UENR Introduction L1, 2 & 5 PDF

Lecture 1: Human Anatomy 1 Course Code:101; Credits Hours:3 An Introduction to the Human Body Ba-Etilayoo Atinga UENR NURSING, 2019. 1 COURSE DESCRIPTION ◼ This course is designed to introduce students to the general structure of the human body. Skeleta...

Lecture 1: Human Anatomy 1 Course Code:101; Credits Hours:3 An Introduction to the Human Body Ba-Etilayoo Atinga UENR NURSING, 2019. 1 COURSE DESCRIPTION ◼ This course is designed to introduce students to the general structure of the human body. Skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. ◼ Diagrams of anatomical structures are presented and students are exposed to anatomical models and preserved body parts in the laboratory to aid understanding. UENR NURSING, 2019. 2 COURSE OBJECTIVES Upon the completion of the course the student should be able to describe in details: ❑ The structure and composition of a typical cell. ❑ Different types of cell. ❑ The various tissues in the body ❑ Identify the various regions of the body and name the organs that they contain ❑ Identify the various types of bones that make up the skeleton UENR NURSING, 2019. 3 COURSE OBJECTIVES ◼ Describe types of joints and the muscles associated with them ◼ Describe the various types of muscle tissues ◼ Describe the major muscles, their positions, points of origin and insertions ◼ Describe with a diagram the structure of the cardiovascular system ◼ Describe the structure of the respiration system ◼ Describe the lymphatic system UENR NURSING, 2019. 4 COURSE CONTENT ◼ Organization of the human body: cell, tissue, organs, system ◼ Anatomical positions, direction and planes ◼ Structure of a cell, plasma membrane. ◼ Types of Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous ◼ Cavities of the body: ventral, dorsal ◼ The skeletal system: types of bone, bones of the head and trunk, bones of the limbs, Joints or articulations; the different groups of joints, types of synovial joints UENR NURSING, 2019. 5  COURSE OBJECTIVES ◼ The muscular system: types of muscle tissue, major muscles of the body. ◼ The cardio vascular system: structure of the heart and major blood vessels, blood; the composition of blood. ◼ The lymphatic system; Components; lymphatic nodes, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic ducts, lymphatic vessels. The spleen. ◼ The respiratory system: structures of the respiratory system; nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea. Structure of the lungs; bronchi, helium of the lung, the pleura. UENR NURSING, 2019. 6 STUDENT EVALUATION ◼ 40% - Continuous Assessment (Attendance, Assignments, Quizzes, Mid Semester Examination) ◼ 60% - End of Semester examination (includes practical) UENR NURSING, 2019. 7 Overview ◼ Meaning of anatomy and physiology ◼ Organization of the human body and properties ◼ Regulation of internal environment ◼ Basic vocabulary UENR NURSING, 2019. 8 Anatomy and Physiology Defined ◼ Two branches of science that deal with body’s parts and function ❑ Anatomy ◼ The science of body structures and relationships ◼ First studies by dissection (cutting apart) ◼ Imaging techniques ❑ Physiology ◼ The science of body functions UENR NURSING, 2019. 9 Subspecialties of Anatomy and Physiology UENR NURSING, 2019. 10 Structure and Function ◼ Structure and function of the body are closely related ◼ Structure of a part of the body allows performance of certain functions ❑ Examples: ◼ Bones of the skull provide protection for the brain ◼ Thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of oxygen UENR NURSING, 2019. 11 Levels of Structural Organization ◼ Six levels of organization UENR NURSING, 2019. 12  2 2 CELLULAR LEVEL 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL 3 TISSUE 3 LEVEL Smooth muscle cell Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Smooth muscle tissue Molecule (DNA) Serous 4 ORGAN 4 LEVEL membrane 5 SYSTEM 5 LEVEL Esophagus Smooth muscle Liver tissue layers Stomach Stomach Pancreas Epithelial Gallbladder tissue Small intestine Large intestine Digestive system UENR NURSING, 2019. 13 6 ORGANISMAL LEVEL Levels of structural organization ◼ CHEMICAL LEVEL ❑ Basic level ◼ Atoms the smallest unit of matter ❑ Essential atoms for life include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur ◼ Molecules two or more atoms joined together ❑ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ❑ Glucose UENR NURSING, 2019. 