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Psychological determinants include past experiences, emotions, and motivations that influence eating behaviour. Cognitive factors such as attitudes, beliefs, and self-efficacy can also impact eating behaviour. Furthermore, personality traits, such as optimism and pessimism, can influence eating behaviour.
- Social Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Social determinants of eating behaviour include family and social networks, culture, and socioeconomic status. Social relationships, such as eating with family or friends, can influence eating habits. Additionally, social norms, such as what is deemed normal and expected, can impact eating behaviour.
- Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Environmental determinants include the physical and social environment in which an individual eats. Factors such as the availability and accessibility of food, the type of food available, and the physical activity and nutrition environment can influence eating behaviour.
- Food-Related Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Food-related determinants include the sensory qualities of food, such as taste, texture, and smell, as well as the cultural and social meanings associated with food. Additionally, the food environment, including the availability and accessibility of food, can influence eating behaviour.
- Person-Related Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Person-related determinants include an individual's personality, attitudes, and values that shape eating behaviour. Furthermore, personal experiences, such as past experiences with food and eating, can influence eating behaviour.
- Interpersonal Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Interpersonal determinants include social interactions, such as parent-child relationships, peer relationships, and romantic relationships, which can influence eating behaviour. Additionally, social networks, such as social media and online platforms, can impact eating behaviour.
- Socio-Ecological Determinants of Eating Behaviour
- Socio-ecological determinants include the interplay between individual, social, and environmental factors that influence eating behaviour. This includes factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, and cultural background, which can impact eating habits.
- Public Health Interventions for Healthy Eating
- Public health interventions aimed at promoting healthy eating practices should consider the complex interplay between biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence eating behaviour. Interventions should be tailored to the individual's needs and circumstances and address the socio-ecological determinants of eating behaviour.
Learn about the complex process of food choice, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems, including cognitive models and psychophysiological influences.
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