History Of Social Science PDF

SOC SCI 001 Applied social science is a holistic field that goes beyond individual social science #1 disciplines t...

SOC SCI 001 Applied social science is a holistic field that goes beyond individual social science #1 disciplines to address a wide range of HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE contemporary issues in an innovative and dynamic manner. It seeks to deeply o In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, understand social systems, theories, and there was a shift from broad moral and policies by integrating theoretical political philosophy to specialized knowledge, social research, practical skills, disciplines, shaping new ideas about and critical thinking. This broad discipline human behavior and society. draws on diverse social theories and o By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, practices to tackle the complexities of social issues investigations led to distinct social problems. Applied social science social science fields in universities. emphasizes active engagement with o In the 1920s and 1930s, disciplines society to provide varied perspectives and consolidated with influential research solutions, highlighting its focus on practical programs, some gaining intellectual application and integration rather than prominence despite lacking stable being a mere collection of specialized institutional support. disciplines. o Post-World War II, disciplines internationalized and professionalized, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND facing pressure to link with policy-making. APLLIED SCIENCE o Today, social sciences are firmly rooted in Social Science are more specific and academia, prompting a review of their focused on a distinct facet of a social phenomenon. foundations and sparking discussions on their connections with other fields and Applied Science attempts to focus on society. distinct issue but use insights arising from various social science discipline. DEFINING SOCIAL SCIENCE “While social science may explore broadly their Seligman - “The term social sciences thus distinct disciplines, some of their input may easily embrace all those subjects which deal with become applied while others may remain the relationship of man to the society” theoretical. When social science theories, Mitchell - “the term social science is concepts, methods, and findings gain application to loosely applied to any kind of study problems identified in the wider society, then concerning man and society.” applied social science is achieved.” Fairchild – “social science as a general term for all the sciences which are FOCUS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE concerned with the human affairs.” 1.Change in human relationship and Peter Lewis – “social sciences are reinterpretation between the present and past concerned with the laws that govern events. society and the social department of man.” 2. Human activities and spatial distributions an Social sciences study human society, human interaction of culture, biological and physical behavior, institutions, and interpersonal elements. relationships within society. They focus on social phenomena and various aspects of human affairs. 3. Basic social systems, institutions and recesses. DEFINITION OF APPLIED SCIENCE 4. Relationships between individual and 2. Counseling provides healing, courage, and institutions; and among political economic and strength for an individual to face his/her issues and social institutions. take up the best possible option in moments of life crises. 5. The nature of societies and authors; and the interactions of people with each other and their 3. The social work promotes social change, problem social and physical environment. solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL SCIENCE their holistic well-being. Social science, distinct from natural sciences like physics and biology, focuses on human interactions, societal development, and #2 functioning, rather than studying the physical DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL world. These disciplines emphasize understanding SCIENCE relationships within societies and often use qualitative research methods and interpretation. COUNSELING - supportive and therapeutic process, provides a space for individuals to explore their Applied Science, involves applying thoughts, feeling and behavior. theories, methods, and findings from social sciences to address societal issues. This approach - Helping approaches the highlight leads to the creation of applied social sciences, the emotional and intellectual such as counseling, social work, and experience of a client. communication, which stem from segmenting - Know himself and present and social science into specific disciplines for practical possible situation and to solve his application. own problem through a face relationship with counselor Functions and Effects of Applied Social Sciences Social sciences are described as generators of DISCIPLINE – associated with rules and boundaries. knowledge. it embraces broader perspective. Empower individuals to take responsibility for their actions, 1. They generate knowledge in an organized way for make informed choices and ultimately achieve evidence-based actions and solutions to social growth. problems and issues. They provide learning feedback by simultaneously engaging the experts and the stakeholders that form a social world Goals 2. They cause social sciences to do things rather than just remain a source of factual knowledge with Underpinning the diversity of theoretical models little or no utility at all. and social purposes are a variety of ideas about the aims of Counseling and therapy. Some of the 3. They generate practical solutions to complex different aims that are espoused either explicitly or social problems. implicitly by counsellors are listed: Sample of practical function and effect of applied Insight. A deep understanding or a clear social science: perception of a situation or a fact that is gained through thought, experience, or learning. 