14 Levels of structural organization ◼ CELLULAR LEVEL ❑ Molecules combine to form cells ◼ Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism ◼ Many kinds of cells in the body ◼ Muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells, etc. UENR NURSING, 2019. 15 Levels of structural organization ◼ TISSUE LEVEL ❑ Tissues are groups of cells and materials surrounding them ◼ Four basic types of tissues: ❑ Epithelial ❑ Connective ❑ Muscular ❑ Nervous UENR NURSING, 2019. 16 Levels of structural organization ◼ ORGAN LEVEL ❑ Tissues are joined together to form organs ◼ Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues ◼ Specific functions and recognizable shapes ❑ Examples: ❑ Heart, lungs, kidneys ❑ Stomach is made of several tissues ❑ Serous membrane, smooth muscle and epithelial layers for digestion UENR NURSING, 2019. 17 Levels of structural organization ◼ SYSTEM LEVEL ❑ A system consists of related organs with a common function ❑ Organ-system level ◼ Digestive system breaks down and absorbs food ◼ It includes organs such as the mouth, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas ◼ Eleven systems of the human body UENR NURSING, 2019. 18 Table 1.2 UENR NURSING, 2019. 19 Table 1.2 UENR NURSING, 2019. 20 Table 1.2 UENR NURSING, 2019. 21 Levels of structural organization ◼ ORGANISMAL LEVEL ❑ An organism or any living individual ❑ All parts of the body functioning together UENR NURSING, 2019. 22 Clinical Connection: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques ◼ Used to assess aspects of body structure and function ❑ Inspection of the body to observe any changes ◼ Palpation ❑ Gently touching body surfaces with hands ◼ Auscultation or ❑ listening to body sounds (stethoscope) ◼ Percussion ❑ Tapping on the body surface with fingertips and listening to echoes UENR NURSING, 2019. 23 Characteristics of Living Human Organism ◼ Basic Life Processes ❑ Distinguish living from non-living things ❑ Six important life process ◼ Metabolism ◼ Responsiveness ◼ Movement ◼ Growth ◼ Differentiation ◼ Reproduction UENR NURSING, 2019. 24 Metabolism and Responsiveness ◼ Metabolism ❑ Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body ◼ Catabolism or the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components ◼ Anabolism or the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components ◼ Responsiveness ❑ Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes ◼ Decrease in body temperature ◼ Responding to sound ◼ Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting) UENR NURSING, 2019. 25 Movement and Growth ◼ Movement ❑ Motion of the whole body ◼ Organs, cells, and tiny subcellular structures ◼ Leg muscles move the body from one place to another ◼ Growth ❑ Increase in body size ◼ Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both ◼ In bone growth materials between cells increase UENR NURSING, 2019. 26 Differentiation and Reproduction ◼ Differentiation ❑ Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state ◼ Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells ◼ Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation ◼ Reproduction ❑ Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) ❑ Production of a new individual UENR NURSING, 2019. 27 Clinical Connection: Autopsy ◼ Postmortem (after death) examination of the body and internal organs ◼ Several uses: ❑ Determine the cause of death ❑ Identify diseases not detected during life ❑ Determine the extent of injuries and contribution to death ❑ Hereditary conditions UENR NURSING, 2019. 28 Clinical Connection: Diagnosis of Disease ◼ Distinguishing one disorder or disease from another ❑ Signs and symptoms ❑ Medical history ◼ Collecting information about event ◼ Present illnesses and past medical problems ❑ Physical examination ◼ Orderly evaluation of the body and its function ◼ Noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse) UENR NURSING, 2019. 29 Basic Anatomical Terminology ◼ Common language referring to body structures and their functions ◼ Anatomists use standard anatomical position and special vocabulary in relating body parts UENR NURSING, 2019. 30 Body Positions ◼ Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance ◼ Anatomical position ❑ Body upright ❑ Standing erect facing the observer ❑ Head and eyes facing forward ❑ Feet are flat on the floor and forward ❑ Upper limbs to the sides ❑ Palms turned forward UENR NURSING, 2019. 31 UENR NURSING, 2019. 32 Anatomical position ◼ Body is upright ◼ Terms for a reclining body ❑ Prone position ◼ Body is lying face down ❑ Supine position ◼ Body is lying face up UENR NURSING, 2019. 33 Regional Names ◼ Several major regions identified ❑ Most principal regions ◼ Head ❑ Skull and face ◼ Neck ❑ Supports the head and attaches to trunk ◼ Trunk ❑ Chest, abdomen, and pelvis ◼ Upper limbs ❑ Attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit, and arm ◼ Lower limbs ❑ Attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot UENR NURSING, 2019. 34 Directional Terms ◼ Describe the position of one body part relative to another ❑ Group in pairs with opposite meaning ◼ Anterior (front) and posterior (back) ❑ Only make sense when used to describe a position of one structure relative to another ◼ The esophagus is posterior to the trachea ◼ Knee is superior to the ankle UENR NURSING, 2019. 35 Directional Terms UENR NURSING, 2019. 36 Common Directional Terms ◼ Anterior ❑ Nearer to the front of the body ◼ Posterior ❑ Nearer to the back of the body ◼ Superior ❑ Toward the head ◼ Inferior ❑ Away from the head UENR NURSING, 2019. 37 Common Directional Terms ◼ Proximal ❑ Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk ◼ Distal ❑ Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk ◼ Lateral ❑ Farther from the midline ◼ Medial ❑ Nearer to the midline UENR NURSING, 2019. 38 UENR NURSING, 2019. 39 Planes and Sections ◼ Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts ❑ Sagittal plane ◼ A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides ❑ Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides ❑ Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides UENR NURSING, 2019. 40 Planes and Sections ◼ Frontal or coronal plane ❑ Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions ◼ Transverse plane ❑ Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions ❑ Also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane UENR NURSING, 2019. 41 Planes and Sections ◼ Oblique plane ❑ Passes through the body or an organ at an angle ◼ Between transverse and sagittal plane ◼ Between transverse and frontal plane ◼ Sections ❑ Cut of the body made along a plane UENR NURSING, 2019. 42 Body Cavities ◼ Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs ❑ Cranial cavity ❑ Thoracic cavity ❑ Abdominopelvic cavity UENR NURSING, 2019. 43 Body Cavities UENR NURSING, 2019. 44 Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal ◼ Cranial cavity ❑ Formed by the cranial bones ❑ Protects the brain ◼ Vertebral canal ❑ Formed by bones of vertebral column ❑ Contains the spinal cord ◼ Meninges ❑ Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal UENR NURSING, 2019. 45 Thoracic Cavity ◼ Also called the chest cavity ◼ Formed by ❑ Ribs ❑ Muscles of the chest ❑ Sternum (breastbone) ❑ Vertebral column (thoracic portion) UENR NURSING, 2019. 46 Thoracic Cavity ◼ Within the thoracic cavity ❑ Pericardial cavity ◼ Fluid-filled space that surround the heart ❑ Pleural cavity ◼ Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung UENR NURSING, 2019. 47 Thoracic Cavity ◼ Mediastinum ❑ Central part of the thoracic cavity ◼ Between lungs ◼ Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column ◼ First rib to the diaphragm ❑ Diaphragm ▪ Dome shaped muscle ▪ Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity UENR NURSING, 2019. 48 UENR NURSING, 2019. 49 Abdominopelvic Cavity ◼ Extends from the diaphragm to the groin ◼ Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis ◼ Divided into two portions: ❑ Abdominal cavity ◼ Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines ❑ Pelvic cavity ◼ Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine UENR NURSING, 2019. 50 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes ◼ Viscera ❑ Organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities ◼ Serous membrane is a thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera ◼ Parts of the serous membrane: ❑ Parietal layer ▪ Lines the wall of the cavities ❑ Visceral layer ▪ Covers the viscera within the cavities UENR NURSING, 2019. 51 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes UENR NURSING, 2019. 52 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes ◼ Pleura ❑ Serous membrane of the pleural cavities ◼ Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs ◼ Parietal pleura lines the chest wall ◼ Pericardium ❑ Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity ◼ Visceral pericardium covers the heart ◼ Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall ◼ Peritoneum ❑ Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity ◼ Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavity ◼ Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall UENR NURSING, 2019. 