1. Communication provides accessibility to information and thereby serves the rights of an individual and the public to be informed and to he heard by their elders and communities  Relating with others pass on knowledge (generativity) and to contribute to the collective good through political engagement. Becoming better able to form and maintain and community work. relationship meaningful and satisfying relationships with other people. Scope Self-awareness. Becoming more aware of The field of counseling and psychotherapy thoughts and feelings or developing a more represents a synthesis of ideas from science, accurate sense of how self is perceived by others. philosophy, religion and the arts. Self-acceptance. The development of positive Assisting the students to make right choice in attitude towards self, ability to acknowledge areas academic and nonacademic purists. of experience that had been the subject of self- Making him realize his potentialities to make criticism and rejection. maximum contribution to the welfare of society. Self-actualization or individualization. Moving in Assisting him to make proper and satisfactory the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an adjustments for improved academic achievement. integration of previously conflicting parts of self. Guidance and counseling are not restricted to Enlightenment. Assisting the client to arrive at a problem solving situations only, it is for helping the higher state of spiritual awakening. student to achieve all-around growth throughout Problem Solving. Finding a solution to a specific one’s life. problem that the client had not been able to COUNSELING is short term while the resolve alone. PSYCHOTHERAPY is long term procedure. Psychological Education. Enabling the client to Core Values acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behavior. The counselor needs to be prepared to suggest or explore patterns as a part of larger picture. Remain Acquisition of Social Skills. Learning and alert to emotion and behavior that present mastering social and interpersonal skills such as themselves from the individual as potential insight maintenance of eye contact, assertiveness or anger into thought patterns and interpretations of events. control. The potential of every human being to change Cognitive Change. The modification or and to continue learning throughout the lifespan, replacement of irrational beliefs or maladaptive in formal and informal settings, and especially in thought patterns associated with self-destructive the environment of counseling and psychological behavior. services. Behavior Change. The modification or Strong relationships as the primary vehicle in replacement of maladaptive behavior or self- helping others to learn new ways of thinking, destructive pattern of behavior. feeling and behaving and partnering with other Systematic Change. Introducing change into the offices to provide comprehensive mental health way in that social systems (e.g. families) operate. services to students.’ Restitution. Helping the client to make amends An emphasis on prevention mental health for previous wrong or harm that has been done. problems via education, intervention and outreach into the university community. Generativity and social action. Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and  Training new professionals and support for on- #3 going training of staff DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL Respect for diversity of individuals, their cultures, SCIENCE languages, lifestyles, identities, ideologies, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COUNSELING AND intellectual capacities, personalities, and PYSCHOTHERAPY capabilities to expand our learning opportunities and understand of global connections. Content Counseling Psychotherapy Length of short term long term Principles treatment Counseling is a process that enables clients to make Seriousness less serious More serious and follow through on decisions. of issue issue presenting Principle of Acceptance. Each client must accept issue as an individual and dwelt with as such. The Physical Outpatient Inpatient counselor should give, due regard to the rights of location of setting setting the client. treatment Focus of Present issue Past issue Principle of Permissiveness. Counseling is such a treatment relationship which develops optimism and the Type of Developmental Long term environment shapes according to the person. All presenting issue personality thoughts accept the relative relationship of issue disorder counseling. mental illness Outcome Facilitates Offers insight Principle of Respect for the Individual. All the action schools of thoughts of counseling advocate for the respect of the individual i.e., respecting an individual’s feelings must be an integral part of What is counseling? counseling process. -professional relationship that empowers diverse Principle of Thinking with the Individual. It is individuals, families, and groups to accomplish essential to differentiate think for whom? And ‘why mental health, wellness, education, and career to think? It is the role of the counselor the think goals. about all the forces around the client to join client -can offer the right individual a rewarding career thought process and to work collectively with the path in a health profession that is growing. client regarding his problem. -requires a strong desire to interact with people, Principle of Learning. All the assumption of exceptional communication skills, and an ability to counseling accepts the presence of learning complete a graduate degree. elements in the counseling process. Principle of Consistency with ideals of Democracy. All the principles with ideals of democracy. The ideals of democracy desire to accept a person and want to respect the rights of others. Function of School Counselors Coordination of guidance services, including testing, career information, The term “function” refers to the specific duties educational placement, and orientation. performed by individuals in the role of schools’ counselors. list of tasks is limited, yet typical: The developed comprehensive guidance model that placed functions into four components register and schedule all new students. 