53 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes UENR NURSING, 2019. 54 Other Cavities ◼ Oral (mouth) cavity ❑ Tongue and teeth ◼ Nasal cavity ❑ nose ◼ Orbital cavities ❑ eyeball ◼ Middle ear cavities ❑ Small bones of the middle ear ◼ Synovial cavities ❑ Joints UENR NURSING, 2019. 55 Abdominopelvic Regions ◼ Abdominopelvic Regions ❑ Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs ◼ Tic-Tac-Toe grid ◼ Two horizontal and two vertical lines partition the cavity ❑ Subcostal line (top horizontal) ▪ inferior to rib cage ❑ Transtubercular line (bottom horizontal) ▪ inferior to top of the hip bone ❑ Midclavicular lines (two vertical lines) ▪ midpoints to clavicles and medial to the nipples UENR NURSING, 2019. 56 Nine Abdominopelvic Regions ◼ Right and left hypochondriac ◼ Epigastric and Hypogastric (pubic) ◼ Right and left lumbar ◼ Right and left inguinal (iliac) ◼ Right and left inguinal (iliac) ◼ Umbilical UENR NURSING, 2019. 57 Quadrants ◼ Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus ❑ Right upper quadrant (RUQ) ❑ Left upper quadrant (LUQ) ❑ Right lower quadrant (RLQ) ❑ Left lower quadrants (LLQ) UENR NURSING, 2019. 58 Medical Imaging ◼ Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body ❑ Allow visualization of structures inside the body ❑ Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders ❑ Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940’s UENR NURSING, 2019. 59 Radiography (insert figures for each image in following slides) ◼ X-rays ❑ produce image of interior structures ❑ Inexpensive and quick ❑ Hollow structures appear black or gray ❑ Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone) ◼ At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast) ❑ Mammography (breast) ❑ Bone densitometry (bone density) UENR NURSING, 2019. 60 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ◼ High energy magnetic field ❑ Protons in body fluid align with field ◼ Color image on a video monitor ❑ 2D and 3D blueprint ◼ Relatively safe procedure ❑ Not used on patients containing metal ◼ Used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissues ❑ Tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flow UENR NURSING, 2019. 61 Computed Tomography ◼ Computer-Assisted radiography (CT-Scan) ❑ 3-D structures ❑ Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography ❑ Tissue intensities show varying degrees of gray ❑ Whole-body CT scan ◼ Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery disease UENR NURSING, 2019. 62 Ultrasound Scanning ◼ Ultrasound Scanning ❑ High frequency sound waves ◼ Sonogram ◼ Noninvasive, painless, no dyes ◼ Pregnancy (fetus) UENR NURSING, 2019. 63 Radionuclide Scanning ◼ Radionuclide Scanning ◼ Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenously ◼ Gamma rays detected by camera ◼ Radionuclide image displays on video monitor ◼ Color intensity represents uptake ❑ Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT) ▪ Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liver UENR NURSING, 2019. 64 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) ◼ Positron (positively charged particles) emitting substance injected into the body ❑ Collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues ❑ Gamma rays produced ❑ Computer constructed a PET scan image in color ❑ Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism) UENR NURSING, 2019. 65 Endoscopy ◼ Endoscope ❑ Lighted instrument with lens ❑ Image projected onto a monitor ◼ Colonoscopy ❑ Interior of colon ◼ Laparoscopy ❑ Organs in abdominopelvic cavity ◼ Arthroscopy ❑ Interior of joint (knee) UENR NURSING, 2019. 66 Reference Tortora, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 14th edition, 2014, Wiley, ISBN 9781118345009 (hardback w/brief atlas), 9781118344392 (looseleaf pages w/brief atlas). Marieb, E.N.(2015.). Human Anatomy and Physiology. California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. McMinn, R. (1990). Last’s Anatomy: Regional and Applied. London: Churchill Livingstone. McMinn, R. M. & Hutchings, R. T. (2005). A Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy. London: Wolfe Medical Publishing. Ross, J. S., & Wilson, K. J. W.(2008) Foundations of Anatomy and Phsiology. (4th ed). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone UENR NURSING, 2019. 67