1. GUIDANCE CURRICULUM - covers the responsible for administering the test. delivery of classroom lesson plans to all teach classes when teachers are absent. students in the school, as well as consultation with teachers and other send students home that are school personnel so that they can provide inappropriately dressed. additional guidance. 2. RESPONSIVE SERVICE - services cover assist with duties in the principal’s office. critical incidents and crisis intervention. compute grade point averages. 3. INDIVIDUAL PLANNING - covers future and career planning for each student. oversee student records 4. SYSTEM SUPPORT - supporting role a assigned lunchrooms duty and supervise guidance counselor plays within a study halls. complete school system. The American Counseling Association (ASCA) has Areas of Specialization in Psychology devised a description that helps define the function Clinical Psychology of a school counselor. The definition views assess and treat people with guidance counselors are consulting agents, psychological problems. They may act as coordinators, and counselors. Other models exist therapist for people experiencing normal that attempts to explain various counselor psychological crisis (e.g., grief) or for functions. individuals suffering from chronic The grouped counselor functions into six categories psychiatric disorders that focus mainly on the development of the Cognitive Psychology student: study cognitive processes such as how people know things, think about Individual counseling with at-risk or high things, and organize things in their minds. priority students. Community Psychology These psychologists are Small group counseling, preferably with concerned with communities of people four or five members that meet a rather than individuals. This is like minimum of once per week. sociology. Large group classroom guidance. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY tend to focus more on persons Peer facilitator programs with adjustment problems and problems Consultation with teachers, normally encountered in the life span administration, school personnel, and rather than on persons suffering from parents. severe psychological disorders  DEVELOPMENTAL PYSCHOLOGY and more readily observable phenomena how we develop intellectually, (e.g., behavioral changes as a function of socially, and emotionally over the life span. drug use or the biological/genetic roots of Some focus on just one period of life psychiatric disorders). EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOMETRICS concerned with the study of These are the number-crunchers human learning. They attempt to of psychology. They are trained extensively understand the basic aspects of learning in quantitative methods (numbers and and then develop materials and strategies statistics). Students of psychometrics focus for enhancing the learning process. almost entirely on designing systems to EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY acquire and scrutinize information. This area includes a diverse group Psychometric psychologists most often of psychologists who do research in the work in university, corporate, or most basic areas of psychology (e.g., government settings learning, memory, cognition, perception, SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY motivation, and language). Their research enhancing the development of may be conducted with animals instead of children in educational settings. They humans. assess children's psycho-educational FORENSIC PYSCHOLOGY abilities and recommend actions to Involved in analyzing crime facilitate student learning. evidence and aiding law enforcement SOCIAL PYSCHOLOGY agencies in criminal investigations. Social psychologists study how HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are the promotion and maintenance affected by other people. of good health and the prevention and Career Opportunities of Counselors treatment of illness. They may design and conduct programs to help individuals stop help others to recognize their smoking, lose weight, manage stress, and talents and identify their goals while stay physical fit. working toward careers. HUMAN FACTOR PSYCHOLOGY Human Factors researchers study Career options in Guidance and Counseling the human/machine interface Guidance counselors generally work in INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL public and private schools, where they meet with PSYCHOLOGY students individually or with entire classes for They are primarily concerned with the relationships between people and special events, such as substance abuse lectures their work environments. and college recruitment information. NEURPSYCHOLOGY are concerned with brain/behavior relationships. They may be involved in clinical work, in the assessment of brain-damaged patients, or in research. PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY study the physiological correlates of behavior. They study both very basic processes (e.g., how brain cell’s function) Client Expectations, Right and Responsibilities Request copies of records and reports to Professional counselors are required to be used by other counseling follow the ethical standards of professional professionals. bodies such as the National Board for Certified Received a copy of the code of ethics to Counselors, the American Counseling which your counselor adheres. Association, the American Psychological Contact the appropriate professional Association or the National Career Development organization if you have doubts or Association. complaints relative to the counselor’s conduct. Your right as a consumer Terminate the relationship at any time. Be informed of the qualifications of your counselor: education, experience, Your Responsibilities as a Client professional counseling certifications, and license. Set and keep appointments with your counselor. Let him or her know as soon Receive an explanation of services as possible if you cannot keep an offered, your time commitments, fee appointment. scales, and billing policies prior to receipt of services. Pay your fees in accordance with the schedule you pre-established with the Be informed of the limitations of the counselor counselor’s practice to special areas of expertise (career development, ethnic Help plan your goals group, etc.) or group age Follow through with agreed upon goals Have all that you say treated Keep your counselor informed of your confidentially and be informed of any progress towards meeting your goals. state laws practicing limitations on confidentiality in the counseling Terminate your counseling relationship relationship. before entering arrangements with another counselor. Ask questions about the counseling techniques and strategies and be informed of your progress. If you are Dissatisfied with the Services Participate in setting goals and of a Counselor evaluating progress toward meeting Remember that a counselor who meets them. the needs of one person may be wrong for Be informed of how to contact the another. If you are dissatisfied with the services counselor in an emergency situation. of your counselor: Request referral for a second opinion at Express your concern directly to the any time counselor, if possible. Seek the advice of the counselor’s supervisor if the counselor is practicing  in a setting where he or she receives g) Research and Publication, and direct supervision. h) Resolving Ethical Issues Terminate the counseling relationship if the situations remain unresolved. Section A: The Counseling Relationship Contact the appropriate state licensing board, national certification Counselors must wait five years after the organization, or professional association, counselor-client relationship has ended if you believe the counselor’s conduct to before engaging in any romantic or be unethical. sexual relations with the client, a client’s family members, or a client’s romantic partner. Ethical Practices Avoidance of nonprofessional Career professionals adhere to relationships with clients is not always professional ethical principles. Ethical standards possible, and may even be beneficial are designed to serve the best interests of the (e.g., attending formal ceremonies, clients. These standards govern topics such as hospital visits, membership in professional practices, counselor-client community organizations, commerce), relationships, the provision of services and the when conducting with caution. Informed use of assessment and evaluation in counseling. consent includes, but not limited to: Purpose, goals, techniques, procedures, ACA Code of Ethics limitations, potential risk, and benefits of services; the counselor’s qualifications, The code addresses the responsibilities credentials, and relevant experience; the of professional counselors toward their clients, intended use of test and report, fees, colleagues, workplace, and themselves by and billing arrangements; the right to delineating the ideal standards for conducting confidentiality and limitations; one’s behavior. continuation of services should the counselor become incapacitated; obtain clear information about their records; All ACA members must abide by the participate in ongoing treatment Code: planning; and right to refuse treatment The Code has eight sections: at any time and the potential consequences for doing so. a) The Counseling Relationship, Balance assent from minors and those b) Confidentiality, Privileged incapable of giving consent with those of Communication, and Privacy, parents and family member who hold c) Professional Responsibility the legal rights of consent, protection, d) Relationships with other Professionals, and decision making on their behalf. e) Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation, f) Supervision, Training, and Teaching  Section B: Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy Section D: Relationships with other Be respectful of different views and Professional inform clients with whom, when, and Become knowledgeable about how information will be shared. colleagues and develop positive working Take precautions to ensure relationships and communication confidentiality when using technologies systems. such as computers, electronic mail, or Be respectful of different approaches to voicemail counseling services as well as the Maintain the confidentiality of traditions and practices of other deceased clients as is consistent with professional groups. legal requirements and policies Work to develop and strengthen Inform parents and legal guardians of relations with interdisciplinary the confidential nature of the colleagues. counseling relationship as well as establish a working relationship with them to better save clients. Section E: Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation Consider, social and personal factors Section C: Professional Responsibility when making assessments. Be alert to signs of personal impairment Be aware of social and historical and refrain from providing or offering prejudices in the anthologizing and services if the impairment could misdiagnosis of specific individuals and potentially harm a client. groups and be cognizant of the role of Assist supervisors or colleagues in mental health professionals in the recognizing impairment and if necessary, continuation of these problems. aid, intervention, or consultation. Generate objective findings that are Designate a specific colleague or supported by appropriate techniques “records custodian” and create a proper and information when conducting plan for file and client transfer of forensic evaluations. incapacitation, termination of practice, or death Section F: Supervision, Training, and Use techniques, modalities, or Teaching procedures that have a scientific or empirical foundation and are grounded in theory. Otherwise, techniques must Foster professional relationships and be labeled as “unproven” or create appropriate boundaries with “developing” students. Be accurate, honest, and fair during the training and assessment of students.  Section G: Research and Publication #4 Take the appropriate steps to destroy EDUCATIONAL COUNSELING any documents or records that contain The term educational counseling has been confidential data or may identify rooted deeply with the problems and conditions of research participants within a school and college going students. reasonable period after the completion of a research study or project. COMMUNITY COUNSELING Do not plagiarize or present another takes the service outside of the hospital person's work as your own. and puts it directly into the community, and that’s where this particularly type of counseling gets its When reviewing documents in a name. instead of visiting hospital, patients can professional capacity, counselors should generally visit their counselor at a smaller, private make valid publications decisions, practice. review materials in a timely manner, avoid biases, and only evaluate COUNSELING SERVICE documents that fall within one’s field of Counseling is the service offered to the competency. individual who is undergoing a problem and needs professional help to overcome it Section H: Resolving Ethical Issues According to ANDREW AND WILLEY, counseling involves two individuals: If there is a conflict between ethical responsibilities and laws, professional 1.One is seeking help counselors should make known their 2.Professionaly trained person help solves commitment to the Code of Ethics and problem. work to alleviate the conflict. Counselors may follow legal requirements or Counseling service are therefore required regulations if the ethical conflict cannot for individuals having developmental problems be resolved in this manner. because of the handicap they suffer in any area of emotional either because of hereditary factors or Seek out further action such as referring environment conditions. to voluntary national certification bodies, or any suitable institution authorities when informal resolution is not appropriate, or the issue is not properly resolved. Do not deny a person’s advancement, admission to academic programs, employment, promotion, or tenure based only upon their having made either an ethics complaint nor their being the subject of an ethics complaint. Counseling Process used and the purpose for using them will be explained to the client Process in counseling is defined as series of stages gone through by the counsellor to help the client 3. TERMINATION STAGE/PHASE understand and or solved a problem. - bringing an end to the counselling relationship The process of arriving at a solution may take some between the counsellor and client. time (sessions) before the desired goal is achieved. Different reasons have been given by Counseling process according to Okobiah has four many authors on why a counselling relationship phases or stages. may end or terminate 1.INTERVIEW PHASE 1.COUNSELING GOALS ARE ACHIEVED -referred to as the familiarization, orientation or When these goals have been realized to introductory stage the satisfaction of the client and counsellor, the -start well determines the success of the other relationship can be called off temporarily or stages and the entire counseling relationship. permanently. -This is done by asking the client to sit down, so that 2. Uncooperative Attitude from the Client the client would be emotionally relaxed in the discover that the client he or she is dealing counsellor’s office. with is not cooperating with him, especially when -r enquires about the client's name, class, parents, the client is a referred person, the counsellor friends, progress in school and his mission to the should still try his best to make the client counsellor’s office. This should be done with understand why he or she needs counselling. caution so that the client does not feel as being 3. Client may Decide Not to Continue interrogated The counsellor and client may enter into a 2. WORKING PHASE/STAGE counselling relationship without any problem. After -fully engages the client in discussion about what to some time, the client may decide to continue for do and how it will be done concerning the problem reasons best known to him of the client 4.Referral to an Expert/Specialist -. He uses questioning techniques to make the The counsellor may discover that the client client open-up. Questions such as: Are you okay? has problem that is beyond his competence, area Can I help you? What is the matter? What has and experience, when this happens the client brought you to my office? The counsellor having should be referred to the appropriate quarters for listened to the client will suggest different specialized treatment techniques depending on the nature of the problem can be handled 5.Practicum/Internship may end before the counseling Goals are Achieved -uses techniques such as responding, exploring, restatement, interpretation, confrontation, There are instances when the counselee in unconditional positive regards, empathy, silence question is a student, either undergraduate or and catharsis to diagnose the problem. postgraduate, posted to a school for practicum exercise. There may be instance when the -tells the client that counselling aids such as practicum period will end without the counsellor cassettes, radio, video, and tape recorder may be achieving his purpose or the school may close for holiday, when this happens the relationship can Confrontation. The confrontation that should terminated temporarily or permanently happen here is within the client. The client should be able speed at which they do this should be 6.Death of Counsellor or Client discussed between to self-examine themselves when the counsellor or client dies during counseling. 7. Follow-Up Stage/Phase Congruence: This has to do with the counselor being genuine with their feedback and beliefs This is the stage in a counselling process that you about their client's situation and progress. the counsellor will want to know what is happening to your client after termination. Core Conditions: This technique in counseling goes over some essential traits that the counselor needs to integrate for effective counseling, which Counselling Strategy are: positive regard, empathy, congruence or genuineness, and warmth. Strategy in counselling is basically the technique or method used during counselling to Encouraging:. This technique asks that the understand and find solution to a problem counselor focus on the client's strengths and assets presented by the client. Strategies are tools used by to help them see themselves in a positive light. This the counsellor to handle problems. will help with the client's progression. Information Sheet Engagement: As a therapist, having a good, yet professional relationship with your client is Counselling is an approach for assisting people essential.. during and in the immediate aftermath of a pandemic, to reduce initial distress, and short and Focusing: Focusing can help the counselor long-term adaptive functioning. determine what the client needs to obtain next from their services. Immediacy: The technique of the counselor COUNSELING TECHNIQUES speaking openly about something that is occurring in the present moment. Spheres of Influence: This assessment tool will get the individual to look at areas of their life and Listening Skills: The counselor should do this by see which areas may be impacting and influencing showing attentiveness in non- verbal ways, such as: them. The person's job is to figure out which summarizing, capping, or matching the body systems in their life give them strength, and which language of their clients. ones give them stress. Open-Ended Questions: Open ended questions Clarification: A counselor should often ask their encourage people in a counseling session to give client to clarify what they are telling them to make more details on their discussion sure they understand the situation correctly. This avoid any misconceptions or avoid them having to Paraphrasing: This technique will show clients make any assumptions that could hinder their that the counselor is listening to their information feedback. and processing what they have been telling them. Client Expectations: When a person enters Positive Asset Search: helps clients think up their therapy, they should voice their opinions about positive strengths and attributes to get them into a counseling and their beliefs about treatment. strong mindset about themselves.  Reflection of Feeling: show their clients that they Soon enough, the client will get used to the routine, are fully aware of the feelings that their client is and this establishes comfort and trust in experiencing. They can do this by using exact words counseling. and phrases that their client is expressing to them. Hierarchy of Needs: This technique involves the Miracle Question: The technique of asking a counselor assessing their client’s level of needs as question of this sort will help the client see the based on the progress that they are making. The world in a different way or perspective: "What needs that they will factor in are psychological would your world look like if a miracle occurred? needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self- What would that miracle be and how would it esteem needs and self-actualization needs. change things?" Stages of Change: By assessing a client's needs, a counselor can determine the changes that need to occur for their client, and when they should take place.. Trustworthiness: The counselor must create an environment for their client as such that their client - feels that they have the capacity to trust their counselor Capping: Capping involves changing a conversation's direction from emotional to cognitive if the counselor feels their client's emotions need to be calmed or regulated. Working Alliance: This technique involves the client and therapist being active collaborators during counseling and agreeing upon goals of treatment that are necessary, as well as how to achieve those goals. Proxemics: By studying their client’s body orientations, the counselor can determine mood, feelings, and reactions. Self-Disclosure: The counselor will make note when personal information is disclosed at certain points of therapy. This technique will help the counselor learn more about the client and use this information only to benefit them. Structuring: When the individual enters counseling, the counselor should discuss the agenda for the day with their client, the activities, and the processes that they will go through. This technique in counseling will help the client understand their counselor’s train of thought into determining how this routine will work for them.